List of conflicts in the Philippines

This list of conflicts in the Philippines is a timeline of events that includes pre-colonial wars, Spanish–Moro conflict, Philippine revolts against Spain, battles, skirmishes, and other related items that have occurred in the Philippines' geographical area.^[1]

List

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Precolonial period
Battle of Maynila (1365) Majapahit - Luzon conflict	Maynila	Majapahit Majapahit Naval forces	Inconclusive Unspecified and disputed battle[2] according to the Nagarakretagama.
Moro raid - Po-ni province (modern day Brunei-1369 AD)	Sulu Sulu forces	Majapahit Empire Majapahit Fleet	Decisive Majapahit victory Po-ni was left weaker Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulu[3]
Tamil Rebellion (1400 CE.) Visayan Nobles	Sri Lumay Sri Alho Sri Ukob	Chola Dynasty Forces from Sumatra	Successful escape of Sri Lumay Establishment of the Rajahnate of Cebu[4]^[page needed]
Bruneian Invasion of Palawan - Expansion of Bruneian Empire (ca. 1477 CE.)	Kedatuan of Taytay Natives of Palawan Tagbanwa Molbong tribes Taww't Bato Aetas Mangyans Buhid tribes	Bruneian Empire Forces from Brunei Sultanate of Sulu Sulu forces	Brunei - Sulu victory Southern and central Palawan is annexed by Brunei.[5]
Bruneian Invasion of Mindoro (c. 1500 C.E.)	Ma-i	Brunei Sultan Bolkiah Bruneian Forces	Fall of Ma-i The forced Islamization of Mindoro Island and coastal parts of Kumintang from the Buddhist Faith.[5][6]
Bruneian-Tundun War- Expansion of Brunei (c.1500 CE.)	Tundun Dayang Kalangitan Tundun Forces	Brunei Sultan Bolkiah Bruneian Forces	Defeat of Tundun Foundation of Kota Selurong (Maynila), a vassal state of Kingdom of Brunei.[7][8] Islamization of Tagalog people specially in Tondo, from the Hindu-Buddhist Faith.
Muslim Expansion of Mindanao- Battle of Malabang and the Battle of Lanao del Sur, 1475 AD.	Sultanate of Maguindanao Sultan Mohammed Kabungsuwan Samal Warriors	Lumads	Maguindanao victory[9]
Visayan Coalition (1500 CE.)[10] A Visayan Royal couple.	Confederation of Madja-as Madja-as forces Kedatuan of Visayas: Datu Padojinog (Iloilo) Datu Balengkaka (Aklan) Datu Kabnayag (Kalibo) Datu Lubay (San Joaquin) Visayan forces		Madja-as victory Failure to conquer the Visayan confederation. Escape of the hostaged Visayan villagers and slaves.
Battle of Mactan (1521)	Kedatuan of Mactan Datu Lapulapu	Spanish Empire Ferdinand Magellan Rajahnate of Cebu Rajah Humabon Datu Zula	Mactan victory Death of Ferdinand Magellan Departure of the Spanish expedition
Bool-Ternate War (1563)	Kingdom of Bool Datu Pagbuaya Datu Sikatuna Datu Sigala Datu Dailisan	Sultanate of Ternate Hairun Jamilu Portuguese Mercenaries	Ternatean victory Death of Datu Dailisan 10,000 people in the Kingdom of Bool flee to Dapitan.[11]
Spanish colonial period
Spanish Conquest of Luzon and the Visayas (1565-1571) Conquest of Madja-as Battle of Manila (1570) Battle of Bangkusay Siege of Cainta (August 1571)	Maynila Namayan Tondo Cainta Madja-as	Spanish Empire New Spain	Fall of the Luzon and Visayan Kingdoms. Establishment of Spanish colonial territories in Luzon and islands of Visayas.[12] Establishment of Spanish East Indies and Manila as its capital
Battle of Manila (1574)	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Juan de Salcedo Guido de Lavezaris Martín de Goiti † Gaspar Ramírez Galo	Chinese pirates Wokou Limahong Sioco †	Spanish victory Limahong retreated and abandoned his plans to invade Manila and instead settled in Pangasinan.
1582 Cagayan battles	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Juan Pablo de Carrión Pedro Lucas  †	Wokou Tay Fusa[13]	Spanish victory Pirate activity became sparse Establishment of the city of Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo)
Battles of Playa Honda (1610-1624)	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Juan Ronquillo del Castillo	Dutch Republic Joris van Spilbergen	Spanish victory
Battles of La Naval de Manila (1646)	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Diego Fajardo Chacón Lorenzo Ugalde de Orellana Sebastián López Agustín de Cepeda Cristobal Marquéz de Valenzuela Francisco de Esteyvar	Dutch Republic Cornelis van der Lijn Maarten Gerritsz Vries Antonio Camb	Spanish victory
Battle of Puerto de Cavite (1647)	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines	Dutch Republic	Spanish victory
Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639 CE)	Sultanates of Lanao Sultans of Lanao Datus of Lanao 6,000 Maranao warriors	Spanish Empire Spanish Conquistadors Hurtado-de Curcuera Captain Francesco Atienza Captain Pedro Bermudez de Castr Pedro Fernandez del Rio 500 Visayan soldiers	Failure of the conquest and Christianize the Maranao people.
Battle of Manila (1762) (part of Seven Years' War)	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Spanish garrison of Manila	Great Britain British fleet East India Company William Draper	Spanish defeat Manila and Cavite was occupied by the British until 1764 when a treaty concluded the war.
Spanish Conquest of Mindanao The Moros on their proas.	Sulu Sultanate Maguindanao Sultanate Sultanates of Lanao	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of the Philippines	Maguindanao is confined into the interior of Mindanao. Spain conquers portions of Mindanao and Jolo and imposes protectorate status over the Moros of Sulu. Spain failed to completely subjugate Moros.
Philippine revolts against Spain
Dagami Revolt (1565)	Rajahnate of Cebu Datu Dagami Rajah Tupas	Spanish Conquistadors Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro de Arana	Ceasefire Treaty of Cebu (1565)[14] Execution of Datu Dagami on 1567.
