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History
Name	C.O. Stillman
Namesake	James Stillman
Owner	International Petroleum Co (1928–36); Panama Transport Co (1936–42);
Port of registry	London 1928–37; Panama 1937–42;
Route	Aruba — New York (1940–42)
Builder	Bremer Vulkan, Bremen, Germany
Yard number	646
Completed	February 1928
In service	1928
Out of service	5 June 1942
Identification	UK official number 160498; IMO number 1160498; code letters LBVP 1928–33; ; call sign GTDY 1930–37; ; call sign HPGQ 1937–42; ;
Fate	sunk by torpedo by U-68
Notes	World's largest oil tanker 1928–42
General characteristics
Type	oil tanker
Tonnage	13,006 GRT; 7,765 NRT; 24,185 DWT;
Length	584 ft 9.1 in (178.23 m) o/a;; 564.9 ft (172.18 m) p/p;
Beam	75.3 ft (23.0 m)
Draft	33 ft 10.75 in (10.3 m)
Depth	44.5 ft (13.6 m)
Installed power	4,300 ihp;; 1,595 NHP;
Propulsion	two 6-cylinder diesel engines;; twin screws;
Speed	10.7 knots (19.8 km/h)
Boats & landing ; craft carried	2 lifeboats & life rafts amidships;; 2 lifeboats, 2 work-boats & 2 life-rafts aft;
Capacity	163,145 barrels of oil
Crew	47 plus (after 1941); 8 USN Armed Guards;
Notes	could pump 4,000 barrels of oil per hour

MV C.O. Stillman was an oil tanker that was built by a German shipyard in 1928 for a Canadian-based shipping company. A Panamanian subsidiary of Esso bought her at the end of 1936 and she was sunk by the German submarine U-68 in the Caribbean on June 4, 1942 about 41 nautical miles (76 km) southwest of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico.

C.O. Stillman is notable for having been the world's largest oil tanker,^[2] a record that she held throughout her 14-year career.

International Petroleum Co

Bremer Vulkan of Bremen-Vegesack in northern Germany built C.O. Stillman, completing her in February 1928.^[2] Her layout was conventional for her era, having separate midships and aft accommodation blocks, her bridge being on the midships block and her single funnel rising from her after block.^[4]

She was named after James Stillman, who was chairman of National City Bank and invested with partners including William Rockefeller of Standard Oil.^[1] She was built for the International Petroleum Company of Toronto, which owned her for her first eight years.^[2]

Panama Transport Co

On 31 December 1936 International Oil sold C.O. Stillman to Panama Transport Co,^[2] which was a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey. She underwent repairs at Rotterdam and then on 24 March 1937 her new owner transferred her registration from Britain to the Panamanian flag of convenience.^[2]

C.O. Stillman had a German crew Until 20 August 1939, when it was replaced with a US crew.^[2] When the Second World War broke out at the beginning of September 1939 C.O. Stillman was loading oil in Aruba, which she delivered to Quebec on 21 December.^[2] On 30 October she sailed from Cartagena, Colombia with a cargo of oil bound Le Havre, France.^[2] En route she docked at Newport News, Virginia for repairs.^[2] On 4 November the Neutrality Act of 1939 became US law and on 9 November C.O. Stillman's US crew was replaced with a Danish one.^[2] She sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia, joined an eastbound transatlantic convoy and reached Le Havre on 22 December.^[2]

C.O. Stillman then recrossed the North Atlantic and switched to carrying oil from Aruba to New York and fresh water on her return voyages to Aruba.^[2] From 12 August 1940 she had a US crew again,^[2] and after the United States declaration of war upon Japan on 8 December 1941 her complement was supplemented with eight United States Navy Armed Guards.

Sinking

MV C. O. Stillman is located in Caribbean

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Position of C.O. Stillman's wreck south of the Dominican Republic

At approximately 6 a.m. on 4 June 1942 C.O. Stillman sailed from Aruba, unescorted but in company with another Standard Oil tanker, SS L.J. Drake.^[5] As well as her 47 crew and eight guards, C.O. Stillman was carrying three workaway crewmen from other tankers.^[2]

Stillman made 9.5 knots (17.6 km/h) but L.J. Drake made only 9 knots (17 km/h) and fell behind.^[5] C.O. Stillman was blacked out in accordance with wartime orders and at dusk the two ships lost visual contact.^[5] On 5 June the Type IXC German submarine U-68 under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten hit L.J. Drake with three torpedoes, sinking her with all hands in only 45 seconds.^[6] At 1900 hrs C.O. Stillman received coded messages warning her that enemy submarines were in the area, so at 2000 hrs she altered course to 95 degrees.^[5]

