The Pakol or Pakul (Khowar: پاکول, Shina: پاکول, Persian: پاکسازی , Pashto: پاکسازی) also called Chitrali hat, is a soft, flat, rolled-up, round-topped men's cap, usually worn in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was originally worn by the Chitrali people in northern Pakistan, and it forms a major part of their traditional attire. It is typically made of wool and found in a variety of earthy colours, such as brown, black, grey, ivory, or dyed red using walnut.
Description
It is a handspun woollen cap, formed with a flat, rounded top, encircled by a lower, curled-up brim. It is usually white, grey, or various shades of brown. The cap's practical design allows pulling it down to cover the ears and neck in cold weather and rolling it up for warmer temperatures. There are many ways of decorating the garment, sometimes typically putting flowers or feathers into the hat, especially for festive occasions. An attached string sewn around the base provides adaptability and flexibility of use. By tightening or loosening the string, the wearer is able to secure the hat as needed.[1]
Origins and history
A statue of a Macedonian boy wearing kausia. Terracotta, made in Athens, ca. 300 BC
Some authors compared this typical headgear to the kausia worn by the ancient Macedonians.[2][3] It then proved tempting for some writers to link the pakol to the Indian campaigns of Alexander the Great in the late fourth century BC. The kausia was worn in the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms who ruled in the region of modern Afghanistan and Pakistan in the ensuing centuries.[4] Some authors claim that the pakol has no historical links with the kausia.[5] But this is based on speculation, and it more likely that the pakol is a descendant of the kausia, based on many lines of reasoning and historical evidence, such as the fact that the Indo-Greek kings who ruled in what is now the Chitral region commonly depicted the kausia on their coins late into the 1st century BC.[6]
According to an erroneous belief of the place of its direct origins, claims that the pakol has a very recent history in Nuristan Province, where it is widely worn nowadays, going back no older than the late nineteenth century, but the same headgear is also relatively young in neighbouring Chitral District.[4] Apparently at some time the people of Chitral and adjoining regions started to include an extra round piece of material to form a flat crown.[7] This modern twist is not a feature that Alexander's soldiers could have picked up in the late fourth century BC.[7]
Origin, discovery and documentation in Gilgit and Chitral
The modern pakol originated from the Chitral region in Pakistan. The hat is also known as khapol, derived from the word kapaal which means head in Khowar language.[8] The main source of production is Chitral in Pakistan.[9] The pakol is mentioned in Donatus O'Brien's 1895 book on The Language of Chitral, where describing the ethnic dress of the Kho people he states that:
"The dress worn by most men consist of a homespun cap black, brown or grey made in the shape of a bag and rolled up until it fits the skull."[10]
John Biddulph in his Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh (1880), referred to the "rolled woollen cap" and ascribed it to the Shina people of Gilgit, Astore and the surrounding areas in present-day northern Pakistan.[7] Biddulph also tells that in other parts to the west of modern northern Pakistan, such as Wakhan, Chitral and Sarikol, the people used to wear small turbans.
"In Chitral, Wakhan and Sirikol the men wear very small scanty turbans. In Gilgit, Astor, and the greater part of Yaghestan the rolled woollen cap mentioned by Mr. Drew is commonly worn. In the Shin caste unmarried women are distinguished by a white cap, which is never worn by married Shin women."[12]
The earliest unequivocal reference to the pakol thus refers to the extreme north of modern Pakistan, while at the same time in areas slightly further to the west and south, including Chitral, the people still preferred to wear a turban.[7] This would indicate that in lands even further to the west, the pakol was also still unknown.[7]
Chitrali villagers pictured wearing pakols in 1912.
The popularity of the pakol had moved west by the late 1920s, when Georg Morgenstierne visited the Chitral district and photographed the locals wearing a pakol, although the photographs seem to show that the pakol lacks the distinctive flat crown of the modern Chitrali cap and more resembles the type of pakol still worn in Hunza, which may thus well represent the "original" form of the pakol.
It was also adopted since the late 1890s by several communities of Afghanistan such as Tajiks, Pashayi٫ Pashtuns & Nuristanis.[13][14][15] It was adopted first among the Pashtuns of Pakistan as a replacement for the large turban, especially in the main cities, as for instance in Peshawar,[16] owing to village traders, who were also responsible for its spread and popularity, initially expanding their businesses, eventually coming to dominate a large area of the Peshawar's old city, popularly known as Qissa Kahwani.[17] Only in the tribal areas along the Afghan border the traditional Pashtun turban was still popular.[16] However, pictures from Peshawar from not so very long ago, still show a city dominated by turbans instead of men covering their head with a pakol.[16][7]
Recently, it was also introduced in the Kashmir Valley by seasonal migrants of ethnic Shins hailing from the Gurez and Tuleil areas in north Kashmir's Bandipore district.[18] Today, the pakol commonly worn by people of all social classes and backgrounds from Pakistan and Afghanistan, as well as in parts of India, such as in Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi.[18][19][20]
Initial prominence in Afghanistan
Chitralis pictured wearing pakols in 1929.