Tondo Conspiracy[15] (1587)	Tondo Maynila Bulacan Pampanga Palawan Maginoos Agustin de Legazpi, Lakan of Tondo Martin Pangan, datu of Tondo Magat Salamat, datu of Tondo Pitonggatan, datu of Tondo Luis Amanicalao, datu of Tondo Calao, datu of Tondo Geronimo Bassi, datu of Tondo Gabriel Tuambacar, datu of Tondo Francisco Acta, datu of Tondo Amarlangagui, datu of Tondo Joan Banal, datu of Tondo Alonso Lea, datu of Tondo Esteban Taes, datu of Bulacan Pedro Balinguit, datu of Pandacan Agustín Manuguit, datu of Maysilo Felipe Salalila, datu of Maysilo Felipe Salonga, datu of Polo Felipe Amarlangagui, datu of Catangalan Omaghicon, datu of Navotas Juan Basi, datu of Taguig Daulat, datu of Castilla Luis Balaya, datu of Bañgos Dionisio Capolo (Kapulong), datu of Candaba Amaghicon, datu of Cuyo Dionisio Fernandez, Japanese Interpreter Supported by: Japanese Captain Juan Gayo Sultanate of Brunei	Spanish Empire Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi Governor-General De Vera Spanish Encomenderos	Conspiracy failed The uprising failed when they were betrayed to the Spanish authorities by Spanish Encomendero Pedro Sarmiento that pretended cooperation but turned traitor and Antonio Surabao (Susabau), datu of Calamianes. The rebels were arrested, tried and found guilty of treason. Executed and their properties wholly or partly confiscated are Agustín de Legazpi, Martín Pangan, Dionisio Fernandez, Omaghicon, Gerónimo Bassi, Felipe Salalila, Esteban Taes, and Magát Salamat. Five leading members were exiled to Mexico: Pedro Balinguit, Pitonggatan, Felipe Salonga, Calao, and Agustín Manuguit. They were the very first natives of the Philippines to settle in New Spain (Mexico). Exiled from their respective villages and fined were Felipe Amarlangagui, Daulat, Juan Basi, Dionisio Capolon, Luis Balaya, Luis Amanicalao, and five other Tondo chiefs namely Francisco Acta, Gabriel Tuambacar, Calao, Amarlangagui, and Joan Banál. Alonso Lea was acquitted. Still to be sentenced was Amaghicon.
Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute (1589)	Ilocanos and Ibanag	Spanish conquistadors Santiago de Vera	Ceasefire Rebels pardoned. The tax system was reformed.
Magalat Revolt (1596)	Datu Magalat of Cagayan People of Cagayan Valley	Spanish and Filipino colonial troops Pedro de Chaves	Revolutionary defeat Death of Datu Magalat
Igorot Revolt (Cordillera 1601)	Igorot clans and tribes Igorot people Bontoc Ibaloi Ifugao Ibilao	Spanish conquistadors Francisco de Tello de Guzmán Captain Aranda Spanish colonial troops Pangasinan soldiers Kapampangan soldiers	Ceasefire The Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.
Sangley Rebellion (1603)	Sangleys	Spanish Empire	Sangley defeat
Caquenga's Revolt (1607)	Babaylan Caquenga	Spanish Empire	Rebellion failed
Bankaw revolt (1621-1622)	Bankaw or Bancao, datu of Limasawa, Carigara, Abuyog, Sogod Babaylan Pagali	Spanish Empire Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza Juan de Alcarazo, Alcalde mayor of Cebu Spanish and Filipino colonial soldiers in forty ships	Rebels defeated
Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650)	Agustin Sumuroy Don Juan Ponce Don Pedro Caamug David Dula y Goiti	Spanish Empire Spanish and Filipino colonial troops	Revolutionary defeat Agustin Sumuroy was killed by his own men.
Silang Revolt (1762–1763)	Diego Silang Gabriela Silang Ilocanos	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Spanish and Filipino colonial troops	Spanish victory Defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.
Palmero Conspiracy (1828)	Palmero brothers	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Conspiracy was discovered Main conspirators exiled
Cavite Mutiny (1872)	Filipino mutineers Fernando La Madrid	Spanish Empire Governor General Rafael Izquierdo Sgt. Ferdinand La Madrid	Mutineer defeat Aftermath of the mutiny, all Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile in Mindanao. Execution of Gomburza and other 44 mutineers.
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) Regular soldiers of the Philippine army stand at attention for the inspection. Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Miguel was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno.	1896-97 Sovereign Tagalog Nation Katipunan 1897 Republic of Biak-na-Bato 1898 Filipino Revolutionaries Supported by:  United States	Spain Spanish Philippines Spanish Cuba Spanish Puerto Rico	Peace treaty (1897) Signing of Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Victory (1898) Resumption of hostilities during Spanish–American War. Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government. Establishment of First Philippine Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as the first President (1899) Official establishment of the Philippine Republican Army (1899) Outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899).
Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896)	Katipunan Andrés Bonifacio	Spain Guardia Civil	Start of the Philippine Revolution Formation of an insurgent government
Battle of Pasong Tamo (August 28–29, 1896)	Katipunan Andrés Bonifacio	Spain Manuel Ros	Filipino defeat Katipuneros retreat to Balara Major revolts and uprisings began in other Provinces
Battle of Manila (1896) (Manila, Philippines August 29, 1896)	Katipunan Andrés Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto Aguedo del Rosario Vicente Fernandez	Spain Ramón Blanco Camilo de Polavieja	Filipino defeat
Battle of San Juan del Monte (August 30, 1896)	Katipunan Andrés Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto Ramon Bernardo	Spain Ramón Blanco Camilo Rambaud Bernardo Echaluce	Spanish victory Start of the revolution in Luzon
Battle of Noveleta (August 30, 1896)	Katipunan Magdiwang Santiago Alvarez Pascual Alvarez	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco Diego de los Ríos	Filipino victory
Battle of San Francisco de Malabon (August 31, 1896)	Katipunan Magdiwang Diego Mojica Artemio Ricarte Nicolas Portilla	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco	Filipino victory Katipuneros capture San Francisco De Malabon
Kawit revolt (August 31, 1896)	Katipunan Magdalo Emilio Aguinaldo	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco	Filipino victory
Battle of Imus (Imus, Cavite September 1–3, 1896)	Katipunan Magdalo Emilio Aguinaldo Baldomero Aguinaldo Candido Tirona Jose Tagle Guillermo Samoy †	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco Ernesto de Aguirre Jose Togores	Filipino victory
Cry of Nueva Ecija (September 2–5, 1896)	Katipunan Mariano Llanera Pantaleon Valmonte  Manuel Tinio	Spain Guardia Civil Joaquin Machorro † Lopez Arteaga	Tactical Filipino victory Strategic Spanish victory Start of the Philippine Revolution in Central Luzon
Battles of Batangas (October 23, 1896)	Katipunan Magdiwang Miguel Malvar	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco	Tactical Spanish victory
Battle of San Mateo and Montalban (November 7, 1896)	Katipunan Andrés Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto Mariano Gutierrez Luis Malinis Macario Sakay	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco Camilo de Polavieja	Tactical Spanish victory Start of the revolution in Morong
Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican (November 9–11, 1896)	Katipunan Magdalo Magdiwang Matagumpay[16] Emilio Aguinaldo Santiago Alvarez Pio del Pilar Candido Tirona † Crispulo Aguinaldo Baldomero Aguinaldo Gregoria Montoya † Artemio Ricarte Pascual Alvarez Edilberto Evangelista Vito Belarmino Pantaleon Garcia Mariano Riego de Dios	Spain Guardia Civil Ramón Blanco Diego de los Ríos Fermín Díaz Matoni José Marina Mariano Borraja † Victoriano Oloriz Marcelino Muñoz Norberto Baturone y Gener † José Castro † Fernando Chacon †	Filipino victory[17][18][19]' Filipinos liberate all of Cavite and parts of Laguna and Batangas.[20]
Battle of Sambat (November 15–16, 1896)	Katipunan Severino Taino[21] Francisco Abad †	Spain Guardia Civil Nicolas Jaramillo[22]	Spanish victory Defeat of Maluningning Katipunan Chapter
Battle of Pateros (December 31, 1896 – January 3, 1897)	Katipunan Magdalo Matagumpay Emilio Aguinaldo Pío del Pilar Mariano Noriel	Spain Guardia Civil Camilo de Polavieja Francisco Galbis	Filipino tactical victory Spanish strategic victory
Battle of Kakarong de Sili (January 1, 1897)	Katipunan Kakarong Republic Eusebio Roque  Canuto Villanueva Gregorio del Pilar	Spain Guardia Civil José Olaguer Feliú	Spanish victory Katipunan rebels wage guerrilla warfare in Bulacan province Dissolution of the Kakarong Republic
Cry of Tarlac (January 24, 1897)	Katipunan Francisco Macabulos	Spain Guardia Civil	Filipino victory
Battle of Perez Dasmariñas (January 24, 1897)	Katipunan Emilio Aguinaldo Crispulo Aguinaldo † Flaviano Yengko † Placido Campos Marcela Marcelo †[23]	Spain Guardia Civil Jose de Lachambre Antonio Zabala †[24]	Spanish victory
Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897) The Zapote Bridge (1897) by Vicente Dizon.	Katipunan Magdalo Emilio Aguinaldo Edilberto Evangelista † Tomas Mascardo	Spain Camilo de Polavieja José de Lachambre	Filipino victory
Retreat to Montalban (May 3, 1897 - June 14, 1897)	Katipunan Emilio Aguinaldo Manuel Tinio	Spain Primo de Rivera Ricardo Monet General Nuñez	Tactical Spanish victory Strategic Filipino victory
Raid on Paombong (September 3, 1897)	Katipunan Gregorio del Pilar	Spain Ramón Blanco y Erenas	Tactical Filipino victory
Battle of Aliaga (September 4–5, 1897)	Katipunan Emilio Aguinaldo Manuel Tinio Mamerto Natividad Casimiro Tinio Pio del Pilar Jose Ignacio Paua Eduardo Llanera	Spain Fernando Primo de Rivera Ricardo Monet General Nuñez	Filipino victory
Battle of Tres de Abril (April 3–8, 1898)	Katipunan Leon Kilat † Arcadio Maxilom Florencio Gonzales Florencio Llamas Jose Ignacio Paua Bonifacio Aranas	Spain Fernando Primo de Rivera	Spanish victory
Battle of Manila Bay (near Manila, Philippines May 1, 1898) Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron against the Spanish fleet off Cavite. A vignette portrait of Rear Admiral George Dewey is featured in the lower left.	United States George Dewey	Spain Patricio Montojo	American Victory
Battle of Alapan (Imus, Cavite May 28, 1898)	Filipino Revolutionaries Emilio Aguinaldo Artemio Ricarte Mariano Noriel Luciano San Miguel Juan Cailles	Spain Leopoldo García Peña	Decisive Filipino victory General Leopoldo Garcia Peña become prisoner of war. Surrender of all Spanish forces in Cavite to Filipino forces[25] Raising of the Philippine National Flag for the first time[26]
Battle of Tayabas (June 24 – August 15, 1898)	Filipino Revolutionaries Miguel Malvar Vicente Lukban Manuel Arguelles Eleuterio Marasigan	Spain Joaquin Pacheco Yanguas	Filipino victory Filipino revolutionaries recapture Tayabas province
Mock Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines August 13, 1898) "Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.	United States Wesley Merritt Arthur MacArthur Jr. George Dewey Filipino Revolutionaries Emilio Aguinaldo Antonio Luna	Spain Fermin Jáudenes Basilio Augustín	American victory Spanish forces surrender the city to the Americans End of the Spanish–American War in the Philippines
Siege of Masbate (Masbate, Philippines - August 19, 1898)	Filipino Revolutionaries Riego de Dios Justo Lukban Pedro Quipte	Spain Don Luis Cubero	Filipino victory Establishment of Masbate revolutionary government
Negros Revolution (Negros Island, Philippines - November 3, 1898 - November 24, 1898)	Filipino Revolutionaries Negrense Revolutionaries Aniceto Lacson Juan Araneta	Spanish Empire Guardia Civil Isidro de Castro   Maximiano Correa	Decisive Filipino victory Surrender of Spanish troops; establishment of Republic of Negros
Battle of Barrio Yoting (Pilar Capiz, Visayas - December 3, 1898) the Katipuneros.	Filipino Revolutionaries Roque Lopez Martin Delgado Perfecto Poblador Teresa Magbanua	Spain Diego de los Rios Juan Lopez y Herrero	Filipino victory
Siege of Baler (Baler, Aurora July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899) Filipino troops of Colonel Tecson in Baler, May 1899. Tecson is to the right of the cannon, Novicio to the left.	1898 Filipino Revolutionaries 1899  República Filipina Teodorico Novicio Luna Calixto Villacorta Cirilo Gómez Simón Tecson	Spain Enrique de las Morenas Juan Alonso Zayas Saturnino Martín Cerezo  United States	Filipino victory[27] Baler held beyond official cessation of hostilities and cession of Philippine Islands; Failure of American relief efforts; Negotiated armistice after the surrender of the Spanish troops. Emilio Aguinaldo of the Philippine Republic issued a decree that they were not to be considered as POWs but as friends.[28] Considered by some as the end of the Spanish Empire[29]
Philippine–American War
Philippine–American War February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902 Moro Rebellion: 1899-1913 Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899. Wounded American soldiers at Santa Mesa, Manila in 1899	1899-1902  República Filipina Republic of Negros Babaylanes Pulajanes Republic of Zamboanga Limited Foreign Support:  Empire of Japan Shishi 1902-1906 Tagalog Republic Irrenconcilables 1899-1913 Sultanates of Lanao  Maguindanao Sultanate  Sulu Sultanate	1899-1902  United States Military Government 1902-1913  United States Insular Government	Filipino defeat Fall of the First Republic. General Emilio Aguinaldo was captured, and recognized U.S. sovereignty. American Occupation of the Philippine Islands. The establishment of the Insular Government.
Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines February 4–5, 1899) U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.	República Filipina Emilio Aguinaldo Antonio Luna Luciano San Miguel	United States Elwell S. Otis Arthur MacArthur Jr. Thomas M. Anderson	Filipino defeat Start of the Philippine–American War.
Battle of Caloocan (Caloocan, Philippines February 10, 1899) Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur observing the battle.	República Filipina Antonio Luna	United States Arthur MacArthur Jr. Harrison Gray Otis Frederick Funston	Filipino defeat
Second Battle of Caloocan (Caloocan, Philippines February 22–24, 1899) Filipinos attack the barracks of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers.	República Filipina Antonio Luna Mariano Llanera	United States Arthur MacArthur, Jr.	Filipino defeat
Battle of Balantang (Balantang, Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines March 10, 1899)	República Filipina Pascual Magbanua	United States	Filipino victory Filipino troops retaking Jaro from the Americans.
Capture of Malolos (Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines March 25–31, 1899) Filipino soldiers in Malolos	República Filipina Antonio Luna	United States Arthur MacArthur Jr. Loyd Wheaton Irving Hale Frederick Funston	Filipino defeat Capture of the capital of Malolos, Bulacan.
Battle of Marilao River (Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines March 27, 1899)	República Filipina Emilio Aguinaldo	United States Irving Hale	Filipino defeat
Battle of Santa Cruz (1899) (Santa Cruz, Laguna, Philippines April 9–10, 1899) General Henry W. Lawton leading American forces at the Battle of Santa Cruz during the Laguna de Bay Campaign	República Filipina Juan Cailles[30]	United States Henry W. Lawton Charles King	Filipino defeat
Battle of Pagsanjan (Pagsanjan, Laguna, Philippines April 11, 1899)	República Filipina	United States Henry W. Lawton Charles King	Filipino defeat
Battle of Paete (Paete, Laguna, Philippines April 12, 1899) General Lawton campaigning in the Philippines, 1899	República Filipina	United States Henry W. Lawton	Filipino defeat
Battle of Quingua (Quingua - now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines April 23, 1899) Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua	República Filipina Gregorio del Pilar Pablo Tecson	United States J. Franklin Bell John Stotsenburg † Irving Hale	1st Phase: Filipino victory Death of Col. John M. Stotsenburg 2nd Phase: Filipino defeat Filipinos retreated to the North.
Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers (Calumpit, Bulacan, Philippines April 25–27, 1899)	República Filipina Antonio Luna Gregorio del Pilar	United States Arthur MacArthur Jr. Loyd Wheaton Irving Hale Frederick Funston	Filipino defeat Retreat to Pampanga
Battle of Santo Tomas (Santo Tomas, Pampanga, Philippines May 4, 1899) 1st Nebraska Volunteers advancing during the Battle of Santo Tomas	República Filipina Antonio Luna Venacio Concepción Alejandro Avecilla	United States Loyd Wheaton Irving Hale Frederick Funston	Filipino defeat
Battle of Zapote River (Las Piñas, Province of Manila, Philippines June 13, 1899) The reconnected Zapote Bridge in 1899 being guarded by an American soldier after the battle on June 13, 1899. One span of the bridge was removed by the locals, substituted with a wooden span, which was burned down before the fighting.[31]	República Filipina Artemio Ricarte Guillermo Masangkay	United States Henry W. Lawton	Filipino defeat
Battle of Olongapo (Olongapo, Zambales, Philippines September 18–23, 1899)	República Filipina	United States Elwell Stephen Otis	Filipino defeat
Battle of San Jacinto (1899) (San Jacinto, Pangasinan, Philippines November 11, 1899)	República Filipina Manuel Tinio	United States Loyd Wheaton	Filipino defeat
Battle of Tirad Pass[32] (Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 2, 1899) Gen.Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898.	República Filipina Gregorio del Pilar † Vicente Enriquez	United States Peyton C. March	Strategic Filipino victory Tactical Filipino defeat Death of General Gregorio del Pilar Fall of the defence line Filipino forces successfully delay the American advance
Battle of Paye (San Mateo, Manila (now Rizal), Philippines December 19, 1899) Death of Major-General Henry Lawton during the battle.	República Filipina Pio del Pilar Licerio Gerónimo	United States Henry Ware Lawton † James R. Lockett	Tactical Filipino victory Strategic Filipino defeat Death of General Henry Ware Lawton American's 29th Battalion successfully crossed the river at 11 am Filipino forces retreated from San Mateo.
