List of secretaries of state of the United States

United States Secretary of State
Official seal
since January 26, 2021
United States Department of State
AppointerPresident of the United States
Inaugural holder
FormationJuly 27, 1789
SuccessionFourth
Websitewww.state.gov

This is a list of secretaries of state of the United States.

Secretaries of foreign affairs (1781–1789)

On January 10, 1780, the Congress of the Confederation created the Department of Foreign Affairs.[1]

On August 10, 1781, Congress selected Robert R. Livingston, a delegate from New York, as the first Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Livingston was unable to take office until October 20, 1781. He served until June 4, 1783, and was succeeded by John Jay on December 21, 1784, who served until March 4, 1789, when the government under the Articles of Confederation gave way to the government under the Constitution.

The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs were reinstated by a law signed by George Washington on July 27, 1789. John Jay retained the post on an interim basis, pending the return of Thomas Jefferson from France.

Secretaries of foreign affairs (1781–1789)
No. Portrait Name State of residence Took office Left office
1 Robert R. Livingston New York October 20, 1781 June 4, 1783
2 John Jay New York December 21, 1784 March 4, 1789
— John Jay
Acting 		New York July 27, 1789 September 15, 1789

Secretaries of state

On September 15, 1789, before Jefferson could return to take the post, Washington signed into law another act which changed the name of the office from Secretary of Foreign Affairs to Secretary of State, changed the name of the department to the Department of State, and added several domestic powers and responsibilities to both the office of secretary and the department. Thomas Jefferson took office as the first secretary of state on March 22, 1790.

