List of Neanderthal fossils

This is a list of Neanderthal fossils.

Some important European Neanderthals

Remains of more than 300 European Neanderthals have been found. This is a list of the most notable.

	Name	Age	Cranial capacity (cm^3)	Year discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	Ehringsdorf skull	150k–120k	1450[1]	1908–1925	Germany		Archäologischen Landesmuseums Thüringen
	Engis 2	Undated	? (child)	1829	Belgium	Philippe-Charles Schmerling	University of Liège
	Gibraltar 1	40k	1200[1]	1848	Gibraltar	Edmund Flint	Natural History Museum, London
	Gibraltar 2	Undated	? (child)	1926	Gibraltar	Dorothy Garrod	Natural History Museum, London
	Krijn	100-40 ka	(Not a full skull)	2001	Netherlands	Luc Anthonis	Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden
	La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1	60k	1600[1]	1908	France	L. Bardon, A. Bouyssonie and J. Bouyssonie
	La Ferrassie 1	70k–50k	1641[1]	1909	France	Louis Capitan and Denis Peyrony	Musée de l'Homme
	Neanderthal 1	40k	1452[1]	1856	Germany	Kleine Feldhofer Grotte	Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
	Saccopastore 1	250k	1200[2]	1929	Italy
	Saccopastore 2	250k	1300[3]	1935	Italy	Alberto Blanc and Henri Breuil
	Altamura Man	170k		1993	Italy

Southwest Asian Neanderthals

As of 2017, this list of Southwest Asian Neanderthals may be considered essentially complete.