Battle of Cagayan de Misamis (Cagayan de Misamis (now Cagayan de Oro), Mindanao, Philippines April 7, 1900)	República Filipina Gen. Nicolas Capistrano	United States Col. Edward A. Godwin	Filipino defeat
Siege of Catubig (Catubig, Philippines April 15–19, 1900)	República Filipina Domingo Rebadulla	United States J. T. Sweeney	Filipino victory
Battle of Agusan Hill (Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, Philippines May 14, 1900)	República Filipina Capt. Vicente Roa †	United States Capt. Walter B. Elliot	Filipino defeat
Battle of Makahambus Hill (Cagayan de Oro, Mindanao, Philippines June 4, 1900)	República Filipina Pablo Tecson Apolinar Velez	United States Albert Laws Thomas Millar	Filipino victory
Battle of Pulang Lupa (Marinduque, Philippines September 13, 1900)	República Filipina Maximo Abad	United States Luther Hare Devereux Shields	Filipino victory
Battle of Mabitac (Mabitac, Laguna, Philippines September 17, 1900) Gen. Juan Cailles.	República Filipina Juan Cailles	United States Benjamin Cheatham Jr.	Filipino victory
Battle of Lonoy (Lonoy, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines March 5, 1901)	República Filipina Capt. Gregorio Casenas †[33]	United States.	Filipino defeat
Battle of Balangiga (Balangiga, Samar, Philippines March September 28, 1901)	República Filipina Valeriano Abanador[a] Eugenio Daza[a]	United States Thomas W. Connell †	Filipino victory
Battle of Dolores River (Samar, Philippines December 12, 1904)	Pulahan Pedro de la Cruz	United States Philippine Constabulary Stephen Hayt	American defeat
Moro rebellion
Battle of Bayang (Malabang, South of Lanao Lake, Mindanao, Philippines May 2–3, 1902) Battle of Bayang	Sultanates of Lanao Sultan Pandapatan	United States Colonel Frank D. Baldwin	American victory Start of Moro rebellion
Hassan uprising (Sulu, Mindanao, Philippines October 1903 – March 1904)	Sultanate of Sulu Datu Panglima Hassan[35][36] Usap Laksamana[37]	United States Col. H. Scott	American victory
Battle of Siranaya (Siranaya, Mindanao, Philippines March 1904)	Sultanate of Maguindanao Datu Ali	United States Leonard Wood	American victory
Battle of Taraca (Taraka, Lanao del Sur, Philippines April 1904)	Sultanates of Lanao	United States Leonard Wood	American victory
Battle of the Malalag River (Malalag, Davao del Sur, Philippines October 22, 1905)	Sultanate of Maguindanao Datu Ali †	United States Frank Ross McCoy	American victory
First Battle of Bud Dajo (Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines March 5–8, 1906) U.S. soldiers pose with Moro dead after the battle	Sultanate of Sulu	United States Gen. Leonard Wood Col. Joseph W. Duncan	American victory
Second Battle of Bud Dajo (Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines December 18–26, 1911)	Sultanate of Sulu	United States John J. Pershing	American victory
Battle of Bud Bagsak (Jolo Island, Philippines June 11–15, 1913) "Knocking Out the Moros"	Sultanate of Sulu Datu Amil  † Datu Sahipa	United States John J. Pershing	American victory Total annexation of the Philippines
Second World war
Japanese invasion of the Philippines (1941-1942) Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942-1944) Allied liberation of the Philippines (1944-1945) Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division.	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States Co-belligerent: Hukbalahap	Japanese Empire  Second Philippine Republic	Allied defeat (1941-1942) Fall of Bataan and Corregidor. Surrender of Filipino-American forces from the Japanese. Establishment of a pro-Japan Council of State. Philippine Commonwealth government forced into exile. Japanese occupation (1942-1945) Ongoing Commonwealth military and guerrilla war against Japanese occupation forces. Japanese puppet state Second Republic established. Bureau of Constabulary and Makapili established by the Japanese Occupation and Second Republic. Allied victory (1944-1945) Allied forces liberate the Philippines Philippine Constabulary re-established under the Commonwealth regime Surrender of Japan Second Republic is dissolved and the Commonwealth returns The Philippines become independent from the United States
Japanese invasion of Batan Island (Batan Island, Philippines December 8, 1941) A map of Luzon Island showing Japanese landings and advances from December 8, 1941, to January 8, 1942.	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States	Japanese Empire	Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Vigan (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 10, 1941)	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States	Japanese Empire	Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Aparri (Aparri, Cagayan, Philippines December 10, 1941)	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States	Japanese Empire	Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Legazpi (Legazpi, Albay, Philippines December 12, 1941)	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States	Japanese Empire	Allied Defeat
Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Lingayen Gulf, Philippines December 21–23, 1941)	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States	Japanese Empire	Allied defeat
Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay (Lamon Bay, Philippines December 21–23, 1941)	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States	Japanese Empire	Allied defeat
Battle of Bataan (Bataan Peninsula near Manila Bay in Luzon Island, Philippines January 7 – April 9, 1942) Japanese tank column advancing in the Bataan Peninsula of Luzon	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States Douglas MacArthur Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV George M. Parker Edward P. King Vicente Lim Mateo Capinpin	Japanese Empire Masaharu Homma Susumu Morioka Kineo Kitajima Kameichiro Nagano	Allied defeat Beginning of the Bataan Death March
Battle of Corregidor (Corregidor island in Manila Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines May 5–6, 1942) Victorious Japanese troops atop the Hearn Battery, May 6, 1942.	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States Jonathan M. Wainwright (POW) George F. Moore (POW) Samuel L. Howard (POW)	Japanese Empire Masaharu Homma Kureo Taniguchi Gempachi Sato Kizon Mikami Haruji Morita Col. Koike Col. Inoue	American defeat