  Denotes an interim secretary of state
N° Secretary Party Vote[a] Term of office State President(s)
Portrait Name Took office Left office Term
– John Jay
(1745–1829) 		Federalist – September 15, 1789 March 22, 1790 188 days New York George Washington
(1789–1797)
1 Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[3] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– March 22, 1790 December 31, 1793 3 years, 284 days Virginia
2 Edmund Randolph
(1753–1813)
[4] 		Federalist – January 2, 1794 August 20, 1795 1 year, 232 days Virginia
3 Timothy Pickering
(1745–1829)
[5] 		Federalist – August 20, 1795 December 10, 1795[b] 4 years, 265 days Pennsylvania
December 10, 1795 May 12, 1800
John Adams
(1797–1801)
– Charles Lee
(1758–1815)
[c][6] 		Federalist – May 13, 1800 June 5, 1800 23 days Virginia
4 John Marshall
(1755–1835)
[7] 		Federalist – June 13, 1800 February 4, 1801 264 days Virginia
February 4, 1801 March 4, 1801[d]
– Levi Lincoln Sr.
(1749–1820)
[c][8] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– March 5, 1801 May 1, 1801 57 days Massachusetts Thomas Jefferson
(1801–1809)
5 James Madison
(1751–1836)
[9] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– May 2, 1801 March 3, 1809 7 years, 305 days Virginia
6 Robert Smith
(1757–1842)
[10] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– March 6, 1809 April 1, 1811 2 years, 26 days Maryland James Madison
(1809–1817)
7 James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[11] 		Democratic-
Republican 		30–0 April 2, 1811 September 30, 1814 5 years, 335 days Virginia
October 1, 1814 February 28, 1815[b]
February 28, 1815 March 3, 1817
– John Graham
(1774–1820)
[e][12] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– March 4, 1817 March 9, 1817 5 days Kentucky James Monroe
(1817–1825)
– Richard Rush
(1780–1859)
[c][13] 		Federalist – March 10, 1817 September 22, 1817 196 days Pennsylvania
8 John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[14] 		Democratic-
Republican 		29–1 September 22, 1817 March 3, 1825 7 years, 162 days Massachusetts
– Daniel Brent
(1770–1841)
[e][15] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– March 4, 1825 March 7, 1825 3 days Virginia John Quincy Adams
(1825–1829)
9 Henry Clay
(1777–1852)
[16] 		Democratic-
Republican 		27–14 March 7, 1825 March 3, 1829 3 years, 361 days Kentucky
National
Republican
– James Alexander Hamilton
(1788–1878)
[17] 		Democratic – March 4, 1829 March 27, 1829 23 days New York Andrew Jackson
(1829–1837)
10 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[18] 		Democratic 25–7 March 28, 1829 May 23, 1831 2 years, 56 days New York
11 Edward Livingston
(1764–1836)
[19] 		Democratic – May 24, 1831 May 29, 1833 2 years, 5 days Louisiana
12 Louis McLane
(1786–1857)
[20] 		Democratic [f] May 29, 1833 June 30, 1834 1 year, 32 days Delaware
13 John Forsyth
(1780–1841)
[21] 		Democratic – July 1, 1834 March 3, 1841 6 years, 245 days Georgia
Martin Van Buren
(1837–1841)
– Jacob L. Martin
(?–1848)
[e][22] 		– – March 4, 1841 March 5, 1841 1 day District of
Columbia 		William Henry Harrison
(1841)
14 Daniel Webster
(1782–1852)
[23] 		Whig – March 6, 1841 May 8, 1843 2 years, 63 days Massachusetts
John Tyler
(1841–1845)
– Hugh S. Legaré
(1797–1843)
[c][24] 		Democratic – May 9, 1843 June 20, 1843 42 days South Carolina
– William S. Derrick
(1802–1852)
[e][25] 		– – June 21, 1843 June 23, 1843 2 days Pennsylvania
15 Abel P. Upshur
(1791–1844)
[26] 		Whig – June 24, 1843 July 23, 1843[g] 220 days Virginia
