Lisbon Airport

Humberto Delgado Airport

Aeroporto Humberto Delgado
Take off of S4 467 LIS-FNC, July 11, 2011 (5939962876).jpg
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerVinci SA
OperatorANA Aeroportos de Portugal[1]
ServesLisbon metropolitan area
LocationOlivais, Lisbon, Portugal
Opened15 October 1942; 82 years ago (1942-10-15)
Hub forTAP Air Portugal
Focus city forAzores Airlines
Operating base for
Elevation AMSL374 ft / 114 m
Coordinates38°46′27″N 009°08′03″W / 38.77417°N 9.13417°W / 38.77417; -9.13417
Websitewww.lisbonairport.pt
Map
LIS is located in Lisbon
LIS
LIS
Location within Lisbon
LIS is located in Portugal
LIS
LIS
LIS (Portugal)
LIS is located in Europe
LIS
LIS
LIS (Europe)
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
03/21 3,705 12,156 Asphalt
17/35 2,319 7,608 Asphalt
Statistics (2023)
Passengers33,649,000
Passengers change 22–23Increase 19.1%
Aircraft Movements222,753
Movements change 22–23Increase 12.0%

Humberto Delgado Airport (IATA: LIS, ICAO: LPPT), informally Lisbon Airport and previously Portela Airport, is an international airport located seven kilometres (four nautical miles) northeast of the city centre of Lisbon, Portugal. With around 34 million passengers/year, it is the 12th-largest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume, and the busiest single-runway airport in mainland Europe.[4] It also carries approximately 200,000 tonnes of cargo per year.[5]

The airport is the main hub of Portugal's flag carrier TAP Air Portugal,[6][7][8] including its subsidiary TAP Express, and is a hub for low-cost carriers Ryanair and easyJet. It is a focus city for Azores Airlines, euroAtlantic Airways, Hi Fly, and White Airways. It is a major hub for flights to/from Africa and South America, primarily Brazil.

The airport is expected to be shut down after the Lisbon Luís de Camões Airport is fully operational, expected in 2034.[9]

It is one of the most congested airports of Europe and one of the only major airports to have an approach path directly over the city, leading to noise pollution.[10][11][12] A study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment released in 2024 showed that people that live close to the airport are at a greater risk for hypertension, diabetes, or dementia due to exposure to ultrafine particles that are left suspended in the air by planes.[13]

History

Early years

Lisbon Airport in 1951
Terminal 1 check-in hall
Terminal 2 check-in area
Terminal 1 arrivals area

The airport opened on 15 October 1942, during World War II, and initially operated in conjunction with the Cabo Ruivo Seaplane Base: seaplanes performed transatlantic flights, and passengers were transferred onto continental flights operating from the new airport.[14] As a neutral airport, it was open to both German and British airlines, and was a hub for smuggling people into, out of, and across Europe. It is widely referenced in the classic film Casablanca, whose plot revolves around an escape attempt to Lisbon airport. As such, it was heavily monitored by both Axis and Allied spies. Although Portugal was neutral, the airport was used by allied flights en route to Gibraltar, North Africa and Cairo.[15]

At the end of the war the airport developed rapidly, and by 1946 was used by major airlines such as Air France, British European Airways, Iberia, KLM, Sabena, Pan Am and Trans World Airlines[citation needed]. By 1954 the number of passengers reached 100,000.[15]

A 1951–52 airport diagram[16] shows four runways laid out at 45-degree angles: 1,350 m (4,429 ft) Runway 5, 1,024 m (3,360 ft) Runway 9, 1,203 m (3,947 ft) Runway 14, and 1,170 m (3,839 ft) Runway 18. Runways 5 and 36 were each later extended northward to a length of 1,999 m (6,558 ft).