Philippine resistance against Japan (Philippines December 8, 1941 - August 15, 1945) Propaganda poster depicting the Philippine resistance movement	Commonwealth of the Philippines  United States Chinese volunteers Hukbalahap[b] Moros[c] Wendell Fertig Russell W. Volckmann Edwin Ramsey James M. Cushing Robert Lapham Marcos V. Agustin Terry Adevoso Ruperto Kangleon Macario Peralta Jr. Xu Jingcheng Luis Taruc Casto Alejandrino Juan Feleo Gumbay Piang Salipada K. Pendatun	Japanese Empire Philippine Executive Commission (until 1943) Second Philippine Republic (from 1943) Masaharu Homma Shizuichi Tanaka Shigenori Kuroda Tomoyuki Yamashita Jose P. Laurel Jorge B. Vargas Benigno Ramos # Artemio Ricarte #	Allied victory
Battle of Leyte (Leyte Island, Philippines October 17 – December 26, 1944) General Douglas MacArthur and staff, accompanied by Philippine president Sergio Osmeña (left), land at Red Beach, Leyte, October 20, 1944.	Philippines  United States Army: Douglas MacArthur Walter Krueger Franklin C. Sibert John R. Hodge Navy: Thomas C. Kinkaid Army Air Force: George C. Kenney Civilian Government: Sergio Osmeña Guerrillas: Ruperto Kangleón	Japanese Empire Army: Tomoyuki Yamashita Sōsaku Suzuki Shiro Makino †[38] Tsunehiro Shirai †[39] Yoshimi Adachi †[40] Kyoji Tominaga[41]	Allied victory
Battle of Leyte Gulf (Leyte Gulf, Philippines October 23–26, 1944) The light aircraft carrier Princeton on fire, east of Luzon, on October 24, 1944	United States William Halsey (3rd Fleet) Thomas Kinkaid (7th Fleet) Clifton Sprague (Taffy 3 / Task Unit 77.4.3) Jesse Oldendorf (Task Group 77.2) John Collins (Task Force 74)	Japanese Empire Takeo Kurita (Center Force) Shōji Nishimura † (Southern Force) Kiyohide Shima (Southern Force) Jisaburō Ozawa (Northern Force) Yukio Seki † (Kamikazes)	American victory
Battle off Samar (East of Samar Island, Philippines October 25, 1944) The escort carrier Gambier Bay, burning from earlier gunfire damage, is bracketed by a salvo from a Japanese cruiser (faintly visible in the background, center-right) shortly before sinking during the Battle off Samar.	United States Clifton Sprague	Japanese Empire Takeo Kurita	American victory
Battle of Ormoc Bay (Camotes Sea, Philippines November 11 – December 21, 1944) Leyte campaign, November–December 1944	United States Douglas MacArthur	Japanese Empire Tomoyuki Yamashita	American victory
Battle of Mindoro (Mindoro Island, Philippines December 13–16, 1944)	United States George M. Jones Roscoe B. Woodruff	Japanese Empire Rikichi Tsukada	American victory
Battle of Maguindanao (Maguindanao, Philippines January to September 1945)	United States  Commonwealth of the Philippines Wendell Fertig Gumbay Piang Salipada K. Pendatun	Japanese Empire  Second Philippine Republic Gyosaku Morozumi	Allied victory
Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippines January 3–13, 1945) The U.S. Navy battleship USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) leading the battleship USS Colorado (BB-45) and the heavy cruiser USS Louisville (CA-28) to the shores of Lingayen.	United States Jesse B. Oldendorf Douglas MacArthur Walter Krueger	Japanese Empire Tomoyuki Yamashita	American victory
Battle of Luzon (Luzon, Philippines January 9, 1945 – August 15, 1945) Baleta Pass, near Baugio, Luzon.jpg	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines  Australia  Mexico[42] Douglas MacArthur Walter Krueger Sergio Osmeña Basilio J. Valdes Antonio Cárdenas Rodríguez	Japanese Empire  Second Philippine Republic Tomoyuki Yamashita Akira Mutō Shizuo Yokoyama	Allied victory Allies liberate the Luzon island group
Battle of Bessang Pass (Ilocos Sur, Luzon, Philippines June 1–15, 1945)	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Walter Krueger Innis P. Swift Russell W. Volckmann Basilio J. Valdes	Japanese Empire  Second Philippine Republic Tomoyuki Yamashita Yoshiharu Ozaki	Allied victory Allies liberate the Luzon island group
Raid at Cabanatuan (Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines January 30, 1945) Former Cabanatuan POWs in celebration, January 30, 1945	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Henry Mucci Arthur D. Simons Robert Prince Juan Pajota Eduardo Joson	Japanese Empire Tomoyuki Yamashita	Allied victory Liberation of 552 Allied prisoners of war
Battle of Bataan (1945) (Bataan Peninsula, Philippines January 31 – February 21, 1945)	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Charles P. Hall Henry L.C. Jones Aubrey S. Newman	Japanese Empire Rikichi Tsukada Nagayoshi Sanenobu	Allied victory
Battle of Manila (1945) (Manila, Philippines February 3 – March 3, 1945) An aerial view of the destroyed walled city of Intramuros taken in May 1945	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Douglas MacArthur Oscar Griswold Robert S. Beightler Verne D. Mudge Joseph M. Swing	Japanese Empire Tomoyuki Yamashita Sanji Iwabuchi †	Allied victory
Battle of Corregidor (1945) (Corregidor Island, Philippines February 16–26, 1945) USS Claxton provides fire support during the Corregidor landings	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines George M. Jones Edward M. Postlethwait	Japanese Empire Rikichi Tsukada	American victory
Battle of Baguio (1945) (Baguio, Mountain Province, Luzon, Philippines February 21 – April 26, 1945)	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Walter Krueger Innis P. Swift Percy W. Clarkson[43] Robert S. Beightler[44] Russell W. Volckmann	Japanese Empire Tomoyuki Yamashita Fukutaro Nishiyama Noakata Utsunomiya Bunzo Sato	Allied victory Allied forces liberate Baguio from Japanese occupiers
Raid on Los Baños (Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines February 23, 1945) Painting of a guerrilla armed with a bolo knife disarming a Japanese sentry of his rifle.	United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Henry A. Burgress Edward Lahti John Ringler Robert H. Soule Joseph W. Gibbs Gustavo Inglés	Japanese Empire T. Iwanaka Sadaaki Konishi	Allied victory
Invasion of Palawan (Palawan island, Philippines February 28 – April 22, 1945)	United States Robert L. Eichelberger Thomas C. Kinkaid Jens A. Doe Harold H. Haney William M. Fechteler	Japanese Empire Sōsaku Suzuki †	American victory
Battle of Mindanao (Mindanao Island, Philippines March 10 – August 15, 1945) LCM carries U.S. troops up the Mindanao River to Fort Pikit	United States  Commonwealth of the Philippines Robert L. Eichelberger Franklin C. Sibert Albert G. Noble Roscoe B. Woodruff Clarence A. Martin Wendell W. Fertig Basilio J. Valdes Salipada K. Pendatun	Japanese Empire Gyosaku Morozumi Jiro Harada Naoji Doi	Allied victory