List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals

• view
• talk
• edit

Present-day country (country of discovery)	Site	Principal Neanderthal finds	MNI	Geological age (ka)	Descriptions	Notes
Turkey	Karain	Four teeth	1	—	Senyürek (1949)[4][5] Yalçınkaya (1988)[6][5]
Lebanon	Ksâr 'Akil	K2: Teeth and partial maxilla	1	—	Ewing (1963)[7]	Ewing lost this specimen while transferring Ksar Akil material from Boston College to Fordham University.[8]
Lebanon	El Masloukh	Upper second molar[9]	(1)	—	?	Neanderthal attribution is stratigraphic, not morphological.[10]
Israel	Kebara	KMH1: 7-9 mo. old partial skel. KMH2: Post-cranial adult ♂ Various fragments KMH3: Milk tooth (m^1-r)[11] KMH4: 9 milk teeth, germ of 1 permanent tooth [12][11] KMH5: Child mandibular symphysis fragment, no teeth[11] KMH6: Right maxillary fragment with M^1 and M^2[11] KMH7: Milk tooth (m?-r)[11] KMH8: Milk tooth (m^2-l)[11] KMH9: Foot bone (4th right metatarsal)[11] KMH10: Foot bone (1st toe distal phalanx)[11] KMH11: Right clavicle fragment[11] KMH12: Milk tooth (m^?-r)[11] KMH13: Milk tooth germ (m^1-l)[11] KMH14: Tooth (M2-l)[11] KMH15: Milk tooth (m^1-r)[11] KMH16: Milk tooth (left i1)[11] KMH17: Clavicle fragment[11] (KMH18: Mandibular fragment with tooth [M^2-r])[11] (KMH19: Fragmentary tooth crown [M?-r])[11] (KMH20: Parietal bone fragment)[11] (KMH21: Germ of tooth [M^1-l])[11] (KMH22: Milk tooth [upper c-l])[11] (KMH23: Milk tooth [i2-r])[11] KMH24: Tooth (M^3-l)[11] (KMH25: 3 milk teeth germs [upper c-l, m^1, m^2])[11] (KMH26: Tooth germ [i^2-r])[11] KMH27: Tooth (I^2)[13][13] KMH28: Tooth (I2)[13][13] (KMH29: Milk tooth [i2-l])[11] KMH30: Milk tooth (m^1)[11][13] (KMH31: Tooth [lower c])[13]	21 + (10)	64-59[14][15]	KMH1: Smith et al. (1977)[16] KMH2: Arensburg et al. (1985)[17] KMH5-17, 24-31 : Tillier et al. (2003) [11]	Neanderthal attribution uncertain in KMH18-23, 25, 29, and 31[11][13]
West Bank (Mandatory Palestine)	Shuqba	S-D1: Tooth and cranial frags.[9]	1	—	Keith (1931)[18]
Israel (Mandatory Palestine)	Tabun	T C1: Nearly complete adult ♀ T C2: Toothed mandible missing I1 (♂) Various fragments T E1: Right femur shaft (♂?) T E2: Tooth (M1 or M2, ♀?) T C3: Right femur shaft (♀) T C4: Distal right radius frag. (♀) T C5: Right hamate bone T C6: Right pisiform bone T C7: Distal thumb phalanx T B1: 10-11 year-old maxilla (♂?) with I^2-r, M^2-r T BC2: Four teeth (I^2-l, M^1-l, P^3-r, M^1-r) T B3: One tooth (I2-r) T B4: Four teeth (I^1-l, I^2-l, M1-l, M3-r) T B5: Two teeth (M^2-l, M^2-r) T BC6: Two teeth (I^1-l, M2-l)	15	≈170-90 [19][20][21]	McCown (1936) McCown and Keith (1939)	T C1: Neanderthal attribution is not universally accepted.[22] As of 1975, the whereabouts of T BC2, B3, and BC6 are unknown.[9]: 146
Israel	Ein Qashish	(EQH-2: Third molar) EQH-3: Adult lower limbs	1 + (1)[23]	70-60[23]	Been et al. (2017)[23]	Discovered in 2013, these were the first diagnostically Neanderthal remains in Southwest Asia not found in a cave.[23] EQH-2: 70% posterior probability that Neanderthal attribution is correct.[23]
Israel	Shovakh	(Tooth, M(3)-l[24][Note 1])	(1)	—	S. Binford (1966)[25] Trinkaus (1987)[24]	"[A]lthough within archaic and modern human ranges of variation, this complex occlusal morphology may suggest that it is more likely to have derived from a Neandertal than an early modern human". (Trinkaus 1987)[24]
Israel	Amud	A1: Adult full skeleton ♂ A2: Maxillary fragment A7: 10-mo.-old partial skel.	3[Note 2][26]	61-53[26]	A1: Suzuki et al. (1970)[27] A7: Rak et al. (1994)[28]
Syria	Dederiyeh	D1: 19-30-month-old full skel. D2: 21-30-month-old full skel.	17	—	D1: Akazawa et al. (1993)[29] D2: Akazawa et al. (1999) [30]
Iraq	Shanidar	S1: Adult partial skel. ♂ S2: Adult crushed skel. ♂ S3: Post-cranial adult ♂ S4: Adult partial skel. (♂) S5: Adult partial skel. (♂) S6: Adult partial skel. (♀) S7: 6-9-mo.-old crushed skel. S8: Adult skeletal fragments (♀) S9: 6-12-month-old vertebrae S10: 17-25-month-old skel.	10	S2, S4: > 100 Others: 60	S1: Stewart (1959)[31] S2: Stewart (1961)[32] S3: Solecki (1960)[33] S4: Stewart (1963)[34] S5: Trinkaus (1977)[35] Pomeroy et al. (2017)[36] S6: Same as S4 S7: Senyürek (1957)[37][38] S8: Same as S4 S9: ? S10: Cowgill et al. (2007)[39]	Shanidar 2 and 4 are sometimes not treated as Neanderthals. All but Shanidar 3 and 10 (and fragments of 5 excavated in 2015-2016)[36] may have been destroyed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[40]
Iran	Bawa Yawan	Lower left deciduous canine	1	~43,600-~41,500 years ago[41]	Heydari-Guran et al (2021)[41]
Iran	Wezmeh	maxillary right premolar tooth	1	70-40[42]	Zanolli et al. (2019)[42]
Iran	Bisitun	Adult radius shaft	1	—	Trinkaus and Biglari (2006)[43]
Total			71 + (13)

1. M_?-r according to S. Binford (1966)^[25].
2. Valladas, Mercier, and Froget (1999) write that "[o]f the remains of 18 individuals recovered at the Amud Cave, 15 were derived from unambiguous Middle Palaeolithic contexts, all of them located in the northern area of the excavation (Hovers et al., 1995). The stratigraphic distribution of these remains encompasses the layers B₁ and B₂, with only a single specimen derived from layer B₄ (Sakura, 1970). Three individuals bear diagnostic characteristics which define them as Neanderthals. Amud I, the skeleton of an adult male was found at the top of layer B1, while the partial skeleton of the baby Amud 7 (Rak, Kimbet & Hovers, 1994) was recovered from the top of layer B₂, just under the contact with the base of layer B₁. Amud II, represented by a fragment of the right maxilla, was excavated from layer B₂."

