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John Antes (24 March 1740 – 17 December 1811)^[1] was the first American Moravian Missionary to travel and work in Egypt, one of the earliest American-born chamber music composers, and the maker of perhaps the earliest surviving bowed string instrument made in America.^[2] Although Antes is often recognized for his choral works, such as Go Congregation Go! and Surely he has Bourne our Griefs,^[3] his three string trios have also attracted attention and the lost "six Quartettos" remain a tantalizing mystery.^[4]

Biography

John Antes was born on March 24, 1740, in Frederick, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. In 1745, Antes entered the Moravian Boys Boarding School, where he received music education from Johann Christoph Pyrlaeus.^[5] Although Pyrlaeus might now be first-known as a teacher of Antes, he was the founder of the Bethlehem collegium musicum, a capable singer, instrumentalist, and organist, and was also a missionary to Native Americans.^[6] In 1752, John entered the boys school in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and in 1760, was admitted into the Single Brethren's choir, also in Bethlehem.^[2]

Antes left Bethlehem in 1764 and travelled to Herrnhut, Germany, the international center of the Moravians, to pursue a career as a missionary. A year later he transferred to Neuwied, Germany, where he also trained as a watchmaker.^[7] Antes was ordained as a Moravian Minister in January 1769, and he left for Egypt that same month to serve as a missionary to the Coptic Church of Grand Cairo. The first ten years of his mission were rather uneventful until 1779, when Antes was captured and tortured by some of Osman Bey's followers. Antes spent his remaining two years in Egypt recovering from this incident.^[8]

Antes returned to Herrnhut in 1781. Upon arrival, he began working as a business manager of the Single Brethren's house in Neuwied. In 1785, he was named warder of an entire Moravian community in Fulneck, England. Antes was married to Susanna Crabtree in 1786, and spent the rest of his working life in Fulneck. He retired to Bristol, England in 1809, and died there in 1811.^[9]

Composer

Antes is well known for his vocal works, the two most famous anthems being Go, Congregation, Go! and Surely He Hath Bourne Our Griefs.^[3] It seems likely that Antes wrote most of his vocal pieces while working at the Fulneck Moravian settlement. Most of his anthems use an English text, which support this idea, and the anthems that use German text were possibly written while he was in Neuwied, Germany the years before moving to Fulneck.^[10]

Antes's string trios appear to have been written during the final two years of his mission in Egypt, while recuperating from the traumatic assault. The trios were published by John Bland, a London Publisher, during the early 1790s, under a pseudonym, "Giovanni A-T-S," instead of the name Antes.^[10] A common theory is that Antes did not consider himself a worthy composer, and therefore did not want to use his real name.^[11]

Also while in Egypt, Antes wrote a letter to Benjamin Franklin, whom he had met previously in Philadelphia, stating that he was including "a copy of six quartettos".^[4] Although Antes states that he had also sent a copy to an otherwise unidentified colleague, to whom the quartets were dedicated, they have never been found.^[12] Musicologist Karl Kroeger^[13] believes that it is possible that Antes's string trios are re-orchestrated versions of three of his six quartettos.^[14]

Instrument maker

Before moving to Europe, Antes worked as an instrument maker. His earliest dated instrument, which still exists today, is a violin from 1759. This violin is now housed in the Museum of the Moravian Historical Society in Nazareth, Pennsylvania.^[5] A viola made by Antes in 1764 is believed to be "the earliest extant viola made in America [and is] housed in the Lititz Congregation Collection."^[15] Antes opened a shop in 1762 and the shop records show that he created up to seven bowed string instruments.^[16] It is not known how Antes learned the craft of instrument making, although it is possible that he learned from Johann Gottlob Klemm, an American organ builder,^[17] who spent time in Bethlehem in 1757.^[18]

Work

Antes's compositional style is often compared to that of Joseph Haydn, since the two were contemporaries. The instrumentation of Antes's string trios might have followed that of Haydn, who wrote 21 trios for the same scoring.^[19] Haydn's music was highly visible in the Moravian Church, most likely a large part of the music library at Fulneck, and joined that by other composers of the time such as Ignaz Pleyel, Muzio Clementi, George Frideric Handel and Jean Paul Egide Martini.^[20]

Karl Kroeger states in his article "John Antes at Fulneck" that Antes's music stands well alongside the work of other major composers of the day, with a nod to Haydn, as well as Franz Anton Hoffmeister and Carl Stamitz. Kroeger also describes the string parts of Antes's anthems as displaying, "subtle expression, contrapuntal interplay of motive, and idiomatic string writing."^[10] Antes's vocal works often used texts that illustrated his individual and sometimes painful relationship with God. This was often displayed through a "harmonic polarity between the tonic and the dominant."^[21] Antes was also fond of "dotted rhythms, melodic thirds, long vocal lines, high tessituras, and wide ranges,"^[22] as well as equal importance to each instrument as in his string trios.^[23]