Major upgrades from 1959 to 1962 included a new runway capable of handling the first generation of jets, such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8.[15] The first jet aircraft flight was an Air France Caravelle in 1960.[15] In 1962 runway 02/20 came into use. It was 3,130 m (10,269 ft) long and would allow direct transatlantic flights.[15] The first direct flight to New York was operated by TWA with a Boeing 707, who later operated the first Boeing 747 service in 1970.[15] When TAP ordered the 747 in 1972, five large parking bays were built, and the terminal was enlarged.[15] A major upgrade to the buildings and facilities commenced in 1983, and the first air bridges were added in 1991.[15]

Along with the airports in Porto, Faro, Ponta Delgada, Santa Maria, Horta, Flores, Madeira, and Porto Santo, the airport's concessions to provide support to civil aviation were conceded to ANA Aeroportos de Portugal on 18 December 1998, under provisions of decree 404/98. With this concession, ANA became responsible for the planning, development and construction of future infrastructure.[17]

Airport expansion

The construction of Terminal 2 was concluded and operational since August 2007. Expansion of Terminal 1 with new boarding gates was concluded in 2011. A large new shopping and restaurant area, new airbridges and parking positions, a more efficient use of currently existing structures, and a new underground Lisbon Metro station were inaugurated in July 2012.

In October 2010, easyJet opened a new base at Lisbon Airport, using Terminal 2 for departures. In 2022, the airline moved to Terminal 1.[18][19]

Between 2007 and 2013, Lisbon Airport underwent several structural and equipment improvements and expansions. These included the construction of Terminal 2, lighting and baggage claim refurbishment, new cargo facilities, fuel storage, north pier and boarding lounge, north bus gate and baggage claim, enlargement of express cargo facilities, electrical refurbishments, departure lounge refurbishments and underground station and other terminal improvements all of which have been completed.[20]

In July 2013, a new commercial area was inaugurated in the Terminal 1 air side area with 20 new stores and spacious naturally lighted internal circulation areas.[21][22]

In July 2015, a significantly larger food court was introduced, catering to more tastes and delicacies.[23][24][25][26]

In January 2019, Portugal's government unveiled a €1.1 billion plan to expand the airport.[27] Although the airport is at capacity, the expansion faces opposition due to impacts on pollution and noise.[28]

Planned closure

The airport is expected to be shut down after the Lisbon Luís de Camões Airport, in Montijo, 30 km (19 mi) by road from Lisbon, is fully operational, expected in 2034.[9][29][30]

Initially, the airport was to be replaced by the Ota Airport, a planned airport in Ota, a village 50 km (31 mi) north of Lisbon. In 2007, an independent study coordinated by the Portuguese Industry Confederation (CIP) suggested a site in Alcochete Municipality as an alternative location. The site is occupied by a military training facility, which would be moved to another location. A second government-contracted study led by the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC)[31] concluded in late 2007 that Alcochete was the best location. The selection of Alcochete was announced on 10 January 2008, more than 35 years after the first capacity increase studies were initiated. The Portuguese government announced that Alcochete was the preliminary choice, to be finalised after public consultation.[32][33] The location of Alcochete as the construction site of the future Lisbon Airport was confirmed by the government on 8 May 2008,[34] but the contract was shelved as part of Portugal's cost-cutting austerity measures, and completely dismissed from Portugal's transportation strategy plans in July 2013, with investment being concentrated on expanding and further improving the existing Lisbon Airport infrastructure.[35]

Naming

In February 2015, Lisbon city council unanimously agreed to propose that the name of Lisbon International Airport, known as Portela due to its geographical location, be changed to Humberto Delgado Airport. The proposal, tabled by the Socialist leadership under former Mayor António Costa, was agreed to by councillors from across party lines.[36][37]

The Portuguese government under current Prime Minister António Costa, announced in February 2016 that Lisbon Portela Airport would be renamed on 15 May 2016 after Humberto Delgado, in memory of the late Portuguese air force general and famous politician. "He was an opposition figure to the dictatorship regime... and had a very important role in the field of civil aviation," Minister of Planning and Infrastructure Pedro Marques said at a press conference after the meeting of Council of Ministers, stressing that it was Humberto Delgado who presided over the foundation of Portugal's flagship airline TAP and "so it is very fair this assignment name to the airport". 2016 marks the 110th anniversary of the birth of Humberto Delgado, who was also known as the "Fearless General" due to his staunch opposition to Salazar's rule and his participation in the 1958 Portuguese presidential election.[38]

Terminals

Airport Map

Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport features two passenger terminal buildings:[39]

