Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams.[3]
Hadera was founded on 24 January 1891, in the early days of modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, known as the Redeemer of the Valley.[3] The land was purchased from a Christian effendi, Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling papyrus reeds.[4] The village was named after Wadi al-Khudeira[5] (Arabic: وادي الخضيرة, lit. 'the valley of verdure'),[6] as the nearby section of Hadera Stream was known. Earlier, the whole Hadera Stream had been known as Nahr Akhdar (Arabic: نهر الأخضر, lit. 'green river').[7][8]
The Crusaders called the location Lictera – a corruption of the Arabic name, el-Khudeira. From the outset, attempts were made to pick instead a Hebrew name for the new settlement.[9] About half a year after it was founded, rabbi Ya'akov Goldman reported on an event in "the moshav of Hadere, that is, Hatzor".[10] The name Liktera was in preferential use by the British military during World War I.[11][12]
In the end of the nineteenth century, the region of Hadera was populated by three immigrant groups – Circassians, Bosnians and Russian Jews. These transnational colonists joined what was, in Roy Marom's words, "a sparsely populated coastal plain inhabited by Arabic-speaking highland peasants and nomads of Turkmen, Nubian, Egyptian and of Arabian-Peninsular descent". Marom further notes that in 1871 Ottoman authorities inspected Khirbet al-Khudeira, and found it 'empty of inhabitants and lacking resident peasants who are eligible to purchase it in return for the payment of land registration fees". Selim al-Khoury, a Christian merchant from Haifa, purchased Kh. al-Khudeira, together with 3000 hectares of land, and established an agricultural estate among the ruins. In 1890, al-Khoury sold al-Khudeira to Yehoshua Hankin (1864–1945).[13]
Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's surveyor, Yitzhak Goldhar, claimed that Hadera was founded on the site of the former town called Gedera of Caesarea (Hebrew: גדרה של קיסרין), as mentioned in ToseftaShevi'it, ch. 7.[14]Benjamin Mazar preferred to locate ancient Gador, formerly known as Gedera by Caesaria, at Tell Ahḍar ("green hill"), later known as Tell esh Sheikh Ziraq[15] and currently as Tel Gador, on the coast south of Giv'at Olga.[16] Others say that the ancient Gadera should be identified with Umm Qais or with al-Judeira.
The first Jewish settlers lived in a building known as the Khan near Hadera's main synagogue.[citation needed] The population consisted of ten families and four guards. In 1896 Baron Rothschild paid for "hundreds of black labourers" from Egypt "to dig the broad and deep trenches" needed to drain the swamps. They "died in scores".[17][18] Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540, 210 died of malaria.[19] Therefore, a Bible verse from the Psalms (Tehillim) was inscribed in the city's logo: "Those who sow in tears, will reap with songs of joy." (Ps 126:5) Hashomer guards kept watch over the fields to prevent incursions by the neighboring Bedouin.
By the early twentieth century, Hadera had become the regional economic center.[3] In 1913, the settlement included forty households, as well as fields and vineyards, stretching over 30,000 dunams.[14]
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hadera had a total population of 540; 89 Muslims, 1 Christian and 450 Jews.[20] Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, and the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931.[citation needed] Free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school.[21]
Members of Yiftach Brigade 1st Battalion, "D" company stationed at Givat Olga. 1948
Hadera's population increased dramatically in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country. Most of the newcomers were from Europe, though 40 Yemenite families settled there, too.[19] In 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in Hadera. Financed by investors from Israel, United States, Brazil and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israel's paper needs.[23] New neighborhoods were built, among them Givat Olga on the coast, and Beit Eliezer in the east of the city. In 1964, Hadera was declared a city.[3]
In the 1990s, large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants settled in Hadera.[3] Hadera, considered a safe place by its inhabitants, was jolted by several acts of terrorism during the second intifada. On October 28, 2001, four civilians were killed when a terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop.[24] A massacre of six civilians at a Bat Mitzvah occurred in early 2002.[25] A suicide bomber blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing seven civilians[26][27] and injuring 55, five in severe condition.[28] During the second Lebanon War, on August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles (80 km) south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah.[29]
In the 2000s, the city center was rejuvenated, a high-tech business park was constructed, and the world's largest desalination plant was built.[3][30] New neighborhoods are under construction in the underdeveloped northeastern part of the city, and plans are under way for a large park, shopping malls and hotels with a total of 1,800 rooms.
