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Lomaphorus; Temporal range: Late Pleistocene (Lujanian); ~0.1 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Lomaphorus imperfectus caudal tube
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Cingulata
Family:	Chlamyphoridae
Subfamily:	†Glyptodontinae
Genus:	†Lomaphorus; Ameghino, 1889
Type species
	†Hoplophorus imperfectus; Gervais and Ameghino, 1880
Other Species
	L. chapalmalensis Ameghino, 1908; L. cingulatus Ameghino, 1889; L. compressus Ameghino, 1882; L. elegans (Burmeister, 1871); L. elevatus (Nodot, 1857);
Synonyms
	Synonyms of L. imperfectus Hoplophorus imperfectus Gervais and Ameghino, 1880 ; Synonyms of L. elegans Hoplophorus elegans Burmeister, 1871 ; Synonyms of L. elevatus Glyptodon elevatus Nodot, 1857 ;

Lomaphorus is a possibly dubious extinct genus of glyptodont that lived during the Pleistocene in eastern Argentina.^[2] Although many species have been referred, the genus itself is possibly dubious or synonymous with other glyptodonts like Neoslerocalyptus from the same region.^[3]^[2]^[1]

Etymology

The genus name Lomaphorus is derived from the Greek roots loma- meaning "fringe" and -phorus meaning "bearing" after the striated anatomy of the dermal armor of L. imperfectus.^[4]^[5] In 1935, a Trematode was named Lomaphorus unwittingly, but it has since been moved to a new genus name, Lomasoma.^[6]

Taxonomy

The first fossils referred to Lomaphorus were described as early as 1857 with the description of Glyptodon elevatus based on dorsal carapace osteoderms recovered from Pleistocene deposits in Argentina, but majority of the fossils were described by Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino during the late 19th century.^[7]^[5] Several more species were referred to the genus that later were synonymized with more complete species or their own genera, Ameghino even admitting that many of his species were diagnosed based on very fine details that could be individual variation.^[5]^[8] Many species have been named as or referred to Lomaphorus, but most of these referrals or descriptions were erroneously based on taphonomic characteristics of fossilized osteoderms instead of genuine diagnostic features.^[1]^[2] Few species have received detailed descriptions either, further complicating the situation.^[8]^[9]^[1]

Species

Type:

Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) imperfectus (Gervais & Ameghino, 1880);^[10] Undesignated holotype, but Ameghino illustrated some material that may be the holotype that shows many similarities to Neosclerocalyptus.^[1] Possibly synonymous with N. pseudornatus or N. ornatus, but further analysis is necessary.^[1]^[11]

Species referred to Lomaphorus according to Zurita et al (2016):^[1]

Lomaphorus chapalmalensis Ameghino, 1908; Holotype is a distal fragment of a caudal tube (MACN Pv 5806). The morphology of the tube is indistinguishable from that of fossils of Eosclerocalyptus and also juveniles of Neoslerocalyptus, making it a nomen dubium.^[12]
Lomaphorus cingulatus Ameghino, 1889;^[5] Holotype is a single dorsal carapace osteoderm that has been lost, though a calcotype (MACN A-592) was created. This calcotype is indistinguishable from other Lomaphorus species', making it a nomen dubium.^[1] It could also be a synonym of Trachycalyptus.
Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) compressus Ameghino, 1882;^[7] Holotype is dorsal carapace osteoderms. The osteoderms' supposed diagnostic traits are the same as those in Neoslerocalyptus species, making it a nomen dubium.^[2]
Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) elegans (Burmeister, 1871); Holotype includes dorsal carapace osteoderms, though many fossils have been referred to the species.^[13]
Lomaphorus (Glyptodon) elevatus (Nodot, 1857);^[14] Holotype is dorsal carapace osteoderms. The osteoderms' supposed diagnostic traits are the same as those in juveniles of Neoslerocalyptus species, making it a nomen dubium.^[1]

Other species referred to Lomaphorus:

Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) clarazianus (Ameghino, 1889); Holotype is fragmentary osteoderms and a referred skull, though the skull is lost and has been referred to Neoslerocalyptus.^[15] The type osteoderms lack diagnostic traits, making it a nomen dubium.^[15]
Lomaphorus (Glyptodon) gracilis (Nodot, 1857);^[5] Holotype is fragmentary osteoderms from Brazil.^[5] The species was referred to Lomaphorus by Lydekker (1894).^[16]
Lomaphorus (Zaphilus) larranagai (Ameghino, 1889); Holotype is dorsal carapace osteoderms (MACN 1233). The species was referred to Lomaphorus by Lydekker (1894),^[16] but has since been declared a nomen dubium and placed back in Zaphilus.^[17]
Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) lydekkeri (Ameghino, 1889);^[5] Holotype is a distal caudal tube fragment (BMNH 40664).^[18] The species has since been placed in its own genus, Uruguayurus.^[18]
Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) "meyeri" (Lund, 1843); A nomen nudum,^[19] referred to Lomaphorus by Lydekker (1894).^[16]
Lomaphorus (Plohophorus) orientalis (Ameghino, 1889); Holotype is a caudal tube fragment (MACN-A ?). The species was referred to Lomaphorus by Lydekker (1894),^[16] but has since been placed in Pseudoplohophorus.^[17]
Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) paranensis (Ameghino, 1883); Holotype is a breastplate fragment (MACN ?). The species was referred to Lomaphorus by Lydekker (1894),^[16] but has since been declared a nomen dubium and placed in Neoslerocalyptus.^[17]
Lomaphorus (Hoplophorus) pseudornatus (Ameghino, 1889);^[5] Holotype is dorsal carapace osteoderms (MACN 1233). The species was referred to Lomaphorus by Lydekker (1894),^[16] but has since been placed in Neoslerocalyptus.^[20]
Lomaphorus? (Hoplophorus) scrobiculatus Ameghino, 1889;^[5] Holotype is a dorsal carapace and caudal tube apparently in the collections of the MACN. The carapace was said by Ameghino (1895) to be from Lomaphorus compressus and the caudal tube to Neoslcerocalyptus, but it has since been declared a species inquirenda.^[20]