Pakols were introduced to Nuristan Province from neighbouring Chitral sometime in the late nineteenth century.[13] According to the first proto-ethnographic documentations, the inhabitants of Kafiristan, the Nuristanis, went about without any headgear.[14][15] They also used to shave their head, leaving a small patch on the crown where the hair is left to grow, hanging down often as far as the waist.[21]
In the earliest source of the pakol in Nuristan by George Scott Robertson, he refers to the pakol as the Chitrali cap and states that it was only worn in the Bashgul valley, the easternmost valley of Kafiristan bordering Chitral, and the hat was acquired from Chitral in the further east through trade.[22][15] This point is confirmed by the headgear worn by the men depicted in the huge woodcarvings, known as gandauws, for which the Kafiris were famous, which all date from before the Afghan occupation of Kafiristan in the late 1890s, where the men are shown wearing turbans.[15] Additionally, the elderly and the young initiated among the Kalash, now living just across the border in Pakistan, also traditionally wore a turban, while all the others wore the pakol.[15]
Pakols must have spread at a quick pace among the locals, now renamed Nuristanis, after and partially as a consequence of the conquest of Kafiristan by Abdul Rahman Khan of Afghanistan.[23] The opening up of the valleys to increased contact and trade, and the population's conversion to Islam, induced the residents to abandon their previously distinctive hairstyle and cover their heads with hats.[23] The adoption of specific items of clothing to mark a new identity, especially a religious one, is well established in history.[23]
In the 1980s, the pakol gained popularity in large parts of Afghanistan as the favourite easy to wear headgear of the Mujahideen, who fought against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and their Soviet supporters.[4] One of the most famous people wearing the pakol was the Tajik military leader of the Panjshir Valley, Ahmad Shah Massoud. In those years, people from all over Afghanistan, but especially from among the Tajik population of Panjshir, who lived in an area bordering Nuristan, wore the pakol in order to show their opposition to the government.[4] It was therefore the Tajiks who were the main group who wore the Pakol, and also subsequently popularized the hat in Afghanistan, and only later was it adopted by the Pashtuns.
In 1992, the Mujahideen took control of the capital Kabul, and since the Tajiks from the northeast of the country played a dominant role in the formation of the new government of Islamic State of Afghanistan, their pakol became the dominant headgear of the Afghan capital.[4] However, the civil war between the various Mujahideen parties continued with the new appearance of the Taliban, who were mainly Pashtuns from the south of the country and opposed to the pakol wearing Mujahideen from the northeast.[4] The Taliban used to wear turbans, the traditional Pashtun headgear, preferably the dark variety of Kandahar, while their opponents continued to wear the pakol.[4] When the Taliban took control of Kabul in September 1996, the pakol disappeared from the streets, only to return when in November 2001, the Northern Alliance with the help of the American army managed to dispel the Taliban.[4] At that time the pakol again gained popularity, while the Pashtuns from the south and southeast of the country, who used to form the core of the Taliban movement, still preferred to wear a turban.[4]
Initial prominence in Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir
The pakol has been worn traditionally in India by the Shina people of northern Jammu and Kashmir's Gurez Valley (including Tulail).[18] Pakols have also been worn in the Kashmir Valley, where they were introduced by seasonal migrants of ethnic Shins/Dards, hailing from Gurez.[18] A columnist with a valley based newspaper, said about the cap that it became popular in the 1950s after being sported by Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.[18] The pakol has become popular in other parts of India, such as in Delhi, it is also sold by Afghans living in India. It also gained popularity in Muslim majority areas in northern India, especially areas around shrines where the twisted variety is especially popular.[24]
Different types of pakol
Within Pakistan and Afghanistan, there are different types of pakol worn by various ethnic groups and regions. These differences lie in shapes and styles, and are sometimes unique to a certain region or ethnic group.
Traditional pakol
The traditional pakol hat is a soft, woollen hat that is flat, and rims are rolled into the headwear to be worn. It is made out of wool and comes in a variety of colours, usually natural earth colours being the most popularly worn. It is mainly worn in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Gilgit-Baltistan, Afghanistan and recently in the Kashmir valley.