Central and North Asian Neanderthals

Central Asian Neanderthals were found in Uzbekistan and North Asian Neanderthals in Asian Russia.

Country	Site	Principal Neanderthal finds	MNI	Geological age (ka)	Initial descriptions	Notes
Uzbekistan	Teshik-Tash	8-11-yr-old skeleton	1	—	Okladnikov (1949)
Uzbekistan	Obi-Rakhmat	Subadult skull frag. and teeth	1	74[44]	Glantz et al. (2008)[45]
Asian Russia	Chagyrskaya	Partial mandible	1	—	(Announced in Viola 2012)
Asian Russia	Okladnikov	Sub-adult humerus and femur	1		(Announced in Krause et al. 2007)[46]	mtDNA sampled
Asian Russia	Denisova	Altai 1: Toe phalanx♀ D11: Bone fragment	2	—	Mednikova (2011) Brown, et al. (2016)[47]	Altai 1: Full genome sequenced[48] D11: mtDNA sampled
Total			6

See also

• List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals
• Neanderthal Museum
• List of fossil sites
• List of human fossils

Notes

References

1. Beals, K.L.; Dodd, S.M. (1984). "Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines". Current Anthropology. 25: 301–330. doi:10.1086/203138. S2CID 86147507.
2. Sergi, S. (1948). "The palaeanthropi in Italy: the fossil men of Saccopastore and Circeo". Man. 48: 61–79. doi:10.2307/2793251. JSTOR 2793251.
3. Holloway, R.L. "The poor brain of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: see what you please". In Delson, Eric (ed.). Ancestors: the Hard Evidence. pp. 319–324.
4. M. Şenyürek (1949). "Türk Tarih Kurumu Adına Yapılan Karain Kazısında Bulunan İki Fosil Dişe Dair Kısa Ön Rapor". Belleten (in Turkish). 52: 833–837. Cited in Aytek and Harvati (2016)
5. A.I. Aytek; K. Harvati (2016). "The Human Fossil Record from Turkey". In K. Harvati (ed.). Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia: Human Evolution and its Context. Springer Netherlands.
6. I. Yalçınkaya (1988). "9. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı". 1986 Yılı Karain Kazıları (in Turkish). pp. 15–37. Cited in Aytek and Harvati (2016)
7. J.F. Ewing (1963). "A probable Neanderthaloid from Ksâr 'Akil, Lebanon". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 21 (2): 101–104. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330210202. PMID 14110686.
8. J.K. Williams; C.A. Bergman (2010). "Upper Paleolithic Levels XIII-VI (A and B) from the 1937-1938 and 1947-1948 Boston College Excavations and the Levantine Aurignacian at Ksar Akil, Lebanon". Paléorient. 36 (2): 117–161. doi:10.3406/paleo.2010.5391.
9. K.P. Oakley; B.G. Campbell; T.I. Molleson (1975). Catalogue of fossil hominids: Part III. Americas, Asia, Australasia. London: British Museum (Natural History).
10. S. El Zaatari (2018). "The central Levantine corridor: The Paleolithic of Lebanon". Quaternary International. 466: 1–15. Bibcode:2018QuInt.466...33E. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.047.
11. A.-M. Tillier; B. Vandermeersch; B. Arensburg; M. Chech (2003). "New human remains from Kebara Cave (Mount Carmel). The place of the Kebara hominids in the Levantine Mousterian fossil record". Paléorient. 29 (2): 35–62. doi:10.3406/paleo.2003.4764.
12. i¹-r, i¹-l, m¹-r, i₂-r, lower c-r and c-l, m₁-r, m₁-l, m₂-r, M₁
13. A. Le Cabec; P. Gunz; K. Kupczik; J. Braga; J.-J. Hublin (2013). "Anterior tooth root morphology and size in Neanderthals: Taxonomic and functional implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 64 (3): 169–193. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.08.011. PMID 23266488.
14. H. Valladas; J.L. Joron; G. Valladas; B. Arensburg; O. Bar-Yosef; et al. (1987). "Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel". Nature. 330 (6144): 159–160. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..159V. doi:10.1038/330159a0. S2CID 4308952.
15. H.P. Schwarcz; W.M. Buhay; R. Grün; H. Valladas; E. Tchernov; O. Bar-Yosef; B. Vandermeersch (1989). "ESR dating of the Neanderthal site, Kebara Cave, Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (6): 653–659. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90029-0.
