Alan Muntz, chairman of Airwork, visited Egypt in 1931; at that time, he expressed his intention of starting up a new airline in the country. The new enterprise was named Misr Airwork, with Miṣr (مصر) being Arabic for "Egypt". On 31 December 1931, the government granted the new company the exclusivity of air transport operations.[12] A division of Misr Airwork named Misr Airlines was established on 7 June 1932,[12] ″to promote the spirit of aviation among Egyptian youth″, becoming the seventh carrier in the world.[13] The headquarters of Misr Airwork, S.A.E. was in Almaza Aerodrome, Heliopolis, Cairo.[14]
The initial investment was £E20,000, with ownership split between the Misr Bank (85%), Airwork (10%), and Egyptian private investors (5%). Operations started in July 1933, initially linking Cairo with Alexandria and Mersa Matruh using de Havilland DH.84 Dragon equipment. By August that year, the frequency on the Cairo–Alexandria service had been boosted to twice-daily.[12] In late 1933,[15] a twice-weekly Cairo–Aswan flight that called at Asyut and Luxor was inaugurated.[12] Via Port Said, a flight from Cairo that served Lydda, Haifa and Gaza was launched in 1934. On 3 August 1935, a test service via Lydda with a final destination in Nicosia began using de Havilland D.H.86 aircraft; the service was terminated on 20 October that year.[12] The Alexandria–Port Said–Cairo–Minia–Assiut route was opened in late 1935.[16] During 1935, the airline carried 6,990 passengers and 21,830 kilograms (48,130 lb) of freight; for the year, these regular services flew 419,467 miles (675,067 km).[17]
The Alexandria–Assiut route, which called at Port Said, Cairo and Minia, and the Cairo–Cyprus–Haifa–Baghdad run were the two operative services the carrier had by 1936. Hadj flights commenced in 1937. Operations to Cyprus resumed in 1938 with a Cairo–Lydda–Haifa–Larnaka service.[12] The carrier operated all-British aircraft in the early years,[18]: 588 and by April 1939 the fleet comprised one D.H. Dragon, one D.H. Dragonfly, five D.H. Rapìdes, two D.H.86s and one D.H.86B that worked on the Alexandria–Cairo, Alexandria–Port Said–Cairo–Minia–Assiut, Cairo–Assiut–Luxor–Assuan, Cairo–Lydda–Haifa–Baghdad and Cairo–Port Said–Lydda–Haifa routes.[19] The Egyptian government took over all the routes in September 1939. In 1940, a service to Beirut and Palestine was started. Three Avro 19s were incorporated into the fleet in 1944. Three accidents that took place in late 1945 prompted strikes for a fleet renewal and caused operations to come to a total halt since February 1946;[12] services resumed in May, and by late 1946 the fleet included four Avro Ansons, one Beech AT-11, five Beech C-45s, four de Havilland D.H.89 Dragon Rapides and two North American AT-6 Texan.[20] The carrier benefited from the Allies' regional aircraft disposal station that sold surplus military aircraft being located in Egypt. Two more Beech C-45s were delivered in 1947, and the Vickers Viking was incorporated in 1948. In May 1949,[21] all the capital and the aircraft park was acquired by the government.[22] After the Egyptian state became the sole shareholder, the company changed its name to Misrair SAE.[21]
Misrair (1949–1957)
Misrair continued to fly the same routes as its predecessor.[22] In 1951, three Languedocs were acquired;[23] these were intended for deployment on longer routes.[22] The Languedocs replaced the Vikings on flights to Geneva, Khartoum, and Tehran.[22]
On 1 December 1952 Misrair took over the domestic competitor Services Aériens Internationaux d'Égypte (SAIDE) and thus ended the flight operations of this airline. Only the successful route Cairo-Tunis was carried over to Misrair's own route network.[24]
Three Vickers Viscounts were ordered in early 1954.[25] During that year, the carrier transported 64,539 passengers. At March 1955, Misrair's fleet comprised one Beechcraft, three Languedocs and seven Vikings; the three Viscounts were still pending delivery.[26]Douglas DC-3s were subsequently purchased and deployed on domestic routes, as well as to neighbouring Arab countries. Delivery of the first two Viscounts occurred in December 1955; they were put into service in March 1956.[22] The number of passengers transported during 1955 had grown to 77050.[27] A number of aircraft were lost during the Suez crisis.[citation needed]
In February 1957, Misrair was renamed United Arab Airlines.[22] Late that year, two more Viscounts were ordered at a cost of £600,000–800,000, including spares. Prior to this, an aircraft of the type was lost while standing at Almaza Airport during an air raid.[28]
United Arab Airlines (1957–1971)