July 24, 1843 February 28, 1844
– John Nelson
(1791–1860)
[c][27] 		Whig – February 29, 1844 March 31, 1844 31 days Maryland
16 John C. Calhoun
(1782–1850)
[28] 		Democratic – April 1, 1844 March 10, 1845[h] 343 days South Carolina
17 James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[29] 		Democratic – March 10, 1845 March 7, 1849[h] 3 years, 362 days Pennsylvania James K. Polk
(1845–1849)
18 John M. Clayton
(1796–1856)
[30] 		Whig – March 8, 1849 July 22, 1850 1 year, 136 days Delaware Zachary Taylor
(1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore
(1850–1853)
19 Daniel Webster
(1782–1852)
[23] 		Whig – July 23, 1850 October 24, 1852 2 years, 93 days Massachusetts
– Charles Magill Conrad
(1804–1878)
[b][31] 		Whig – October 25, 1852 November 5, 1852 11 days Louisiana
20 Edward Everett
(1794–1865)
[32] 		Whig – November 6, 1852 March 3, 1853 117 days Massachusetts
– William Hunter
(1805–1886)
[e][33] 		– – March 4, 1853 March 7, 1853 3 days Rhode Island Franklin Pierce
(1853–1857)
21 William L. Marcy
(1786–1857)
[34] 		Democratic – March 7, 1853 March 6, 1857[h] 3 years, 364 days New York
22 Lewis Cass
(1782–1866)
[35] 		Democratic – March 6, 1857 December 14, 1860 3 years, 283 days Michigan James Buchanan
(1857–1861)
– William Hunter
(1805–1886)
[e][33] 		– – December 15, 1860 December 16, 1860 1 day Rhode Island
23 Jeremiah S. Black
(1810–1883)
[36] 		Democratic – December 17, 1860 March 5, 1861[h] 78 days New York
24 William H. Seward
(1801–1872)
[37] 		Republican – March 5, 1861 March 4, 1869 7 years, 364 days New York Abraham Lincoln
(1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson
(1865–1869)
25 Elihu B. Washburne
(1816–1887)
[38] 		Republican – March 5, 1869 March 16, 1869 11 days Illinois Ulysses S. Grant
(1869–1877)
26 Hamilton Fish
(1808–1893)
[39] 		Republican – March 17, 1869 March 12, 1877[h] 7 years, 360 days New York
27 William M. Evarts
(1818–1901)
[40] 		Republican 44–2 March 12, 1877 March 7, 1881[h] 3 years, 360 days New York Rutherford B. Hayes
(1877–1881)
28 James G. Blaine
(1830–1893)
[41] 		Republican – March 7, 1881 December 19, 1881 287 days Maine James A. Garfield
(1881)
Chester A. Arthur
(1881–1885)
29 Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
(1817–1885)
[42] 		Republican – December 19, 1881 March 6, 1885[h] 3 years, 77 days New Jersey
30 Thomas F. Bayard
(1828–1898)
[43] 		Democratic – March 7, 1885 March 6, 1889[h] 3 years, 364 days Delaware Grover Cleveland
(1885–1889)
31 James G. Blaine
(1830–1893)
[41] 		Republican – March 7, 1889 June 4, 1892 3 years, 89 days Maine Benjamin Harrison
(1889–1893)
– William F. Wharton
(1847–1919)
[i][44] 		Republican – June 4, 1892 June 29, 1892 25 days Massachusetts
32 John W. Foster
(1836–1917)
[45] 		Republican – June 29, 1892 February 23, 1893 239 days Indiana
– William F. Wharton
(1847–1919)
[i][44] 		Republican – February 24, 1893 March 6, 1893 10 days Massachusetts
Grover Cleveland
(1893–1897)
33 Walter Q. Gresham
(1832–1895)
[46] 		Democratic – March 7, 1893 May 28, 1895 2 years, 82 days Illinois
– Edwin F. Uhl
(1841–1901)
[i][47] 		Democratic – May 28, 1895 June 9, 1895 12 days Michigan
34 Richard Olney
(1835–1917)
[48] 		Democratic – June 10, 1895 March 5, 1897[h] 1 year, 268 days Massachusetts
35 John Sherman
(1823–1900)
[49] 		Republican – March 6, 1897 April 27, 1898 1 year, 52 days Ohio William McKinley
(1897–1901)
36 William R. Day
(1849–1923)
[50] 		Republican – April 28, 1898 September 16, 1898 141 days Ohio
– Alvey A. Adee
(1842–1924)