16. P. Smith; B. Arensburg (1977). "A Mousterian skeleton from Kebara Cave". In B. Arensburg; O. Bar-yosef (eds.). Moshe Stekelis Memorial Volume. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society. pp. 164–176.
17. B. Arensburg; O. Bar-Yosef; M. Chech; P. Goldberg; H. Laville; L. Meignen; Y. Rak; E. Tchernov; A.-M. Tillier; B. Vandermeersch (1985). "Une sépulture néandertalienne dans la grotte de Kébara (Israël)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French) (300): 227–230.
18. A. Keith (1931). New Discoveries Relating to the Antiquity of Man. London: William and Norgate. pp. 204–208. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
19. A. Jelinek. "The Middle Paleolithic in Southern Levant, with comments on the appearance of modern Homo sapiens". In A. Ronen (ed.). The transition from Lower to Middle Paleolithic and the origin of modern man.
20. R. Grün; C.B. Stringer (2000). "Tabun revisited: Revised ER chronology and new ESR and U-series analyses of dental material from Tabun C1". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (6): 601–612. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0443. PMID 11102271.
21. B. Vandermeersch. "Neanderthal Geographical and Chronological Variation". In S. Condemi; G.-C. Weniger (eds.). Continuity and Discontinuity in the Peopling of Europe: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study.
22. A.-M. Tillier (2005). "The Tabun C1 skeleton: A Levantine Neanderthal?". Mitekufat Haeven - Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society. 35: 439–450.
23. E. Been; E. Hovers; R. Ekshtain; A. Malinski-Buller; N. Agha; A. Barash; D.E. Bar-Yosef Mayer; S. Benazzi; J.-J. Hublin; L. Levin; et al. (2017). "The first Neanderthal remains from an open-air Middle Palaeolithic site in the Levant". Scientific Reports. 7 (2958): 2958. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.2958B. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03025-z. PMC 5462778. PMID 28592838.
24. E. Trinkaus (1987). "The Upper Pleistocene Human Molar from Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharet Esh-Shubbabiq), Israel". Paléorient. 13 (1): 95–100. doi:10.3406/paleo.1987.4419.
25. S. Binford (1966). "Me'arat Shovakh (Mugharet esh-Shabbabiq)". Israel Exploration Journal. 16 (2): 96–103. JSTOR 27925048.
26. H. Valladas; N. Mercier; L. Froget (1999). "TL dates for the Neanderthal site of the Amud Cave, Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (3): 259–268. doi:10.1006/jasc.1998.0334.
27. Suzuki, Hisashi; Takai, F. (1970). The Amud man and his cave site. Tokyo: Keigaku Publishing Co.
28. Y. Rak; W.H. Kimbel; E. Hovers (1994). "A Neandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel". Journal of Human Evolution. 26 (4): 313–324. doi:10.1006/jhev.1994.1019.
29. T. Akazawa; Y. Dodo; S. Muhesen; A. Abdul-Salam; Y. Abe (1993). "The Neanderthal Remains from Dederiyeh Cave, Syria: Interim Report". Anthropological Science. 101 (4): 361–387. doi:10.1537/ase.101.361.
30. T. Akazawa; S. Muhesen; H. Ishida; O. Kondo; C. Griggo (1999). "New Discovery of a Neanderthal Child Burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria". Paléorient. 25 (2): 129–142. doi:10.3406/paleo.1999.4691.
31. T.D. Stewart (1959). "Restoration and study of the Shanidar I Neanderthal skeleton in Baghdad, Iraq". Year Book of the American Philosophical Society for 1958: 274–278.
32. T.D. Stewart (1961). "The Skull of Shanidar II". Sumer. 17: 97–106.
33. R.S. Solecki (1960). "Three adult Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar cave, northern Iraq". Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1959: 603–635.
34. T.D. Stewart (1963). "Shanidar skeletons IV and VI". Sumer. 19: 8–26.
35. E. Trinkaus (1977). "The Shanidar 5 Neanderthal skeleton". Sumer. 33: 35–41.