Following the formation of the United Arab Republic by Egypt and Syria on 1 February 1958, Misrair was renamed United Arab Airlines (UAA) in March that year.[24][a] A Cairo–Athens–Rome–Zürich service was launched on 7 July; Syrian Airways merged into UAA on 23 December, with the latter absorbing both the routes and the equipment of the Syrian carrier.[24] By March 1960, the airline had 579 employees. At that time, the fleet comprised one Beech Model 18, four DC-3s, six Vikings and six Viscounts.[30]: 505 One of the Viscounts crashed into the Mediterranean on 10 April, killing 17 passengers and a crew of three.[24] With registration SU-ALC,[31] the first of three Comet 4Cs[32] was delivered on 9 June.[18]: 588 Operations using two of these aircraft started on 16 July the same year.[18]: 588 By October 1960, Misrair had Comets deployed on the Cairo–Belgrade–Prague, Cairo–Rome–London, Cairo–Jeddah and Cairo–Khartoum runs,[18]: 588 DC-3s on the Cairo–Alexandria–Mersa Matruh, Cairo–Assiut–Luxor, Cairo–Luxor–Aswan and Cairo–Port Said–Alexandria services, and Viscounts were used for the non-stop flights that linked Cairo and Alexandria.[18]: 589 An order for two more Comets was placed in November 1960.[32] Syria's association with UAA ended in October 1961, when Syrian Arab Airways was established by the Syrian government in Damascus; the route network and fleet that had been taken over by UAA were returned to the new company.[33]
A United Arab Airlines Comet 4C departs Geneva Airport in 1968.
Two more Comets, the fourth and fifth ones,[24] were ordered in early 1961.[34] Three ex-SASDC-6s were purchased in April 1961. The Cairo–Lagos run was extended to Accra on 12 June and flights to Moscow commenced on 21 June.[24] A contract with Boeing for the purchase of Boeing 707-320B with delivery dates between November 1961 and April 1964 was signed; the deal fell through when the airline could not find financing.[35] On 1 November, a new flight to Karachi and Bombay was launched, and the sixth and seventh Comets were ordered in December; these were delivered in April 1962.[36] Also in 1961, the Cairo–Nicosia run, suspended since the Suez crisis in 1956, was restored, flown with Viscount equipment.[37] Routed via Bangkok and Hong Kong, the Bombay service was extended to Tokyo in May 1962.[38] The three-strong crew of a DC-3 that crashed at Heliopolis on 16 May 1962 died, and 26 more people perished in an accident involving a Comet at Bangkok on 19 July the same year. Two more Comets were acquired in August, entering the fleet in September the same year and during 1963. On 15 February 1963, the route to Baghdad was resumed after a three-year hiatus, but the service was short-lived, as political tensions between Egypt, Iraq and Syria forced the disruption of flights to both this destination and to Damascus; on 1 April, a new service to Rhodesia was inaugurated. On 12 May 1963 a DC-3 crashed near Alexandria, killing 27 passengers and a crew of four and on 28 July 1963, a Comet crashed into the ocean near Bombay, killing 62. Short of aircraft to serve Tokyo, the route was terminated. Also, another Comet, SU-ALM, resulted damaged in Benghazi on 12 September, the ninth and final Comet was delivered in 1964. Also that year, three ex-Pan AmDC-6Bs were purchased, and another three were acquired from Northwest Orient; these aircraft were put on service on domestic routes and began replacing the Viscounts. Also aimed at operating domestic services, seven Antonov An-24s were ordered for US$2.3 million.[36]
By March 1965, seven Comet 4Cs and four Viscounts flew on routes across Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, along with a service to Lagos and Accra.[21] On 1 August, a subsidiary airline named Misrair started operations.[36][b] A contract worth US$30 million for three Boeing 707-320Cs was signed with Boeing on 15 June 1966 and also included four additional machines on option. On 1 November, the airline suppressed the stop at Prague on the Cairo–Prague–Moscow service, and in January 1967 UAA started the Cairo–Frankfurt–Copenhagen run. On 22 June 1967, a Comet crashed in Kuwait while landing; there were no fatalities but the aircraft was written off. In August 1968, the airline took delivery of two Ilyushin Il-18s.[36] The first Boeing 707 was handed over by the aircraft manufacturer on 21 October the same year;[40] it was later put into service on the Cairo–London corridor.[36] One of the Il-18s was involved in a deadly crash while attempting to land at Aswan Airport on 20 March 1969. That March, the carrier started services to East Berlin with Il-18 equipment and in June the route to Tokyo via Kuwait, Bombay, Bangkok and Hong Kong was resumed.[36]
On 14 January 1970, a Comet 4C (SU-ANI) crashed on landing at Addis Ababa from Cairo; no one of the 14 people on board resulted seriously injured. On 30 January 1970 the landing gear of an Antonov An-24V, SU-AOK, collapsed on touchdown at Luxor. On 19 February SU-ALE, another Comet, aborted takeoff from Munich Riem Airport at 30 feet (9.1 m), fell back to the runway, slid until the end of it and hit a fence. Another An-24V, SU-AOC, belly-landed at Cairo on 14 March.[41] At March 1970, UAA had 7,810 employees; the fleet comprised seven An-24Bs, three Boeing 707-366Cs, six Comet 4Cs and three Il-18s.[42] The fourth Boeing 707 was delivered in March 1970. An An-24V (SU-ANZ) was on a training flight and crashed near Cairo, killing the three occupants on 19 July.[41] On 2 January 1971, a Comet (SU-ALC) hit sand dunes on approach to Tripoli,[41] with the loss of lives of the eight passengers on board and the crew of eight.[13] On 23 May 1971, the acquisition of two Ilyushin Il-62s was announced, scheduled for delivery in June the same year.[41] June 1971 saw the airline using these aircraft on European routes,[41] supplementing the services operated with the Boeing 707s.[43] The Il-62s were introduced on Asian services on 9 July.[41] The name of the airline was changed to Egyptair on 10 October 1971, following the country changing its name to Arab Republic of Egypt.[44]