[j][51] 		Independent – September 17, 1898 September 29, 1898 12 days New York
37 John Hay
(1838–1905)
[52] 		Republican – September 30, 1898 July 1, 1905 6 years, 274 days District of
Columbia
Theodore Roosevelt
(1901–1909)
– Francis B. Loomis
(1861–1948)
[i][53] 		Republican – July 1, 1905 July 18, 1905 17 days Ohio
38 Elihu Root
(1845–1937)
[54] 		Republican – July 19, 1905 January 27, 1909 3 years, 192 days New York
39 Robert Bacon
(1860–1919)
[55] 		Republican – January 27, 1909 March 5, 1909[h] 37 days New York
40 Philander C. Knox
(1853–1921)
[56] 		Republican – March 6, 1909 March 5, 1913[h] 3 years, 364 days Pennsylvania William Howard Taft
(1909–1913)
41 William Jennings Bryan
(1860–1925)
[57] 		Democratic – March 5, 1913 June 9, 1915 2 years, 96 days Nebraska Woodrow Wilson
(1913–1921)
42 Robert Lansing
(1864–1928)
[58] 		Democratic – June 9, 1915 June 24, 1915[k] 4 years, 249 days New York
June 24, 1915 February 13, 1920
– Frank Polk
(1871–1943)
[l][59] 		Democratic – February 14, 1920 March 14, 1920 29 days New York
43 Bainbridge Colby
(1869–1950)
[60] 		Democratic – March 23, 1920 March 4, 1921 346 days New York
44 Charles Evans Hughes
(1862–1948)
[61] 		Republican – March 5, 1921 March 4, 1925 3 years, 364 days New York Warren G. Harding
(1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge
(1923–1929)
45 Frank B. Kellogg
(1856–1937)
[62] 		Republican – March 5, 1925 March 28, 1929 4 years, 23 days Minnesota
Herbert Hoover
(1929–1933)
46 Henry L. Stimson
(1867–1950)
[63] 		Republican – March 28, 1929 March 4, 1933 3 years, 341 days New York
47 Cordell Hull
(1871–1955)
[64] 		Democratic – March 4, 1933 November 30, 1944 11 years, 271 days Tennessee Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1933–1945)
48 Edward Stettinius Jr.
(1900–1949)
[65] 		Democratic 68–1 December 1, 1944 June 27, 1945 208 days Virginia
Harry S. Truman
(1945–1953)
– Joseph Grew
(1880–1965)
[l][66] 		Independent – June 28, 1945 July 3, 1945 5 days New Hampshire
49 James F. Byrnes
(1882–1972)
[67] 		Democratic – July 3, 1945 January 21, 1947 1 year, 202 days South Carolina
50 George C. Marshall
(1880–1959)
[68] 		Independent – January 21, 1947 January 20, 1949 1 year, 365 days Pennsylvania
51 Dean Acheson
(1893–1971)
[69] 		Democratic 83–6 January 21, 1949 January 20, 1953 3 years, 365 days Maryland
– H. Freeman Matthews
(1899–1986)
[l][70] 		Independent – January 20, 1953 January 21, 1953 1 day Maryland Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1953–1961)
52 John Foster Dulles
(1888–1959)
[71] 		Republican – January 21, 1953 April 22, 1959 6 years, 91 days New York
53 Christian Herter
(1895–1966)
[72] 		Republican 93–0 April 22, 1959 January 20, 1961 1 year, 273 days Massachusetts
– Livingston T. Merchant
(1903–1976)
[m][73] 		Independent – January 20, 1961 January 21, 1961 1 day District of
Columbia 		John F. Kennedy
(1961–1963)
54 Dean Rusk
(1909–1994)
[74] 		Democratic – January 21, 1961 January 20, 1969 7 years, 365 days New York
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1963–1969)
– Charles E. Bohlen
(1904–1974)
[n][75] 		Independent – January 20, 1969 January 22, 1969 2 days District of
Columbia 		Richard Nixon
(1969–1974)
55 William P. Rogers
(1913–2001)
[76] 		Republican – January 22, 1969 September 3, 1973 4 years, 224 days Maryland
– Kenneth Rush
(1910–1994)
[o][77] 		Republican – September 3, 1973 September 22, 1973 19 days Florida
56 Henry Kissinger
(1923–2023)
[78] 		Republican 78–7 September 22, 1973 January 20, 1977 3 years, 120 days District of