Terminal 2 is used by six scheduled low-cost flight airlines for departures to European destinations, while Terminal 1 handles all arrivals and regular scheduled and chartered flights. A free shuttle bus connects the two and runs every ten minutes.[40]

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 is the main building and features large landside and airside areas containing several shops and service facilities. It consists of two check-in halls, the older one has been converted into TAP Air Portugal's self check-in area, and the newer one housing 68 desks (37–89 and 90–106). The joint departures area features 47 gates (17 of which are equipped with jet-bridges) with 21 of them designated to non-Schengen destinations.[39] As the airport features several more apron stands, bus boarding is often used here. Most airlines use Terminal 1, including TAP Air Portugal, its Star Alliance partners, Oneworld and, exceptionally, easyJet.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 is the much smaller, newer of the two terminals in the airport, used exclusively by low-cost carriers. It is located away from Terminal 1 on the southern border of the airport perimeter. It has 22 check-in desks (201–222), designated to each particular low-cost carrier, and 15 departure gates (201–215) using mainly walk boarding but also bus. There are only standard facilities, a few shops and service counters. The terminal is reachable via the free airport shuttle service from Terminal 1.[39] The users of Terminal 2 are Ryanair, Wizz Air, Transavia, Transavia France, Vueling, Eurowings and Norwegian Air Shuttle.

Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled passenger flights at Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport:[41]