Egyptair inherited UAA's staff, equipment, assets and liabilities. On 19 March 1972, EgyptAir Flight 763, a Douglas DC-9-32 carrying Yugoslavregistration YU-AHR crashed into the Shamsan Mountains, 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Aden, killing all 30 occupants. On 16 June, an Ilyushin Il-62 (SU-ARN) was involved in a landing accident with no reported fatalities. In July, eight Tupolev Tu-154s were ordered for US$60 million, with three of them slated for delivery in July 1973, three in November 1973 and two in March 1974.[45] Before firming the transaction up Egyptair had also considered the Boeing 727, but financing for these US-manufactured aircraft could not be arranged.[46] Under the terms of the contract, light maintenance was to be performed in Egypt, whereas airframe and engine overhauling was to be undertaken in the Soviet Union.[47] In July 1972, the acquisition of four Boeing 707-320Cs valued at US$40 million was announced. At this time, the airline had four Boeing 707s already in operation. The handover of the new aircraft had been arranged for March, May, June and September 1973.[45] On 5 December 1972, one of the four 707s already in the fleet (SU-AOW) crashed near Cairo while on a training flight. The crew of six perished in the accident. Reports indicating the airframe had been shot down were denied by the Egyptian government.[48] An Ilyushin Il-18, registration SU-AOY, was involved in a deadly accident near Nicosia on 29 January 1973 when it crashed into mountainous terrain, killing all 37 occupants.[49] Delivery of the four new Boeing 707s took place during the year, with two more 707-320Cs being ordered in September. In October the three Il-62s were returned to Aeroflot because of elevated operational costs and technical issues.[45] Also that month,[45] the first Tu-154 entered the fleet and was used for pilot training.[47] From Moscow, the handover of the Tu-154s was made through London-Heathrow, where these aircraft were fitted with British-made seats.[47]
The outbreak of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 had forced the carrier to suspend the Tokyo service; it was resumed on 15 March 1974 via Bombay, Bangkok and Manila. During 1974, the flight to Khartoum was extended to Kinshasa.[45] One of the brand new Tu-154 aircraft, SU-AXB, crashed [ru] on 10 July 1974 after takeoff from Cairo International Airport during a training flight, killing a crew of six on board.[50] Following the crash Egyptair requested the return of its Tu-154 fleet to the Soviets and a refund for the price paid for them.[51] The capacity shortage caused by the grounding of the Tu-154s was partly alleviated by the lease of aircraft.[52] The airline had already been looking for other aircraft to replace them and an order for six Douglas DC-9-50s was placed in November. On 9 December, an Il-18, registration YR-IMK, crashed into the Red Sea; there were nine fatalities. In January 1975, the government turned the order with Douglas down and moved to Boeing for the provision of new equipment. An agreement with the Soviets for the return of the Tu-154s was struck on 10 February; early in the year, the An-24s were traded back to the company that represented the Soviets as partial repayment for the loan taken to acquire the aft-engined Tu-154s. The Boeing order was finalised by March and consisted of four Boeing 727-200s and six Boeing 737-200s. There were plans to trade the first three Boeing 707-320Cs in for the new aircraft as part of the deal with Boeing.[45] Valued at US$60 million, the transaction was partly financed by the United Arab Emirates.[53] In May, the order was homogenised to eight Boeing 737-200s with deliveries slated for April and May 1976. Arrangements were made to sell the four Comets both to raise money to finance the new aircraft and to have an all-Boeing fleet.[54]