Columbia
Gerald Ford
(1974–1977)
– Philip Habib
(1920–1992)
[m][79] 		Independent – January 20, 1977 January 23, 1977 3 days California Jimmy Carter
(1977–1981)
57 Cyrus Vance
(1917–2002)
[80] 		Democratic Voice January 23, 1977 April 28, 1980 3 years, 96 days New York
– Warren Christopher
(1925–2011)
[o][81] 		Democratic – April 28, 1980 May 2, 1980 4 days California
– David D. Newsom
(1918–2008)
[m][82] 		Independent – May 2, 1980 May 3, 1980 1 day California
– Richard N. Cooper
(1934–2020)
[p][83] 		Independent – May 3, 1980 May 3, 1980 0 days Connecticut
– David D. Newsom
(1918–2008)
[m][82] 		Independent – May 3, 1980 May 4, 1980 1 day California
– Warren Christopher
(1925–2011)
[o][81] 		Democratic – May 4, 1980 May 8, 1980 4 days California
58 Edmund Muskie
(1914–1996)
[84] 		Democratic 94–2 May 8, 1980 January 18, 1981 255 days Maine
– David D. Newsom
(1918–2008)
[m][82] 		Independent – January 18, 1981 January 22, 1981 4 days California
59 Alexander Haig
(1924–2010)
[85] 		Republican 93–6 January 22, 1981 July 5, 1982 1 year, 164 days Connecticut Ronald Reagan
(1981–1989)
– Walter J. Stoessel Jr.
(1920–1986)
[o][86] 		Independent – July 5, 1982 July 16, 1982 11 days California
60 George Shultz
(1920–2021)
[87] 		Republican 97–0 July 16, 1982 January 20, 1989 6 years, 188 days California
– Michael Armacost
(b. 1937)
[m][88] 		Independent – January 20, 1989 January 25, 1989 5 days Maryland George H. W. Bush
(1989–1993)
61 James Baker
(b. 1930)
[89] 		Republican 99–0 January 25, 1989 August 23, 1992 3 years, 211 days Texas
62 Lawrence Eagleburger
(1930–2011)
[90] 		Republican – August 23, 1992 December 8, 1992[o] 150 days Florida
Recess December 8, 1992}} January 20, 1993}}
– Arnold Kanter
(1945–2010)
[q][91] 		Independent – January 20, 1993 January 20, 1993 0 days District of
Columbia
– Frank G. Wisner
(b. 1938)
[r][92] 		Independent – January 20, 1993 January 20, 1993 0 days District of
Columbia 		Bill Clinton
(1993–2001)
63 Warren Christopher
(1925–2011)
[81] 		Democratic Voice January 20, 1993 January 17, 1997 3 years, 363 days California
64 Madeleine Albright
(1937–2022)
[93] 		Democratic 99–0 January 23, 1997 January 20, 2001 3 years, 363 days District of
Columbia
65 Colin Powell
(1937–2021)
[94] 		Republican Voice January 20, 2001 January 26, 2005 4 years, 6 days Virginia George W. Bush
(2001–2009)
66 Condoleezza Rice
(b. 1954)
[95] 		Republican 85–13 January 26, 2005 January 20, 2009 3 years, 360 days California
– Bill Burns
(b. 1956)
[m] 		Independent – January 20, 2009 January 21, 2009 1 day District of
Columbia 		Barack Obama
(2009–2017)
67 Hillary Clinton
(b. 1947)
[96] 		Democratic 94–2 January 21, 2009 February 1, 2013 4 years, 11 days New York
68 John Kerry
(b. 1943)
[97] 		Democratic 94–3 February 1, 2013 January 20, 2017 3 years, 354 days Massachusetts
– Tom Shannon
(b. 1958)
[m][98] 		Republican – January 20, 2017 February 1, 2017 12 days Minnesota Donald Trump
(2017–2021)
69 Rex Tillerson
(b. 1952)
[99] 		Republican 55–43 February 1, 2017 March 31, 2018 1 year, 58 days Texas
– John Sullivan
(b. 1959)
[o] 		Republican – April 1, 2018 April 26, 2018 25 days Massachusetts
70 Mike Pompeo
(b. 1963)
[100] 		Republican 57–42 April 26, 2018 January 20, 2021 2 years, 269 days Kansas
– Daniel Bennett Smith
(b. 1956)
[s][101] 		Independent – January 20, 2021 January 26, 2021 6 days Virginia Joe Biden
(2021–2025)
71 Antony Blinken
(b. 1962)
[102] 		Democratic 78–22 January 26, 2021 Incumbent 3 years, 343 days New York