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens
Seasonal charter: Heraklion[42]
Aer Lingus Dublin
Air Albania Seasonal charter: Tirana[43][44]
Air Algérie Algiers
airBaltic Riga,[45] Vilnius[46][47]
Air Canada Montréal–Trudeau,[48] Toronto–Pearson[49]
Air Europa Madrid
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle[50]
Air Nostrum Seasonal charter: Menorca,[51] Oujda,[52] Palma de Mallorca[51]
Air Serbia Belgrade[53]
Air Transat Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson
American Airlines Philadelphia[54]
Azores Airlines Boston, Horta, Pico Island, Ponta Delgada, Praia,[55] Santa Maria, Terceira
Seasonal charter: Nador,[56] Salvador da Bahia
Azul Brazilian Airlines Campinas
Beijing Capital Airlines Hangzhou[57]
British Airways London–Heathrow[58]
Brussels Airlines Brussels[59]
Bulgaria Air Seasonal: Sofia[60]
Cabo Verde Airlines Praia, Sal, São Vicente
Delta Air Lines New York–JFK
Seasonal: Boston[61]
easyJet Agadir,[62] Amsterdam, Athens,[63] Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Birmingham, Bordeaux, Bristol, Copenhagen,[62] Edinburgh, Funchal, Geneva, Glasgow, London–Gatwick, London–Luton, Luxembourg, Lyon, Madrid, Manchester, Marrakesh, Milan–Malpensa, Nantes, Nice, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Porto Santo, Prague, Sal,[64] Toulouse, Zürich
Seasonal: Bastia, Ibiza, Menorca, Palma de Mallorca[65]
Egyptair Cairo[66]
El Al Tel Aviv[67]
Emirates Dubai–International[68]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi[69][70]
euroAtlantic Airways Bissau
Eurowings Cologne/Bonn, Düsseldorf, Hamburg,[71] Stuttgart
Finnair Helsinki
FlyOne Chişinău[72]
Hi Fly Seasonal charter: Salvador da Bahia,[73] Zanzibar[74]
Iberia Madrid[75]
Iberojet Seasonal: Cancún, Punta Cana, Varadero[76]
Seasonal charter: Heraklion, Mauritius,[77] Menorca, Orlando/Sanford, Palma de Mallorca, Sal[78]
Icelandair Reykjavík–Keflavík[79][80]
Israir Seasonal charter: Tel Aviv[81]
KLM Amsterdam[82]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon[83]
LAM Mozambique Airlines Maputo[84]
LATAM Brasil São Paulo–Guarulhos
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin (begins 3 February 2025)[85]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Luxair Luxembourg
Neos Seasonal: Tel Aviv
Norwegian Air Shuttle Copenhagen, Oslo[86]
Seasonal: Stockholm–Arlanda
Nouvelair Seasonal charter: Djerba[87]
Pegasus Airlines Seasonal: Ankara,[88][89] Izmir[90]
Play Reykjavík–Keflavík[91][92]
Qatar Airways Doha[93]
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
Ryanair Barcelona, Beauvais, Bergamo, Berlin, Birmingham,[94] Bologna, Budapest, Charleroi, Cologne/Bonn, Dublin, Edinburgh, Eindhoven, Funchal,[95] Kraków, London–Stansted, Luxembourg, Málaga, Malta,[94] Manchester, Marrakesh, Marseille, Naples, Ponta Delgada, Rome–Fiumicino,[96] Seville, Tangier,[97] Terceira, Toulouse, Treviso,[98] Valencia, Vienna, Warsaw–Modlin
Seasonal: Agadir, Alicante, Madrid,[94] Pisa, Poznań,[99][100] Wrocław[101]
Scandinavian Airlines Seasonal: Copenhagen, Stockholm–Arlanda
Smartwings Seasonal charter: Dakar–Diass,[102] Porto Santo[103]
STP Airways São Tomé
Swiss International Air Lines Geneva, Zürich[104]
TAAG Angola Airlines Luanda
TAP Air Portugal[105] Accra, Amsterdam, Banjul,[106] Barcelona, Belém,[107] Belo Horizonte–Confins, Berlin,[108] Bilbao, Bissau, Boa Vista, Bologna, Boston,[107] Brasília,[107] Brussels, Caracas,[107] Casablanca,[109] Chicago–O'Hare,[107] Conakry, Copenhagen,[108] Dakar–Diass, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Faro, Florence, Florianópolis,[110] Fortaleza,[107] Frankfurt, Fuerteventura,[111] Funchal,[107] Geneva, Gran Canaria, Hamburg, London–Gatwick, London–Heathrow, Luanda, Luxembourg, Lyon, Maceió,[112] Madrid, Málaga, Manaus,[113] Manchester, Maputo,[107] Marrakesh, Marseille, Miami,[109] Milan–Malpensa, Montréal–Trudeau,[107] Munich,[114] Naples, Natal,[107] Newark,[107] New York–JFK,[107] Nice, Oslo, Paris–Orly, Ponta Delgada, Porto, Porto Alegre (resumes 1 April 2025),[115] Prague,[108] Praia, Recife,[107] Rio de Janeiro–Galeão,[107] Rome–Fiumicino, Sal, Salvador da Bahia,[107] San Francisco,[107] São Paulo–Guarulhos,[107] São Tomé, São Vicente, Seville, Stockholm–Arlanda, Tangier, Tel Aviv (suspended),[116] Tenerife–South, Terceira, Toronto–Pearson,[107] Toulouse, Valencia, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw–Chopin,[108] Washington–Dulles,[111][107] Zürich
Seasonal: Agadir,[117][118] Alicante,[119] Cancún,[120] Djerba, Ibiza,[121] Menorca,[122] Monastir, Palma de Mallorca,[122] Porto Santo, Punta Cana[123]
Transavia Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Montpellier, Nantes, Paris–Orly, Rotterdam/The Hague
Tunisair Seasonal: Monastir,[124] Tunis[125]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
United Airlines Newark
Seasonal: Washington–Dulles
Volotea Asturias, Nantes[126]
Vueling Amsterdam, Barcelona,[127] Bilbao, Paris–Orly
Seasonal: Ibiza, Palma de Mallorca
Wizz Air Belgrade,[128] Bucharest–Otopeni, Budapest, Cluj-Napoca,[129] Rome–Fiumicino,[130] Warsaw–Chopin
Seasonal: London–Luton
World2Fly[131] Charter: Cancún,[132] Punta Cana,[132] Varadero[132]
Seasonal charter: Cayo Coco,[133] Montego Bay (begins 4 June 2025),[134] Orlando/Sanford,[131] Samaná[135]