Chitrali pakol
The Chitrali pakol is worn by the Chitral Scouts of Northern Pakistan. It is white, has a markhor insignia, and dons a peacock feather. It is considered a sign of dignity and honour amongst the Chitrali community and they usually present it to famous guests. This style of pakol is unique to the region. Princess Diana, Kate Middleton and Prince William wore it during their visits to Pakistan.[25]
Twisted pakol
The twisted pakol is another variant of the pakol; it has two layers and the rims are twisted. It is made with pure wool and comes in different colours and sizes. Twisted pakols are common in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan and Kashmir. They are lighter in weight and can be adjusted more easily[26] than traditional ones.
Waziristan pakol
Worn in Waziristan, tribal areas of Pakistan, this type of pakol is usually and almost uniquely worn by the Pashtuns of Waziristan such as the Mahsud, Dawar, and Wazir tribes. The stark difference between the Waziristan pakol, and the regular pakol, is that it is larger in size, and the edges are curved ridges. It is unique to the Waziristan regions and is also made out of pure wool, available in different colours, just like the traditional pakol.[27] It is also worn by Kin Pashtun tribes across the border in Afghanistan in Paktia and Khost provinces; usually they are also decorated with flowers, Unlike the Chitralis who decorate it with feathers. It is considered a common men's headwear.
^Fredricksmeyer, Ernst (1986). "Alexander the Great and the Macedonian kausia". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 116: 215–227. doi:10.2307/283917. JSTOR283917.
^ ab"From Alexander the Great to Ahmad Shah Massud: A social history of the pakol". Afghanistan Analysts Network - English (in Pashto). 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2022-03-14. According to the first proto-ethnographic accounts, the Kafirs – as the Nuristanis were known before their conversion to Islam in 1895-96 – used to go about with their heads generally uncovered. John Biddulph, in 1878, has them avoiding any headgear at all (at least the men).
^ abcVogelsang, Willem (2006). "The Pakol: A Distinctive, but Apparently not so Very Old Headgear from the Indo-Iranian Borderlands". Khil'a. 2: 149–155. doi:10.2143/KH.2.0.2021290. Contrary to the Afghan Pashtun, their fellow Pashtun in neighbouring Pakistan seem overwhelmingly to have adopted the pakol, especially in the main cities, as for instance in Peshawar. Only in the tribal areas along the Afghan border, is the turban still popular. However, pictures from Peshawar from not so very long ago, still show a city dominated by turban wearing Pashtun instead of men covering their head with a pakol.
^Ferrari, Fabrizio (2011). Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN978-1-136-84629-8. In the years that followed, these village traders expanded their businesses, eventually coming to dominate a large area of the Peshawar's old city, popularly known as the "streets of the story tellers" (qissa kahwani). They benefited from the widespread popularity of the distinctive Chitrali woollen cap or pakol that they made.
^Saxena, Shivam (4 March 2015). "Inside Delhi's lil Afghanistan: Aroma of Kabuli pulao, murmurs in Dari". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 March 2018. Several shops run by Afghani refugees at Sharif Manzil now have flourishing businesses of imported carpets, pakol and karakuli caps (below), shawls and vasket (jackets). "We import these caps from Kabul. They are now becoming popular in India too," says Sikander Khan, who runs a small garment shop in the area.
^"From Alexander the Great to Ahmad Shah Massud: A social history of the pakol". English (in Pashto). 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Twelve years later, George Scott Robertson found what he termed the Chitrali cap (not so significant a term in itself because the British encountered the Chitralis first) to be a favorite among the Kafirs. However, he specified that only those of Bashgal, the easternmost valley of Kafiristan proper and the one with more intercourse with Chitral, acquired the hat through trade.
^Saxena, Shivam (4 March 2015). "Inside Delhi's lil Afghanistan: Aroma of Kabuli pulao, murmurs in Dari". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 March 2018. Several shops run by Afghani refugees at Sharif Manzil now have flourishing businesses of imported carpets, pakol and karakuli caps (below), shawls and vasket (jackets). "We import these caps from Kabul. They are now becoming popular in India too," says Sikander Khan, who runs a small garment shop in the area.
Willem Vogelsang, 'The Pakol: A distinctive, but apparently not so very old headgear from the Indo-Iranian borderlands'. Khil`a. Journal for Dress and Textiles of the Islamic World, Vol. 2, 2006, pp. 149–155.
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