A link between Cairo and Milan began in January 1976 and a new flight to Vienna started in April.[54] Following allegations from the Egyptian parliament that airline officials had been bribed by Boeing to favour the 1975 order, the chairman Gamal Erfan resigned in February.[54][55][56][57] On 22 April, a Boeing 737 flying from Cairo to Luxor was hijacked by three Palestinians; an Egyptian commando team regained control of the aircraft with no damages to its structure. The four Comets were sold to Dan-Air on 9 October. During the year, seven Boeing 737 Advanced entered the fleet.[54] A serious accident involving a Boeing 707 took place on 25 Dec when a non-regular flight from Cairo to Tokyo crashed into a textile mill while on approach to Bangkok, killing all 43 passengers and a crew of nine; fatalities and injured people on the ground were also reported.[58] Early in 1977, the first arrests related to the bribery case involving the Boeing order took place when a former pilot admitted he had been bribed for US$150,000. In February, an agreement to lease two Airbus A300B4 aircraft from Germanair and Trans European Airlines was signed.[54][59] On 1 April, services to Abu Dhabi and Karachi were launched. The first A300 service flew the Cairo–Karachi route on 3 June.[54] The lease conditions for the aircraft owned by Bavaria Germanair changed to a lease/purchase agreement.[60] Egyptair eventually acquired the two leased A300B4 aircraft. On 21 February 1978, a Boeing 707 made an emergency landing at Sharjah Airport after hitting a flock of birds; the incident caused substantial damage to the fuselage and the engines.[54] During 1979, three A300B4-200s were ordered for US$115 million with a delivery span between September 1980 and September 1981; the carrier took options on four more aircraft of the type.[61][62] Financing for the three firmly ordered aircraft was partly provided by the Midland Bank and the Dresdner Bank.[61]
At March 1980 the number of employees was 9,610 and the fleet consisted of two Airbus A300B4s, seven Boeing 707-320Cs, seven Boeing 737-200s and two Beech Barons.[63] There was a major financial reorganisation in November 1980 when ownership of the company was shared by the National Bank of Egypt and the Misr Insurance Company.[54] In 1981, options for two Airbus A300B4-200s were converted into a firm order. This took the count of A300 aircraft pending delivery to four. At November this year the airline had five aircraft of the type in the fleet, two of them leased.[64] Another A300B4-200 was ordered in 1982.[65] Overall, eight new Airbus A300B4s were introduced during the early 1980s. Three Boeing 767-200ERs (named "Nefertiti", "Nefertari" and "Tiye") were phased in during 1984.[54] Two Boeing 767-300ERs (named "Tuthmosis III" and "Ramses II") were phased in during 1989.[54] On 31 October 1999, "Tuthmosis III" crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 217 people on board.[66]
Egyptair is a state-owned company with special legislation permitting the management to operate as if the company were privately owned without any interference from the government. The company is self-financing without any financial backing by the Egyptian government.[67]
The airline underwent a major corporate re-engineering in 2002 when its structure was changed from a governmental organization into a holding company with subsidiaries.[68] The move coincided with the establishment of the Egyptian Minister of Civil Aviation and the government's ambitious strategy to modernize and upgrade its airports and airline. The airline was given the right to operate without any interference from the government and the duty to do so without any financial backing
This is fortified by huge assets of more than US$3.8 billion. The airline's financial year is from July to June.[71]
For the fiscal year ending 31 July 2007, Egyptair achieved a record total revenue of US$1.143 billion. Total group revenue grew by 14%, as compared with the previous year.[citation needed]
In early 2007, the airline partnered with the Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation and Egyptian Holding Company for Airports & Air Navigation to form a new corporate airline, Smart Aviation Company, based at Cairo Airport.[citation needed]
In 2009, Egyptair's operations at its Cairo International Airport hub (where it holds 61% of the airport's departure slots) were notably overhauled due to the inauguration of the new Terminal 3 in April 2009. The airline transferred all its operations (international and domestic) to the new terminal that has more than doubled the airport's capacity. Under the Star Alliance "Move Under One Roof" concept at Cairo Airport, all Star Alliance airlines serving Cairo have moved to Terminal 3. In 2010 the airline will overhaul operations at its Alexandria base by transferring operations from the older facilities at Alexandria International Airport to the new airport in Borg El Arab Airport. The airline's CEO also stated the company was evaluating whether to set up a low-cost carrier subsidiary for its Alexandria operations to address the growth of LCCs in the city.[citation needed]
During the 2009–2010 Paris Airshow, the airline announced a new venture with US lessor Aviation Capital Group (ACG) and other Egyptian private and public shareholders to establish a leasing joint venture focusing on the Middle East and Northern Africa region. The new joint venture – named Civil Aviation Finance and Operating Leases (CIAF-Leasing) will initially focus on narrowbody aircraft.