Selected works

Source:^[24]

Anthems

Behold the Lord hath Proclaimed
- SATB, SSAB 2 horns, strings, continuo
Go, Congregation, Go!
- S solo, strings, continuo
How Beautiful upon the Mountains
- SATB, piano or organ (originally with string orchestra) [1]
I will Greatly Rejoice in the Lord
- SATB, 2 horns, strings, continuo
My Heart Shall Rejoice in His Salvation – 1803
- SATB, 2 horns, strings, continuo
Shout ye Heavens, Rejoice Thou Earth
- SATB, 2 horns or trumpets, strings, continuo
Sing and Rejoice, O Daughter of Zion
- SATB, 2 horns, strings, continuo
Surely He Hath Borne Our Griefs
- SATB, strings, continuo
Worthy is the Lamb that was Slain
- SATB, 2 oboes, 2 horns, strings, continuo

Hymn-tunes (chorales)

A collections Antes' chorales were published together in 1957 in "Twelve Moravian Chorales." [2]
Christ the Lord, the Lord Most Glorious
For Grace I Weep and Part
God Holy Ghost in Mercy us Preserve
Hark My Soul, it is The Lord
In Joyful Hymns of Praise
In the Glorious Presence (2 versions)
O Deepest Grief
O Lord in Me Fulfill
O What a Depth of Boundless Love and Grace
Resting in the Silent Grave
Soul at the Most Awful Season
What Splendid Rays of Truth and Grace
Monkland

Instrumental

Tre Trii, per due Violini and Violoncello, Obligato

References

^ Nola Reed Knouse (2008). The Music of the Moravian Church in America. University Rochester Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-58046-260-0.
^ ^a ^b Kroeger (1985), p. 12
^ ^a ^b Selch (1992), p. 169
^ ^a ^b Stolba (1980), p. 567
^ ^a ^b Claypool (1978), p. 10
^ Knouse (2008), p. 281
^ McCorkle (1956), p. 489
^ McCorkle (1956), p. 490
^ Kroeger (1985), pp. 13–17
^ ^a ^b ^c Kroeger (1985), p. 14
^ McCorkle (1956), pp. 494–495
^ McCorkle (1956), pp. 567–569
^ Grove Music Online, s.v. "Kroeger, Karl," by Katherine K. Preston and Thomas L. Riis.
^ Kroeger (1996)
^ Bynog (2012), p. 731
^ Claypool (1978), p. 12
^ Grove Music Online, s.v. "Klemm (Clem, Clemm), Johann Gottlob," by Barbara Owen.
^ Selch (1992), p. 46
^ McCorkle (1956), p. 494
^ Kroeger (1985), p. 16
^ Flannagan (1995), pp. 18–19
^ McCorkle (1956), p. 496
^ Robert Emmet, "Classical Hall of Fame: ‘Antes-Trios In E flat; In d; In C' Peter-Quintets In D; In A; In G; In C; In B flat; In E flat," Fanfare-The Magazine for Serious Record Collectors 24, no. 1 (2000): 392.
^ McCorkle (1956), pp. 497–499

Bibliography

Bynog, David M. (2012). "The viola in America: two centuries of progress". Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association. 68 (4): 729–750. doi:10.1353/not.2012.0070. hdl:1911/70934. S2CID 162031958.
Claypool, Richard D. (1978). "Mr. John Antes: instrumentmaker". Moravian Music Foundation Bulletin. 23 (2): 10–13.
Flannagan, William Partick (1995). A Performing Edition and Study of the Unpublished Concerted Anthems of John Antes (1740–1811). Catholic University of America.
Knouse, Nola Reed Knouse, ed. (2008). "Biographical sketches". The Music of the Moravian Church in America. Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press. pp. 267–289. ISBN 9781580462600.
Kroeger, Karl (1985). "John Antes at Fulneck". Moravian Music Journal. 30 (1): 12–18.
Kroeger, Karl (1996). "What happened to the Antes string quartets?". Moravian Music Journal. 4: 23–26.
McCorkle, Donald M. (1956). "John Antes, "American Dilettante"". The Musical Quarterly. 42 (4): 486–499. doi:10.1093/mq/xlii.4.486. JSTOR 740257.
Selch, Frederick R. (1992). "Moravian musicians and musical instrument makers in early America and the influence on them of the Saxon-Vogtländisch industry of musical instrument making". Journal of the Violin Society of America. 13 (1): 161–194.
Stolba, K. Marie (1980). "Studies and reports: Evidence for quartets by John Antes, American-born Moravian composer". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 33 (3): 565–574. doi:10.1525/jams.1980.33.3.03a00060. JSTOR 831306.