Kemben

Kemben

Javanese woman in traditional batik kemben, c. 1900.
Type	Traditional female torso wrap
Place of origin	Indonesia[1][2]

Kemben (Javanese: ꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦤ꧀, Indonesian: kemban) is an Indonesian female torso wrap historically common in Java, Bali, and other parts of the Indonesian archipelago. It is made by wrapping a piece of kain (clothes), either plain, batik printed, velvet, or any type of fabrics, covering the chest wrapped around the woman's torso.^[3]

History

A Javanese woman wearing kemben depicted on the 14th-century Majapahit temple reliefs at the Candi Rimbi, Jombang, East Java, Indonesia.

The graceful Bidadari Majapahit, the 14th-century golden celestial apsara in Majapahit style, wearing kemben.

Prior to the prevalence of kebaya, it is believed that kemben was the most popular and common female dress in the ancient and classical period of Java. It was commonly worn in the Majapahit era until the Mataram Sultanate. Today, this shoulder-baring garment still features in many Indonesian rituals, traditional Javanese dances or palace ceremonies in Javanese keratons.^[1]

The bare shoulders of the kemben may be regarded as a representation of aesthetics, elegance, and femininity. In recent decades, however, kemben has fallen out of favor among Javanese Muslim women as they abandoned their traditional fashion and wear Islamic clothing such as the hijab, which was previously uncommon in Indonesia. Today, the tradition of wearing kemben were preserved and kept alive in the Javanese royal court of Yogyakarta and Surakarta keratons, especially among nobles and abdi dalem (palace servants). However, in recent years, this also had stirred debate about the efforts to preserve classic Javanese court culture being contended by the growing conservative Islamism among the Indonesian Muslims community.^[4]

Uses

Three Javanese women in kemben making batik clothes in a village in Java, Indonesia. 1800s.

A Srimpi dancer wearing velvet kemben.

Traditional kemben is worn by wrapping a piece of cloth around the torso, folding and securing the edge, tying it with additional rope, and covering it with an angkin, a smaller sash around the abdomen. Traditional Javanese batik kemben worn by palace ladies in keratons are mostly this type of kemben.^[5] Today, there is also tight-fitted and tailored kemben secured using buttons, straps or zippers similar to the western corset. The kemben of female Javanese traditional dancers (srimpi or wayang wong) are usually made of tailored velvet corsets.

Kemben outside Indonesia

In the Malay Peninsula, kemban is essentially a type of sarong and was a very popular style of clothing prior to the prevalence of Baju Kurung and Baju Kebaya in Malaysia. The members of the nobility used better quality and designed cloths, as well as elaborate jewelry made of gold and precious stones.^[6] They had their kain kelubung (shawl) to cover their heads from the sun and a kain kemban worn from the bust downwards to keep them cool in the tropical heat. According to the Malay Annals, Sultan Mansur Shah, the sixth Malaccan ruler, banned Malay women from wearing only a kemban as it ran contrary to personal modesty based on Islamic teachings.^[7] Today, the kemban torso wrap is rarely worn in the piously Islamic Malay community of Malaysia, regarded as a relic of the past, replaced by the more modest Baju Kurung which is generally worn with tudong to comply with Islamic modesty requirements.

In Europe, it is akin to European décolletage, however, it is more indigenous by using local fabrics such as batik, ikat, songket, or tenun, and simply secured by folding and slipping the cloth edges and tying the knot. Traditionally, women wear two pieces of clothes; the lower one is wrapped around the hips covering lower parts of the body (hips, thighs, and legs) and is called as kain or Sarong, while the piece that is wrapped about the upper body (chest and torso) is called kemben. In the Malay Peninsula, a third piece of cloth is used to cover the head (head, shoulders, and arms) from the sun and it is called kain kelubung as shown in the pictures below.

Styles of traditional kemban in the Malay Peninsula^[8]

A kain lepas with a broad sash (kain kemban) dressed over a Terengganuan style of flowered sarong with kain kelubung.

A kain lepas with Kelantanese style of check pattern (kain kemban) dressed over a flowered sarong with kain kelubung.

A kain lepas girt about the breast (kain kemban) over a Kelantanese style sarong with kain kelubung.

A kain lepas draped about the breast (kain kemban) over a flowered sarong with decorative flowers in hair.

See also

• National costume of Indonesia
• Culture of Indonesia
• Javanese culture
• Malay culture
• Kebaya
• Malaysian cultural outfits

References

1. "Cara Berpakaian Orang Jawa Kuno". historia.id (in Indonesian). November 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
2. Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1817). The History of Java. London: John Murray. OCLC 74175458.
3. "Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring". kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2017-10-12.
4. "Dikritik Gara-gara Unggah Foto Abdi Dalem, Jawaban Putri Keraton Jogja ini Tak Terduga!". Tribun Wow (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-11-22.
5. "Memakai Batik Untuk Kemben, Eksotisme Fashion Wanita Jawa - Indonesian Batik". Indonesian Batik (in Indonesian). 2018-02-26. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
6. "Carian Umum - Kemban". prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay). Retrieved 2020-11-19.
7. "Enduring charm of the baju kurung". 18 August 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8. Thomas Athol Joyce & Northcote Whitridge Thomas (1908). Women of All Nations: A Record of Their Characteristics, Habits, Manners, Customs, and Influence. Funk & Wagnalls Company. ASIN B011C9TDQE.