36. E. Pomeroy; M.M. Lahr; F. Crivellaro; L. Farr; T. Reynolds; C.O. Hunt; G. Barker (2017). "Newly discovered Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan, and their attribution to Shanidar 5" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 111: 102–118. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.07.001. PMID 28874265.
37. M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "The skeleton of the fossil infant found in Shanidar cave, northern Iraq". Anatolia. 2: 49–55.
38. M.S. Şenyürek (1957). "A further note on the paleolithic Shanidar infant". Anatolia. 2: 111–121.
39. L.W. Cowgill; E. Trinkaus; M.A. Zeder (2007). "Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 53 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.003. PMID 17574652.
40. B. Wood, ed. (2013). Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-65099-8.^{[page needed]}
41. Heydari-Guran Saman; Benazzi Stefano; Talamo Sahra; Ghasidian Elham; Hariri Nemat; Oxilia Gregorio; Asiabani Samran; Azizi Faramarz; Naderi Rahmat; Safaierad Reza; Hublin Jean-Jacques; Foley Robert A.; Lahr Marta M. (2021). "The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West- Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): 1-24. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253708. PMID 34437543.
42. Zanolli Clément; Biglari Fereidoun; Mashkour Marjan; Abdi Kamyar; Monchot Herve; Debue Karyne; Mazurier Arnaud; Bayle Priscilla; Le Luyer Mona; Rougier Hélène; Trinkaus Erik; Macchiarelli Roberto (2019). "Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar". Journal of Human Evolution. 135: 102643. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102643. PMID 31421316. S2CID 201057857.
43. E. Trinkaus; F. Biglari (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran". Paléorient. 32 (2): 105–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192.
44. Bailey, S. E. (2008). "The affinity of the dental remains from Obi-Rakhmat Grotto, Uzbekistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (2): 238–248. Bibcode:2008JHumE..55..238B. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.03.004. PMID 18486185.
45. Glantz, Michelle; Viola, Bence; Wrinn, Patrick; Chikisheva, Tatiana; Derevianko, Anatoly; Krivoshapkin, Andrei; Islamov, Uktur; Suleimanov, Rustam; Ritzman, Terrence (August 2008). "New hominin remains from Uzbekistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (2): 223–237. Bibcode:2008JHumE..55..223G. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.007. PMID 18499228.
46. Krause, Johannes; Orlando, Ludovic; Serre, David; Viola, Bence; Prüfer, Kay; Richards, Michael P.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Hänni, Catherine; Derevianko, Anatoly P.; Pääbo, Svante (30 September 2007). "Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia". Nature. 449 (7164): 902–904. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..902K. doi:10.1038/nature06193. PMID 17914357. S2CID 2084412.
47. Brown, Samantha; Higham, Thomas; Slon, Viviane; Pääbo, Svante (March 29, 2016). "Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis". Scientific Reports. 6: 23559. Bibcode:2016NatSR...623559B. doi:10.1038/srep23559. PMC 4810434. PMID 27020421.
48. Prüfer, Kay (2013). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature. 505 (1): 43–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...43P. doi:10.1038/nature12886. PMC 4031459. PMID 24352235.

Further reading

• Arsuaga, Juan Luis (2009). The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. ISBN 978-0786740734.
• Gooch, Stan (2008). The Neanderthal Legacy: Reawakening Our Genetic and Cultural Origins. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1594777424.
• Muller, Stephanie Muller; Shrenk, Friedemann (2008). The Neanderthals. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1134095162.
• Silberman, Neil Asher, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199735785.
• Stringer, Chris (2012). Lone Survivors: How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1429973441.

External links

• "Homo neanderthalensis". Smithsonian Institution. 3 January 2024.