Battle of Visayas (Visayas region, Philippines March 18 – August 15, 1945) U.S. soldiers during landings at Talisay Beach, Cebu Island, March 26, 1945.	United States  Commonwealth of the Philippines Robert L. Eichelberger Rapp Brush William H. Arnold James M. Cushing Macario B. Peralta Jr. Ruperto Kangleon	Japanese Empire Sōsaku Suzuki † Takeo Manjome †	Allied victory
Battle for Cebu City (Downtown Cebu City, Cebu Island, Philippines March 26 – April 8, 1945) US troops riding on an M7 Priest enter Cebu City	United States  Commonwealth of the Philippines Robert L. Eichelberger Ferdinand E. Zuellig James M. Cushing Basilio J. Valdes	Japanese Empire Takeo Manjome † Rijome Kawahara †	Allied victory
Battle of Davao (Davao City, Davao Province, Mindanao island, Philippines April 27 to June 10, 1945)	United States  Commonwealth of the Philippines Douglas MacArthur Robert L. Eichelberger Clarence A. Martin Roscoe B. Woodruff Wendell W. Fertig Basilio J. Valdes Federico G. Ubuza Armando Generoso Saturnino Silva	Japanese Empire Gyosaku Morozumi Jiro Harada Muraji Kawazoe	Allied victory Davao City and Davao Province liberated by the Allies
Battle of Mayoyao Ridge (Mayoyao, Mt. Province, Philippines July 26, 1945, to August 9, 1945) Japanese surrender ceremonies at Baguio, Luzon, on September 3, 1945	United States  Commonwealth of the Philippines Donald Blackburn	Japanese Empire	Allied victory Surrender of General Tomoyuki Yamashita at Kiangan, Ifugao. End of World War II in the Philippines
The Cold War
Hukbalahap Rebellion (1942-1954)	1942–1946:  United States Commonwealth of the Philippines Hukbalahap 1946–1954: Republic of the Philippines Supported by:  United States	1942–1945:  Empire of Japan  Second Philippine Republic 1946–1954: Communist Party Hukbalahap Alleged support:  Soviet Union	First phase: Huk victory End of the Occupation in 1945 Tension rises between the U.S Backed government and the Huks Rebellion resume in 1946 Second Phase: Government victory End of the Rebellion Capture of Luis Taruc in 1954 Beginning of Communist insurgency in the Philippines in the 1960s
Contemporary Era
Moro insurgency (March 29, 1969 – present) Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – ongoing) M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao.	Philippines Supported by:  United States	Moro National Liberation Front (until 1996) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2014) Abu Sayyaf Other Islamist groups	Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF Ongoing conflict between the Government and Jihadist groups — Abu Sayyaf, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, and others
Communist Insurgency (1969–present)	Philippines	Communist Party of the Philippines New People's Army National Democratic Front	Ongoing
1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt (December 1–9, 1989)	Philippines  United States Archdiocese of Manila Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos Renato De Villa Jaime Sin George H. W. Bush Bernard John Smith Harry Rittenour	RAM Movement Gregorio Honasan Edgardo Abenina Jose Zumel	Government victory Coup crushed by US intervention Creation of the Davide Fact-Finding Commission Arrest of Honasan and coup plotters, financiers and leaders but some were given amnesty later on
1990 Mindanao crisis (October 4–6, 1990)	Philippines Corazon Aquino Renato de Villa	Federal Republic of Mindanao Col. Alexander Noble	Government victory Arrest of Col. Alexander Noble Disestablishment of the Federal Republic of Mindanao
Battle of Camp Abubakar (July 9, 2000)	Philippines Joseph Estrada Diomedio Villanueva Benjamin Defensor Elonor Padre	Moro Islamic Liberation Front Salamat Hashim Murad Ebrahim	Government victory
Manila Peninsula siege (November 29, 2007)	Philippines Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Gen. Hermogenes Esperon	Bagong Katipuneros (Magdalo Group) Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV Danilo Lim Teofisto Guingona, Jr. Nicanor Faeldon	Government victory *Several members of the Magdalo Group were arrested.
Scarborough Shoal standoff (April 8, 2012 (start date))	Philippines Philippine Navy Philippine Coast Guard	China Chinese Navy China Marine Surveillance China Coast Guard	Scarborough Shoal occupied by China
Zamboanga City crisis (September 9–28, 2013) The Zamboanga City Hall where the MNLF intended to hoist the Bangsamoro Republik flag.	Philippines Benigno Aquino Voltaire Gazmin Emmanuel T. Bautista Noel A. Coballes Maria Isabelle Climaco Salazar	Bangsamoro Republik Nur Misuari Ustadz Habier Malik Asamin Hussin Salip Idjal Dasta Ismael † Misba Balaji Jul Lipae	Government victory The Bangsamoro Republik ceases to exist, as it doesn't have de facto control of any territory. All hostages recovered. Dissolution of Bangsamoro Republik Some "20 to 30" MNLF rebels, including Commander Habier Malik are still at-large. Death of MNLF commander Dasta Ismael
Operation Darkhorse (January 27, – February 2, 2014)	Philippines Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine National Police Supported by: Moro Islamic Liberation Front	Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Ameril Umbra Kato Ustadz Karialan Abu Misry Mama	Government victory Temporary stops in BIFF and government offensives.
Siege of Marawi (May 23 – October 23, 2017) A building in Marawi is set ablaze by airstrikes carried out by the Philippine Air Force.	Philippines Supported by: Non-state supporters: Moro National Liberation Front Moro Islamic Liberation Front Foreign supporters:  United States (Military equipment, aid, advisory roles, and technical assistance)  United Kingdom (Intelligence support, military and medical aid)  Australia (Intelligence support and advisory roles)  China (Military equipment)  Russia (Military equipment)  Israel (Intelligence support and military equipment)  Singapore (Intelligence and logistics support)	Islamic State Abu Sayyaf Maute group Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Ansar Khalifa Philippines	Government victory Failure of the militants to establish a provincial ISIL territory (wilayat) Isnilon Hapilon, Abu Sayyaf leader and ISIL Emir in Southeast Asia killed by the Philippine Army All seven Maute brothers killed by the Philippine Army

Gallery

• 
  The Head Axe, used by the Head-hunters of Kalinga people, A fearsome Melee weapon in Cordillera (Specially against the Ifugao peoples during the Proto-history).
• 
  Inauguration of the First Republic
• 
  Soldiers at the Siege of Baler
• 
  Philippine Army in the Philippine–American War, (at the battle of Paceo - 1900)
• 
  Filipino Soldiers outside Manila,1899.