Following the revolution of 2011, Egyptair is reported[72] to have suffered considerable losses. Egypt's civil aviation minister Wael El Maadawi said the airline lost an estimated 1.3 billion Egyptian pounds, or around $185 million, over the 2012/13 fiscal year, mainly due to an increase in fuel prices, the devaluation of the Egyptian currency and continuous strikes within the company. Losses for 2011/12 were apparently around double the 2012/13 figures. The carrier has reportedly suffered total losses of more than 7bn pounds, or nearly $1bn, since the 2011 uprising.
In the middle of 2012, a group of flight attendants asked for the right to wear hijabs as part of their work uniform. The company granted their request and hijab-wearing flight attendants first appeared in November 2012.[73]
In January 2016, Egyptair was fined US$140,000 for leasing aircraft to Sudan Airways during 2010–11, breaking economic sanctions imposed on Sudan in 1997.[75]
In April 2018, Russian authorities lifted the ban that prevented Egyptair from flying to Russia.[76]
Egyptair is one of the few airlines which does not serve alcoholic beverages on its flights.[77]
As part of a restructuring of Egyptair, Aviation Minister Air Marshall Younes Hamed announced the merger of Egyptair Express, Egyptair Cargo, and Egyptair Ground Services Company with the mainline airline. As of 4 November 2019, only Egyptair Express was officially merged with the rest of plan to be completed by the end of 2019.[3]
Corporate affairs
Ownership and structure
Egyptair is a state-owned company, 100% owned by the Government of Egypt.[78] The Egyptair Holding Company[79] was created in 2002 with seven companies, with two further companies added at later dates.
There are three carriers, which operate under the same AOC but are managed separately and have their own profit and loss accounts:
Egyptair Airlines, the core airline company
EgyptAir Cargo, a dedicated cargo airline (established in 2002)
EgyptAir Express, the domestic and regional airline (launched in June 2007)
Other companies within Egyptair Holding Company are:
Egyptair Maintenance & Engineering, originally an in-house operation but now also carrying out 3rd party business; EASA Part 145 and FAA Certified[79]
Egyptair Ground Services, providing services to over 75% of the air carriers flying to Egypt[79]
Egyptair In-flight Services
Egyptair Tourism & Duty Free Shops
Egyptair Medical Services
Egyptair Supplementary Industries Company (formed in 2006)
Trends for Egyptair Express and EgyptAir Cargo are shown on the relevant articles. Figures for the year ending 30 June 2011, and the lack of detailed accounts since then, reflect the disruption that occurred because of the Egyptian Revolution in early 2011.
The airline's logo is Horus, the sky deity in ancient Egyptian mythology, chosen because of its ancient symbolism as a "winged god of the sun", and usually depicted as a falcon or a man with the head of a falcon.
The Horus made its first appearance in the early 1970s. It was originally painted with a red head and blue feathers in front of a golden backdrop.[99] It was painted around the plane including the engine cases. This was due to EgyptAir wanting to keep a warm coloured livery in the early days of the airline.[99]
In October 2020, Egyptair reached an agreement with the government of Ghana to create a Ghanaian national aviation company with investment from both governments.[104]
Due to the 2017 Qatar Diplomatic crisis, Egyptair (among other carriers from Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) suspended its flights to Doha's Hamad International Airport in Qatar as per the instructions from the Egyptian Government.[112][113]
In 2021, after Egypt signed the Al-'Ula declaration with Qatar (along with the rest of GCC members) Egyptair resumed flights to Doha ending its three-and-half-year boycott of Qatar.[114][115]
In June 1995, Egyptair ordered three Airbus A340s,[121] scheduled for delivery in December 1996.[122] The first, 260-seater aircraft entered the fleet in late 1996, and operated along a -300 version that was on lease from Gulf Air.[123] Also in 1995, the carrier purchased three 308-seater Boeing 777-200s for US$400 million.[124] These GE-90 powered aircraft, along with the A340-200s, were ordered for replacement of the Airbus A300B4 and Boeing 767-200 fleet.[123]
Aimed to replace the Airbus A300-600R fleet, the airline placed an order for seven Airbus A330-200 aircraft in early 2003,[125] slated for delivery in June 2004,[126] and cancelled two Airbus A340-600s it had previously ordered.[127] In June 2003, Egyptair signed a deal worth US$150 million with Rolls-Royce for the provision of Trent 700 engines to power these seven A330s.[126][128] The first Airbus A330-300 was incorporated into the fleet in August 2010.[129]
Egyptair's commercial relationship with Boeing started in 1968 when a Boeing 707 was delivered.[130] Six Boeing 737-800s were acquired in August 2005, with handovers starting in September the following year and a delivery span of three years.[131] On lease from GECAS, Egyptair took delivery of its first 346-seater Boeing 777-300ER in March 2010.[132]