List of secretaries of state by time in office

11 years, 271 days
Cordell Hull from 1933 to 1944
7 years, 364 days
Dean Rusk from 1961 to 1969
7 years, 364 days
William H. Seward from 1861 to 1869
43 days
Lawrence Eagleburger from 1992 to 1993
37 days
Robert Bacon in 1909
11 days
Elihu B. Washburne in 1869

This is a list of United States secretaries of state by time in office. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. Cordell Hull is the only person to have served as secretary of state for more than eight years. Daniel Webster and James G. Blaine are the only secretaries of state to have ever served non-consecutive terms. Warren Christopher served very briefly as acting secretary of state non-consecutively with his later tenure as full-fledged secretary of state. Elihu B. Washburne served as secretary of state for less than two weeks before becoming ambassador to France.

No. in office Secretary Length of service
(days) 		Rank
47 Cordell Hull 4289 1
54 Dean Rusk 2921 2
24 William H. Seward 2921
26 Hamilton Fish 2917 4
5 James Madison 2862 5
8 John Quincy Adams 2719 6
37 John Hay 2465 7
13 John Forsyth 2437 8
60 George P. Shultz 2380 9
52 John Foster Dulles 2282 10
7 James Monroe 2011 11
42 Robert Lansing 1695 12
55 William P. Rogers 1685 13
14/19 Daniel Webster 1617 14
3 Timothy Pickering 1614 15
45 Frank B. Kellogg 1484 16
28/31 James G. Blaine 1472 17
67 Hillary Clinton 1472
65 Colin Powell 1467 19
51 Dean Acheson 1460 20
21 William L. Marcy 1460
30 Thomas F. Bayard Sr. 1460
40 Philander C. Knox 1460
44 Charles Evans Hughes 1460
63 Warren Christopher 1458 25
64 Madeleine Albright 1458
17 James Buchanan 1458
9 Henry Clay 1457 28
27 William M. Evarts 1456 29
66 Condoleezza Rice 1455 30
68 John Kerry 1449 31
71 Antony Blinken 1438 32
46 Henry L. Stimson 1437 33
1 Thomas Jefferson 1380 34
22 Lewis Cass 1379 35
61 James Baker 1306 36
38 Elihu Root 1288 37
56 Henry Kissinger 1216 38
57 Cyrus Vance 1191 39
29 Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 1173 40
70 Mike Pompeo 1000 41
41 William Jennings Bryan 826 42
33 Walter Q. Gresham 812 43
10 Martin Van Buren 786 44
6 Robert Smith 756 45
11 Edward Livingston 736 46
50 George C. Marshall 730 47
53 Christian Herter 639 48
34 Richard Olney 634 49
2 Edmund Randolph 595 50
49 James F. Byrnes 567 51
59 Alexander Haig 529 52
18 John M. Clayton 501 53
69 Rex Tillerson 423 54
35 John Sherman 417 55
12 Louis McLane 397 56
43 Bainbridge Colby 346 57
16 John C. Calhoun 343 58
4 John Marshall 264 59
58 Edmund Muskie 257 60
32 John W. Foster 239 61
15 Abel P. Upshur 219 62
48 Edward Stettinius Jr. 208 63
36 William R. Day 141 64
20 Edward Everett 117 65
23 Jeremiah S. Black 78 66
62 Lawrence Eagleburger 43 67
39 Robert Bacon 37 68
25 Elihu B. Washburne 11 69

Notes

  1. ^ Where no vote is listed, confirmation was by voice vote or otherwise unrecorded.[2]
  2. ^ a b c As Secretary of War.
  3. ^ a b c d e As Attorney General.
  4. ^ As Chief Justice of the United States.
  5. ^ a b c d e f As Chief Clerk of the State Department.
  6. ^ This appears to have been a recess appointment that was never submitted to the Senate.[2]
  7. ^ As Secretary of the Navy.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k In addition to the president listed, this secretary of state served for a brief period of time (eight days or less) under that president's successor until a replacement could be named and confirmed.
  9. ^ a b c d As Assistant Secretary of State.
  10. ^ As Second Assistant Secretary of State.
  11. ^ As Counselor for the Department of State.
  12. ^ a b c As Under Secretary of State.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  14. ^ As Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  15. ^ a b c d e f As Deputy Secretary of State.
  16. ^ As Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs.
  17. ^ As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
  18. ^ As Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs.
  19. ^ As Director of the Foreign Service Institute.

References

  1. ^ "Secret Committee of Correspondence/Committee for Foreign Affairs, 1775–1777". U.S. Department of State. September 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  2. ^ a b "Cabinet Nominations, since 1789" (PDF). legacy-assets.eenews.net/. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  3. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  4. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  5. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Timothy Pickering (1745–1829)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  6. ^ "Charles Lee (1758–1815)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  7. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Marshall (1755–1835)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  8. ^ "Levi Lincoln (1749–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  9. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Madison (1751–1836)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  10. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
  11. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Monroe (1758–1831)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  12. ^ "John Graham (1774–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  13. ^ "Richard Rush (1780–1859)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  14. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  15. ^ "Daniel Carroll Brent (1770–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  16. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry Clay (1777–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  17. ^ "James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  18. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  19. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Livingston (1764–1836)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  20. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Louis McLane (1786–1857)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  21. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Forsyth (1780–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
  22. ^ "Jacob L. Martin (?–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
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  98. ^ "Thomas Alfred Shannon Jr. (1958–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
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  101. ^ "Daniel Bennett Smith (1956–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  102. ^ "Antony Blinken (1962–)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2021.

Further reading

  • Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. The American secretaries of state and their diplomacy (19 vol., 1963) scholarly biographies. partly online
  • Graebner, Norman A., ed. An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (1961) scholarly essays on John Hay through John Foster Dulles. online
  • Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 290–304.
  • Mihalkanin Edward, ed. American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell (2004); short scholarly articles by experts; 572pp online
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