Statistics

Passenger numbers

Annual passenger traffic at LIS airport.
Annual passenger traffic at LIS airport.
Control tower
Radar Tower
Airport boarding dock.
Passengers % Change
2001 9,356,453
2002 9,422,605 Increase 0.7%
2003 9,636,257 Increase 2.3%
2004 10,731,861 Increase 11.4%
2005 11,236,476 Increase 4.7%
2006 12,314,917 Increase 9.6%
2007 13,393,182 Increase 8.8%
2008 13,603,616 Increase 1.6%
2009 13,265,268 Decrease 2.5%
2010 14,049,808 Increase 5.9%
2011 14,806,537 Increase 5.4%
2012 15,314,800 Increase 3.4%
2013 16,025,510 Increase 4.6%
2014 18,158,588 Increase 13.3%
2015 20,110,804 Increase 10.8%
2016 22,462,599 Increase 11.7%
2017 26,676,552 Increase 18.8%
2018 29,045,733 Increase 8.9%
2019 31,184,594 Increase 7.4%
2020 9,267,968 Decrease 70.3%
2021 12,148,972 Increase 31.1%
2022 28,261,883 Increase 132.6%
2023 33,649,000 Increase 19.1%
Jan–Aug 2024 23,427,000 Increase 4.4%
Source: Pordata[136] Vinci[2] INE[137]

Busiest routes

Busiest routes from Lisbon Airport (2019)[138]
Rank City, airport Passengers %
change
 Top carriers
Continental
1 Madrid 1,558,577 Increase 2.7% Air Europa, easyJet, Iberia, TAP Air Portugal
2 Paris–Orly 1,304,109 Increase 1.3% TAP Air Portugal, Transavia France, Vueling
3 Barcelona 1,007,488 Increase 12.6% TAP Air Portugal, Vueling
4 London–Heathrow 943,046 Increase 10.6% British Airways, TAP Air Portugal
5 Amsterdam 927,687 Increase 3.4% easyJet, KLM, TAP Air Portugal, Transavia, Vueling
6 Frankfurt 857,650 Decrease 0.4% Lufthansa, TAP Air Portugal
7 Brussels 773,268 Increase 5.3% Brussels Airlines, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal
8 Paris–Charles de Gaulle 692,823 Increase 3.3% AirFrance, easyJet
9 Geneva 628,482 Increase 1.6% easyJet Switzerland, Swiss International Air Lines, TAP Air Portugal
10 Munich 502,334 Decrease 1.4% Lufthansa, TAP Air Portugal
Intercontinental
1 São Paulo–Guarulhos 668,343 Increase 53.2% LATAM Brasil, TAP Air Portugal
2 Luanda 395,942 Decrease 20.2% TAAG Angola Airlines, TAP Air Portugal
3 Dubai–International 377,117 Increase 8.8% Emirates
4 Toronto–Pearson 354,461 Increase 33.7% Air Canada, Air Transat, TAP Air Portugal
5 Newark 317,179 Increase 15.2% TAP Air Portugal, United Airlines
6 Campinas 284,441 Increase 48.3% Azul Brazilian Airlines
7 New York–JFK 271,232 Increase 93.3% Delta, TAP Air Portugal
8 Rio de Janeiro–Galeão 245,245 Decrease 7.6% TAP Air Portugal
9 Boston 202,401 Increase 22.5% Azores Airlines, Delta, TAP Air Portugal
10 Casablanca–Mohammed V 201,026 Increase 3.6% Air Arabia, Royal Air Maroc, TAP Air Portugal
Domestic
1 Funchal 1,010,472 Increase 1.5% easyJet, TAP Air Portugal, Ryanair
2 Porto 1,007,004 Decrease 20.0% TAP Air Portugal
3 Ponta Delgada 739,607 Increase 8.8% Azores Airlines, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal
4 Faro 291,614 Decrease 7.3% TAP Air Portugal
5 Terceira 271,868 Increase 11.4% Azores Airlines, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal

Ground transportation

Train

Trains to all parts of the country are available at Gare do Oriente station, the main train station in Lisbon. The airport connects to the station via metro in approximately 10 minutes. Alternatively travelers can take the bus to the station, albeit with slightly longer travel times.[139]

Metro

Terminal 1 front with subway station entry.
Metro de Lisboa station at Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport

Aeroporto Metro station lies at the Southern edge of the Terminal 1 arrivals area. The Aeroporto Saldanha line takes approximately 20 minutes to reach downtown Lisbon. To use the metro, passengers can purchase a 7 Colinas/Viva Viagem card, which can be topped up and used on the metro and bus network.[139] Alternatively, contactless payment is accepted at the metro gates, but this is not valid on other modes of transport in the city.[140]

Bus

Carris city buses stop at the airport arrivals section, and connect to Marquis of Pombal Square, and Amoreiras. Night routes run to downtown Baixa, as well as Cais do Sodré and Gare do Oriente train stations. City buses have a maximum luggage size of 50 cm × 40 cm × 20 cm. Travelers with larger luggage must take the aerobus or airport shuttle.[139]

Aerobus

Aerobuses prepared for traveling with large luggage are available at Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 between 07:30 and 23:00 daily, and connect the airport with a number of major destinations in the downtown area, including the Sete Rios bus and train terminal, and Entrecampos, Cais do Sodré, and Rossio railway terminals. Buses have access for those with reduced mobility, and offer free Wi-Fi and USB chargers.[141]

Shuttle

Shuttles are available to transport travelers around the airport, and to locations not serviced by aerobuses.[139]

Taxi

Lisbon city taxis are readily available 24 hours a day outside the arrival and departure areas of the airport.[139] A trip to Lisbon city centre by taxi takes approximately 15 minutes.[142]

Car

The airport is easily accessible by several major highways and main roads. ANA operates several covered and open parking areas.[143] Valet service, car hire, and chauffeur limousine services are also available.[144]

Bicycle

Two bicycle paths connect the airport roundabout, situated 300 m south of Terminal 1 to the city's 70 km cycle infrastructure network.[145] One path heads west along Av. do Brasil to the University of Lisbon main campus, passing through the central neighbourhoods of Alvalade, Campo Grande and Entrecampos and connecting with other paths to Telheiras, Colégio Militar, Benfica, and Monsanto Forest Park. The other bicycle path heads east from the roundabout towards Olivais, Gare do Oriente train station and Parque das Nações Expo 98 site, connecting with the riverside bicycle path Southwards along Lisbon harbour to Santa Apolónia train station, cruise ship and ferry terminals, and the historic centre, and north to the Caminho do Tejo pilgrimage trail to Fátima and Santiago de Compostela.

Other facilities

TAP Air Portugal maintenance hangar.

TAP Air Portugal has a complex at Lisbon Airport housing many head offices and the TAP Museum Archives, where visitors can make appointments to view materials including photographs, advertising material, flight logs and manuals.[146] The complex is 22.45 hectares (55+1⁄2 acres) in area. In 1989 TAP became the owner of the complex due to a governmental decree.[147] TAP's head office is in Building 25.[148] The TAP subsidiary Serviços Portugueses de Handling, S.A. (SPdH) has its head office on the 6th floor of Building 25.[149] Sociedade de Gestão e Serviços, S.A. (TAPGER), another TAP subsidiary, has its head office on the 8th floor of the same building.[150] Building 19 has the head office of Sociedade de Serviços e Engenharia Informática, S.A. (Megasis), a TAP information services subsidiary.[151][152] The TAP documentation and archive is in the annex of Building 19.[153] Building 34, on the far north side of the complex, houses the company's new data processing centre.[154]

ANA Aeroportos de Portugal has its head office in Building 120.[155] Portugália has its head office in Building 70.[156] The TAP catering subsidiary, Catering de Portugal, S.A. (CATERINGPOR), has its head office in Building 59.[157] Cuidados Integrados de Saúde, S.A. (UCS) is based out of Building 35.[158]

Accidents and incidents

  • 1 February 1947 – an Air France Douglas C-47 crashed into the Sintra Mountains, killing 15 of 16 people on board.[159]
  • 12 April 1959 – a Douglas C-47 of the Portuguese Air Force crashed into the River Tagus after takeoff. All 11 people on board were killed.[160]
  • 4 December 1980 – a Cessna 421 carrying Prime Minister of Portugal Francisco de Sá Carneiro and other government officials, crashed into buildings in Camarate after takeoff, killing everyone on board.[161]

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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