In June 2011, the airframer delivered the airline's 50th Boeing aircraft, a 737-800.[130] In July 2016, Egyptair was identified as the carrier that ordered nine more aircraft of the type, in a deal worth US$864 million.[133] In October 2016 the airline placed a firm order for eight Boeing 737-800s with deliveries starting in February 2017.[134]
On 22 December 1951, SNCASE Languedoc SU-AHH of Misrair crashed west of Tehran, Iran killing all 20 people on board. The aircraft was operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Baghdad, Iraq to Tehran.[143][144]
On 30 July 1952, SNCASE Languedoc SU-AHX of Misrair was damaged beyond economic repair in a wheels-up landing at Almaza Air Base, Cairo. The aircraft was operating an international scheduled passenger flight from Almaza to Khartoum Airport, Sudan; it returned to Cairo following a fire in No. 1 engine.[145]
On 20 March 1969, a United Arab Airlines Ilyushin Il-18SU-APCcrashed while attempting to land at Aswan Airport. 100 of the 105 passengers and crew on board were killed in the disaster.[146]
On 29 January 1973, EgyptAir Flight 741 operated by Ilyushin Il-18 SU-AOV crashed on approach to Nicosia International Airport, killing all 37 people on board.[148]
On 25 December 1976, EgyptAir Flight 864 operated by Boeing 707 SU-AXA crashed into an industrial complex in Bangkok, Thailand. All 52 persons on board plus 19 people on the ground were killed.[151]
On 17 October 1982, Egyptair Flight 771 operated by Boeing 707 SU-APE crashed on landing at Geneva Airport, Switzerland. There were no fatalities, however, the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[152]
On 23 November 1985, EgyptAir Flight 648 operated by a Boeing 737 was hijacked to Malta International Airport by three men from the Abu Nidal terrorist group. Omar Rezaq was among them. An Egyptian Sky Marshall on board shot and killed one of the hijackers before being gunned down himself. After several hours of negotiations, Egyptian troops stormed the aircraft and battled with the hijackers, who threw several hand grenades and shot and killed five passengers. The aircraft was severely damaged by the explosions and fire. Two of the six crew members and 59 of the 90 passengers were killed.
On 21 September 1987, SU-BCA, an Airbus A300 crashed at Luxor International Airport during a training flight, killing all five crew members on board.[155] It was the first fatal accident involving an Airbus A300.[citation needed]
On 31 October 1999, EgyptAir Flight 990, a Boeing 767 (SU-GAP) en route from Los Angeles to Cairo (with a stopover in New York City) crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nantucket; all 217 passengers were killed. The relief first officer of the flight, Gameel Al-Batouti, was suspected by U.S. authorities of making flight control inputs that lead to the crash, though it could not be determined why he did so.[156] Egyptian officials have strongly disputed that claim.[157]
On 7 May 2002, EgyptAir Flight 843, a Boeing 737-500, crashed into terrain in heavy rain, fog, and a sandstorm on its approach to Tunis, Tunisia, killing 15 of 64 occupants.[158]
On 29 July 2011, EgyptAir Flight 667, a Boeing 777-200ER, sustained substantial damage in a cockpit fire at Cairo International Airport (CAI). The probable cause for the accident was identified as an electrical fault or circuit. All passengers and crew were able to escape. The plane (SU-GBP) was damaged beyond repair.[159]
On 19 May 2016, EgyptAir Flight 804, an Airbus A320-232 (SU-GCC) en route from Paris to Cairo crashed into the Mediterranean Sea, killing all 66 on board.[161][162][163] A 2022 investigation by France's Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) has found that the cause of the crash was a cockpit fire, started as a result of the pilot's cigarette smoke combining with the oxygen of a leaking mask.[164]
^Despite the UAA renaming formally taking place in the autumn of 1960 following the merger of Misrair and Syrian Airways,[21] Misrair had been using the ″United Arab Airlines″ title since 1958.[29]
^The carrier was conceived to operate domestic and regional services.[22] Four An-24s made up Misrair's fleet at the time operations started, and three more were expected by year end. One of these aircraft was lost in an accident at Aswan Airport on 2 February 1966; a second aircraft was involved in a deadly accident at Cairo on 19 March, killing 30. Alexandria–Athens, Cairo–Alexandria, Cairo–Luxor, Cairo–Nicosia and Cairo–Port Said–El Arish were among the routes operated by the carrier. Misrair ceased to exist on 1 June 1968 due to poor economic performance. Operations were absorbed by UAA.[39]
^"Air transport – Cairo-Assuan air service". Flight. Vol. XXV, no. 1304. 21 December 1933. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. A bi-weekly air service connecting up Cairo, Luxor and Assuan has been started by the Misr Airwork Co., of Cairo.