At about 2115 hrs C.O. Stillman was about 41 nautical miles (76 km) southwest of Isla de Mona^[5] between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic when U-68^[7] hit her with a torpedo on the ship's starboard side abaft her midships accommodation block.^[5] Third Officer Joseph Winters sounded the general alarm and the Master, Daniel Larsen, telegraphed the engine room to stop engines.^[5] The explosion destroyed the No. 1 lifeboat amidships and started a fire that rendered the ship impossible to manoeuvre, made the escape ladders abaft the bridge unusable and made it impossible to approach the No. 2 lifeboat.^[5] The crew released the starboard forward life raft but it drifted too close to the fire to be used.^[5] They released the port forward life raft but it fouled and became stuck.^[5] However, the crew at the after accommodation block managed to launch the No. 3 and No. 4 lifeboats and a liferaft.^[5]

The three workaways and a US Navy coxswain were trapped in the midships accommodation block but managed to escape by using an axe to break a louvre covering a porthole.^[5] The personnel trapped amidships eventually found an opening through the fire, through which they escaped to the after accommodation block.^[5] At about 2135 hrs First Officer Harry Bansen and Captain Larsen were trying to launch the work-boat when U-68^[7] hit the ship with a second torpedo, again on the starboard side but further aft.^[5] It exploded between the engine room and the crossbunker tank, showering the crew with bunker oil.^[5]

The ship now sank more rapidly. Men jumped overboard or slid down ropes into the sea, while Captain Larsen remained until the water rose knee deep on the main deck until he had seen that everyone on deck had got clear.^[5] C.O. Stillman settled by the stern, her bow rose vertically and she sank within two or three minutes of the second torpedo hitting her.^[8]

The C.O. Stillman sank with a cargo of 125,812 barrels fuel oil and 39 tons dry cargo destined to be delivered in New York.^[1]

Survival and rescue

The survivors were distributed between two lifeboats and two life rafts, all separated from each other.^[8] Three men had been lost: Second assistant engineer Laurence Finn, pumpman George Wickline and able seaman John Lane.^[9]

There were 17 survivors aboard the No. 3 boat and 13 aboard the No. 4 boat.^[8] The next morning both boats set sail for the Dominican Republic.^[8] No. 3, whose most senior occupant was the Chief engineer, Fred Lewis, landed at Boca de Yuma,^[8] which is almost at the easternmost tip of Hispaniola. No. 4, whose most senior occupant was the First assistant engineer, Laurence Moore,^[8] landed at La Romana,^[9] which is on the south coast slightly further west.

Larsen's raft contained 20 survivors.^[8] They sighted an empty raft, paddled to it and redistributed themselves between the two rafts, then lashed the two together for the night.^[8] At dawn on 6 June they sighted two more rafts: an empty one nearby and one further away with five survivors.^[8] They paddled to the empty raft and lashed the three rafts together,^[8] but the raft with the five survivors was too far to reach. The rafts then drifted throughout 6 June and into the morning of 7 June.^[8] A United States Army aircraft sighted the three linked rafts at about 1100 hrs and returned in the late afternoon to guide United States Coast Guard 83-foot patrol boat 83310 (formerly CG 460) from San Juan, Puerto Rico, which reached the rafts just before dusk.^[8] The five survivors in the fourth raft had used up their distress flares during the day and were unable to signal their position, but the patrol boat searched for and eventually found them and their raft at about 2100 hrs.^[8] The patrol boat had now rescued 25 survivors, which it then landed at Ponce, Puerto Rico at 0500 hrs on 8 June.^[8]

Five of the survivors who sailed to the Dominican Republic were US Navy Armed Guards.^[9] The 25 who were civilian crew were repatriated on a Pan American World Airways flight from Ciudad Trujillo to Miami.^[9] The 25 survivors rescued by the US Coast Guard sailed home from Puerto Rico on the Clyde-Mallory Lines passenger ship^[7] SS Seminole, which landed them at Tampa, Florida on 26 June.^[8]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Visser, Auke. "C. O. Stillman - (1937-1942)". Auke Visser's International Esso Tankers site. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Esso 1946, p. 261
^ ^a ^b Allen, Tony; Vleggert, Nico (6 April 2009). "MV C. O. Stillman (+1942)". The Wreck Site.
^ ^a ^b ^c Visser, Auke (March 1928). "Drawing "C.O. Stillman"". Auke Visser's International Esso Tankers site. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Esso 1946, p. 262
^ Visser, Auke. "Lost without Trace". Auke Visser's International Esso Tankers site. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Helgason, Guðmundur (1995–2013). "C.O. Stillman Panamanian Motor Tanker". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Esso 1946, p. 263
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Esso 1946, p. 264