• 
  The coffins of fallen American Soldiers, (1906).
• 
  a World War II Propaganda poster of Philippine Army of its Resistance against the Japanese Invasion. (1941)
• 
  the flag of Federal Republic of Mindanao by Col. Alexander Noble, during 1990 Mindanao Crisis.
• 
  a Moro insurgent of the Islamic (Moro) insurgency at Mindanao.
• 
  Philippine Marine Private Damaranan rushes up a small ditch to engage role-playing enemy forces while Staff Sgt. John Ross of 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit provides communication during amphibious landing training of Balikatan Exercise.
• 
  Naval Forces Western Mindanao sent off two Navy vessels to Marawi City on May 30, 2017 at Ensign Majini Pier, Naval Station Romulo Espaldon, Calarian, Zamboanga City to transport Fleet-Marine Team composed of combat service support elements, explosive ordnance and disposal units, and K9 units to augment troops that are currently fighting against local terrorist group Maute in Marawi City.
• 
  BRP Tarlac (LD-601) in Iligan offloading military units meant to augment government forces fighting in Marawi
• 
  Filipino soldiers involved in the Marawi crisis.
• 
  President Rodrigo Duterte talks to Troops at 4th Infantry Division HQ 6 in regards the Marawi crisis
• 
  Wake of soldiers who died due to friendly fire at the Marawi crisis

See also

• Military history of the Philippines
• Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines
• List of wars involving the Philippines
• Battles of the Philippines

References

Notes

1. Two participants^[who?] in the attack named the following persons as the chief organizers of the military operation:
   • Pedro Abayan, Mayor of Balangiga
   • Adronico Balais, Vice Mayor
   • Valeriano Abanador, Chief of Police
   • Mariano Valdenor, Assistant Chief of Police
   • Captain Eugenio Daza, Area Commander of General Vicente Lukban's forces for Southeastern Samar
   • Pedro Duran, a Sergeant under Diaz
   • Juan Salazar
   • Evangelista Gabornes, Councilor
   • Paulo Gavan Gacho
   Other sources showed that, while General Lukban viewed Daza as the overall commander, Daza acknowledged Abanador's operational command of the attack.^[34]
2. Also attacked non-Huk guerrillas
3. Also attacked American & Christian Filipino guerrillas

1. Grace Estela C. Mateo. "The Philippines : A Story of a Nation" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
2. Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies. 34 (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–55. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003589. JSTOR 313111. S2CID 145722369.
3. History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
4. Abellana, Jovito (1952). Aginid Bayok sa Atong Tawarik.
5. "Historical Timeline Of The Royal Sultanate Of Sulu Including Related Events Of Neighboring Peoplesby Josiah C". Seasite.niu.edu. August 30, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
6. "Ma-i / Ma-Yi- / Mindoro". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
7. *Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
8. del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
9. Halili 2004, The Natural Setting and its People, pp. 52–53.
10. "Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo". Ilongo.weebly.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
11. "Significant battles in Bohol: Battle of the Bo-ol Kingdom". October 20, 2019.
12. Gardner, Robert (April 20, 1995). "Manila – A History". Philippine Journeys. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
13. General Archive of the Indies, Philippines, file 6, bunch 2, number 59. Letter from Gonzalo Ronquillo, Governor of the Philippines to the Viceroy of Mexico, June 1, 1582
14. Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63.
15. "Forgotten heroes: Datus who first struck for independence". Manila Bulletin.
16. "Pio del Pilar & Matea Rodriguez - CENTRAL LUZON & NCR, Philippines Unsung Heroes". www.msc.edu.ph.
17. "Second Look at America". Retrieved April 21, 2021.
18. Halili 2004, pp. 145–146.
19. Quirino, Carlos (2004). The Young Aguinaldo, from Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato. Manila : Aguinaldo Centennial Year. p. 89.
20. Root, Elihu (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. United States War Department.
21. "Why Laguna deserves a ray of sun in the Philippine National Flag - Provincial Government of Laguna". www.laguna.gov.ph. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
22. "Photo" (JPG). farm8.static.flickr.com.
23. "Marcela Marcelo died in battle of Pasong Santol March 21, 1897". The Kahimyang Project.
24. Alvarez, S.V. (1992). Recalling the Revolution. Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 100. ISBN 9781881261056.
25. United States War Department (1903). Annual reports of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1903: Report of the Chief of Engineers; Supplement to the report of the Chief of Engineers. ISBN 9780332735498. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
26. Official Gazette of the Philippines. "The Philippine Flag". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
27. "6th Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day - Philstar.com". philstar.com.
28. Quirino, Carlos (1978). Alfredo Roces (ed.). Epic Stand in Baler. Filipino Heritage. Vol. 8. Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc.
29. "The end of an empire – 1898: The Last Garrison of the Philippines". January 5, 2017.
30. "Lawton's Lake Expedition | Critics Rant". December 6, 2020.
31. U.S. War Dept. (1900), pg. 281
32. Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
33. McNab, Chris (November 8, 2016). American Battles & Campaigns: A Chronicle from 1622-2010. Macmillan. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-250-10115-0. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
34. Borrinaga, Rolando O. (2003). The Balangiga Conflict Revisited. New Day Publishers. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-971-10-1090-4.
35. Pamana. Cultural Center of the Philippines. 1971. p. 16.
36. Michael Salman (2001). The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines. University of California Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-520-22077-5.
37. "MINDANAO, SULU and ARMM Unsung Heroes".
38. "Biography of Lieutenant-General Shiro Makino". www.generals.dk.
39. "Japanese Paratroop Operations in WW II". www.j-aircraft.com.
40. "Biography of Major-General Yoshimi Adachi – (安達由巳) – (あだち よしみ) – (Adachi Yoshiki) – (安達由己) – (あだち よしき) (1883–1944), Japan". www.generals.dk.
41. Prefer, Nathan N. (2012). Leyte, 1944: The Soldiers' Battle. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 9781612001555.
42. Escuadrón 201, a Mexican fighter–bomber squadron that participated during the last phase of the battle.
43. "Maj. Gen. Percy W. Clarkson". U.S. Army Pacific. United States Army. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
44. "37th Infantry Division". U.S. Army Center of Military History. U.S. Army. May 20, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2014.

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External links

• Wars of the Philippines