^"Commercial Aviation – A Misr Airwork Extension". Flight. Vol. XXIX, no. 1410. 2 January 1936. p. 23. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. A new service has been opened by Misr Airwork between Alexandria, Port Said, Cairo, Minia and Assuit [sic] for the benefit of the cotton fraternity and to enable passengers to redirect from Alexandria to Palestine. This is made possible by the connection at Port Said with the Cairo-Haifa service. The Upper Egypt service will not be immediately reopened since the international situation has played havoc with the tourist industry.
^"Brevities". Flight. Vol. LX, no. 2234. 16 November 1951. p. 633. Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. The Egyptian airline, Misrair, is reported to have purchased three Languedoc 161s. Two more machines of this type will be acquired next year.
^"Brevities". Flight. Vol. 79, no. 2706. 20 January 1961. p. 100. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. United Arab Airlines have placed a repeat order for two Comet 4Cs, for delivery this summer, as forecast in Flight for 25 November.
^"Brevities". Flight. Vol. 80, no. 2730. 6 July 1961. p. 27. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. A United Arab Airlines Viscount has reopened the Nicosia – Cairo service, suspended since the Suez crisis of 1956.
^"Air transport – 707 for UAA Delivered". Flight International. Vol. 94, no. 3112. 31 October 1968. p. 689. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. The first of three Boeing 707-320Cs for United Arab Airlines (SU-AOU) made its delivery flight from Seattle to Cairo, via Heathrow Airport, London, on October 21. It enters service between Cairo and London tomorrow, November 1.
^"Air transport..."Flight International. Vol. 100, no. 3253. 15 July 1971. p. 80. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. United Arab Airlines is now supplementing its Boeing 707 services to Europe with its new Ilyushin IL-62s, one of which is seen in the departure area at Heathrow Airport, London
^"Air Transport". Flight International. Vol. 100, no. 3268. 28 October 1971. p. 677. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Egyptair is the new name of United Arab Airlines, adopted on October 10. The change follows the adoption by Egypt of the official name Arab Republic of Egypt, in place of United Arab Republic. The airline's flight prefix code, MS (unchanged), dates from an earlier period when it was known as Misrair.
^"World news – Aircraft losses". Flight International. Vol. 102, no. 3327. 14 December 1971. p. 854. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Egyptair Boeing 707 SU-AOW crashed south-east of Cairo on December 5 during a training flight. The six crew members were killed. Reports that the aircraft had been shot down in error have been denied by Egyptian authorities.
^"World news – Aircraft loss". Flight International. Vol. 103, no. 3335. 8 February 1973. p. 184. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. An Il-18 of Egyptair, SU-AOY, crashed into mountains on the north coast of Cyprus on January 29 while positioning for a visual approach to Nicosia. All 30 passengers and seven crew were killed and the aircraft was destroyed by fire.
^"Public transport accidents". Flight International. Vol. 106, no. 3410. 18 July 1974. p. 51. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. A Tu-154 of Egyptair, SU-AXO, crashed during a training flight on July 10 after take-off from Cairo International. The six crew members were killed.
^"Air transport". Flight International. Vol. 106, no. 3423. 24 October 1974. p. 530. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Sterling Airways has leased one of its three Boeing 727-200s to Egyptair, which is currently short of capacity following its decision to ground its seven Tu-154s. These are due to be returned to the Soviet Union and Egyptair is seeking replacement capacity on the second-hand market. It hopes to buy up to nine Boeing 720Bs.
^"Airline accident". Flight International. Vol. 111, no. 3539. 8 January 1977. p. 51. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. An Egyptair 707 crashed onto a textile mill on December 25 while making an approach to Bangkok airport after a non-scheduled flight from Cairo. All 43 passengers and nine crew were killed and it is reported that among people in the mill there were 20 fatalities and 30 injuries.
^"Airliner market". Flight International. Vol. 113, no. 3590. 7 January 1978. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Egyptair has changed the lease on one of its two Airbus Industrie A300B4s to a lease/purchase agreement. The aircraft is currently owned by Bavaria Germanair.
^ ab"Short hauls..."Flight International. Vol. 118, no. 3722. 6 September 1980. ISSN0015-3710. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. European bank consortium, which includes Britain's Midland Bank and Germany's Dresdner Bank, is financing the $115 million Egyptair purchase of three A300B4s, with the Egyptian Government guaranteeing the loan. The first two aircraft will be delivered this September and the third in September 1981. The carrier has four more on option.