Description

Due to problems with the diagnostics of Lomaphorus and its problems with its internal taxonomy, many of the diagnostic traits for the taxon are uncertain. Lomaphorus, like most of the glyptodons, was large at 2.5 meters long but not as large as its relative Hoplophorus.^[5] Lomaphorus possessed a powerful carapace that covered a large part of the body, formed by osteoderms melted together. The carapace was relatively low and long, but not as much as that of the Neosclerocalyptus. The dorsal plates brought a central figure of medium size, surrounded by a peripheral area of radial ornamentation. The tail was protected thanks to a series of bone rings and a terminal bone tube; The latter still retained a narrow peripheral band, and was equipped with large side osteoderms. At the end of the tube there were two great convex osteoderms.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Zurita, Alfredo E.; Taglioretti, Matías; De Los Reyes, Martín; Cuadrelli, Francisco; Poire, Daniel (2016-06-07). "Regarding the real diversity of Glyptodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) in the late Pliocene (Chapadmalalan Age/Stage) of Argentina". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 88 (2): 809–827. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201620150113. hdl:11336/30011. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 27276376.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zurita, A. E.; Carlini, A. A.; Scillato-Yané, G. J. (2009). "Paleobiogeography, biostratigraphy and systematics of the Hoplophorini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontoidea, Hoplophorinae) from the Ensenadan Stage (early Pleistocene to early-middle Pleistocene)". Quaternary International. 210 (1–2): 82–92. Bibcode:2009QuInt.210...82Z. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.029.
^ Luna, Carlos. (2014). Implicancias sistemáticas, ontogenéticas y biomecánicas de la microestructura de los osteodermos de Neosclerocalyptus Paula Couto, 1957 (Cingulata, Glyptodontia).
^ Palmer, T. S. (1904). Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals (No. 23). US Government Printing Office.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Ameghino, F. (1889). Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fosiles de la República Argentina: Obra escrita bajo los auspicios de la Academia nacional de ciencias de la República Argentina para ser presentada á la Exposicion universal de Paris de 1889 (Vol. 6). PE Coni é hijos.
^ Manter, H. W. (1935). Lomasoma, New Name for Lomaphorus, Manter, 1934 (Trematoda). The Journal of Parasitology, 21(3), 220-221.
^ ^a ^b Ameghino, F. (1882). Catálogo de las colecciones de Antropología prehistórica y paleontología de Florentino Ameghino, Partido de Mercedes. Catálogo de la Sección de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (República Argentina), 35-42.
^ ^a ^b Hoffstetter, R. (1958). Xenarthra:. 535-636 in J. Piveteau, ed Traité de Paléontologie, Vol. 6.
^ de Paula Couto, C. (1979). Tratado de paleomastozoologia. Academia Brasileira de Ciências.
^ Gervais, H., & Ameghino, F. (1880). Los mamíferos fósiles de la América del Sur. Sabih e Igon.
^ Soibelzon, E., Miño-Boilini, Á. R., Zurita, A. E., & Krmpotic, C. M. (2010). Los Xenarthra (Mammalia) del Ensenadense (Pleistoceno inferior a medio) de la región pampeana (Argentina). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27(3), 449-469.
^ Ameghino, F. (1908). Las formaciones sedimentarias de la región litoral de Mar del Plata y Chapadmalal. An. Museo Nac. Histor. Nat., 10, 343-428.
^ Czerwonogora, A. (2010). Morfología sistemática y paleobiología de los perezosos gigantes del género Lestodon Gervais 1855 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada) (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
^ Nodot, L. (1856). Description d'un nouveau genre d'édenté fossile renfermant plusieurs espèces voisines du glyptodon: suivie d'une nouvelle méthode de classification applicable à toute l'histoire naturelle, et spécialement à ces animaux, avec un atlas de douze planches lithographiées; ouvrage publié par l'Academie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon et l'atlas avec le concours du Conseil municipal de même ville. Imprimerie Loireau-Feuchot.
^ ^a ^b Zurita, A.E.; Scarano, A.C.; Carlini, A.A.; Scillato-Yané, G.J.; Soibelzon, E. (2011-04-04). "Neosclerocalyptus spp. (Cingulata: Glyptodontidae: Hoplophorini): cranial morphology and palaeoenvironments along the changing Quaternary". Journal of Natural History. 45 (15–16): 893–914. Bibcode:2011JNatH..45..893Z. doi:10.1080/00222933.2010.536917. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85146482.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lydekker, R. (1894). Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina. Taller de publicaciones del Museo.
^ ^a ^b ^c Toriño, P. (2015). Nuevos aportes de la sistemática de los" Plohophorini" de Uruguay (Mammalia, cingulata, glyptodontidae).
^ ^a ^b Mones, Alvaro (1987). "Sobre tres especies de Gliptodontes del Uruguay (Mammalia: Cingulata: Glyptodontidae)" (PDF). Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia, Bolivia. IV: 500–515.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Porpino, Kleberson de O.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bergqvist, Lílian P. (2010-05-18). "Revisiting the intertropical Brazilian species Hoplophorus euphractus (Cingulata, Glyptodontoidea) and the phylogenetic affinities of Hoplophorus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 911–927. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..911P. doi:10.1080/02724631003765735. hdl:11336/69074. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 83888299.
^ ^a ^b Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scillato-Yané, Gustavo J. (2009). "Paleobiogeography, biostratigraphy and systematics of the Hoplophorini (Xenarthra, Glyptodontoidea, Hoplophorinae) from the Ensenadan Stage (early Pleistocene to early-middle Pleistocene)". Quaternary International. 210 (1–2): 82–92. Bibcode:2009QuInt.210...82Z. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.029.