^"Small world..."Flight International. Vol. 115, no. 3660. 12 May 1979. p. 1543. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Egyptair has signed a contract for the purchase of three Airbus A300B4s and taken options on another four. The Egyptian flag carrier has chosen the 165-tonne B4-200, powered by General Electric CF6-50s, for use on domestic, regional and European routes. The three aircraft firmly ordered will be delivered between September 1980 and September 1981; the four options are for delivery in 1982 and 1983.
^"Aircraft news". Flightglobal. 1 September 1995. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Egyptair has ordered three A340-200s with options on two more. Delivery is scheduled for the end of 1996.
^"Marketplace". Flightglobal. 8 April 2003. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Egyptair has ordered seven Airbus A330-200s to be delivered from June 2004 for operation on routes within the Middle East and to Europe, replacing A300-600Rs.
^Ranter, Harro. "Egyptair 864". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
^"Bouncing jet loses wing but 184 escape." Times [London, England] 18 October 1982: 4. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 March 2015.
^Michael K. Bohn (2004). The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc.
Lesotho law governing nationality Lesotho Citizenship OrderParliament of Lesotho Long title Lesotho Citizenship Order No. 16 of 1971 Enacted byGovernment of LesothoStatus: Amended Basotho nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Lesotho, as amended; the Lesotho Citizenship Order, and its revisions; the 1983 Refugees Act; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory.[1] These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Lesotho....
The Zoomie Rugby Football Club (ZRFC) is an unofficial title used by both the men's and women's rugby union teams at the United States Air Force Academy. Zoomie is slang for a cadet or graduate of the United States Air Force Academy. History The U.S. Air Force Academy men's rugby team began in 1968. In 1980, the Air Force began competing in collegiate rugby under USA rugby. Fit and fast described play in those early years, prompting the Eastern Rockies Rugby Union President, Terry Fleener, ...
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والاس لانجهام معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 مارس 1965 (العمر 58 سنة)فورت وورث، تكساس، الولايات المتحدة مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المهنة ممثل اللغة الأم الإنجليزية اللغات الإنجليزية سنوات النشاط 1985-الآن المواقع IMDB صفحته على IMDB تعديل مصدري - تعديل والاس
سامي سيف معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1972 (العمر 51 سنة)الدنمارك مواطنة مملكة الدنمارك الحياة العملية المهنة مخرج أفلام، وكاتب سيناريو المواقع IMDB صفحته على IMDB تعديل مصدري - تعديل هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في
German politician Lena WernerMember of the BundestagIncumbentAssumed office 2021 Personal detailsBorn (1994-10-08) 8 October 1994 (age 29)Trier, GermanyPolitical partySPD Lena Werner (born 8 October 1994) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag since 2021. Early life and education Werner was born 1994 in Trier where she completed her training in event management.[1] From 2020, she worked at the German Agenc...
American politician Sam RohrerMember of the Pennsylvania House of Representativesfrom the 128th districtIn officeJanuary 5, 1993[1] – November 30, 2010Preceded byJames GallenSucceeded byMark Gillen Personal detailsBornSamuel E. Rohrer (1955-08-11) August 11, 1955 (age 68)Dover, OhioPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseRuth Ann RohrerResidenceRobeson Township, PennsylvaniaAlma materBob Jones UniversityWebsite[1] Samuel E. Rohrer (born August 11, 1955) is an Americ...
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1968 book by Wilhelm Wulff Zodiac and Swastika Cover of the first American editionAuthorWilhelm WulffOriginal titleTierkreis und Hakenkreuz: Als Astrologe an Himmlers HofCountryGermanyLanguageGermanSubjectNazi occultismPublished 1968 (Bertelsmann Sachbuchverlag, in German) 1973 (Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, in English) Media typePrint Zodiac and Swastika: How Astrology Guided Hitler's Germany (German: Tierkreis und Hakenkreuz: Als Astrologe an Himmlers Hof) is a 1968 book by Wilh...
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American actor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Harry Landers – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Harry LandersLanders with Bettye Ackerman in Ben Casey (1961)BornHarry Sorokin(1921-09-03)September 3, 1921New York Ci...
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Questa voce sull'argomento nuotatori giapponesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Mai Nakamura Nazionalità Giappone Altezza 170 cm Peso 67 kg Nuoto Specialità 50 m, 100 m e 200 m dorso, 4x100 m misti Palmarès Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Giochi olimpici 0 1 1 Mondiali 0 1 2 Mondiali in vasca corta 3 1 0 Giochi PanPacifici 3 0 3 Giochi Asiatici 0 2 1 Universi...
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