Beach in Hadera, 2017
The city is envisaged as a future vacation destination due to its closeness to the Galilee, beaches, and access to major highways.[31]
Geography and wildlife
Hadera municipality building
Hadera is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastal plain, 45 km (28 mi) north of Tel Aviv.[32] The city's jurisdiction covers 53,000 dunams (53.0 km2; 20.5 sq mi), making it the fourth largest city in the country. Nahal Hadera Park, a eucalyptus forest covering 1,300 dunams (1.3 km2; 0.5 sq mi) and Hasharon Park are located on the outskirts of Hadera.[3]
Hot water gushing from the Hadera power plant draws schools of hundreds of sandbar and dusky shark every winter. Scientists are researching the rare phenomenon, which is unknown in the vicinity. It is speculated that the water, which is ten degrees warmer than the rest of the sea, could be the attraction.[33]
Transportation
Hadera lies along two main Israel Railways lines: the Coastal Line and the nowadays freight-only Eastern Line. The city's railway station is located in the west of the city and is on the Tel Aviv suburban line which runs between Binyamina and Ashkelon. The city center of Hadera is located near Israel's two main north–south highways; Highway 2, linking Tel Aviv to Haifa, and Highway 4.[3] This made Hadera an important junction for all coastal bus transportation after 1948 and into the 1950s.
Economy
Orot Rabin power plant
Hadera Paper, established in 1953, continues to be a major employer in the city. The world's largest desalination plant of its type,[34] was inaugurated in December 2009.[3] Hadera is the location of the Orot Rabin Power Plant, Israel's largest power station.[35]
Demographics
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of October 2013, Hadera had a population of 91,634 which is growing at an annual rate of 1.2%.[36] As of 2003, the city had a population density of 1,516.6 per km2.[37] Of the city's population of 2013 of 91,634, approximately 23,407 were immigrants, many from Ethiopia.[37]
According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Hadera had a population of 540 inhabitants, consisting of 450 Jews, 89 Muslims and 1 Christian.[38]
Hadera has grown steadily since 1948, when the city had a population of 11,800. In 1955, the population almost doubled to 22,500. In 1961 it rose to 25,600, in 1972 to 32,200, and in 1983, to 38,700.[37]
The median age in Hadera is 32.8, with 23,200 people 19 years of age or younger, 12.1% between 20 and 29, 14,100 between 30 and 44, 17,600 from 45 to 64, and 9,700, 65 or older.[39] As of 2007[update], there were 37,500 males and 39,200 females.[39]
In 2003, the ethnic makeup was 93.2% Jewish, 0.8% Arab and 6.0% other.[40] In 2000, there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker was ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% throughout 2000. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) compared with ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,584. A total of 1,752 people received unemployment benefits and 6,753 received income supplements. In 2019, the total population was 97,334, of which 91.8% were Jewish and 0.9% were Arab.[40]
Education
Technoda science and technology centerHillel Yaffe Medical Center
In 2001, 15,622 students were studying at 42 schools (24 elementary schools with 7,933 students, and 21 high schools with 7,689 students). A total of 57.5% of 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate.
The Democratic School of Hadera, which opened in 1987, was the first of its kind in Israel. The Technoda, an educational center for science and technology equipped with a state-of-the-art telescope and planetarium, is located in Hadera's Givat Olga neighborhood.[41]
Neighborhoods of Hadera include Givat Olga,[42] Beit Eliezer, Kfar Brandeis, Haotzar, Hephzibah, Neve Haim, Nissan, Ephraim, Bilu, Klarin, Nahaliel, Shimshon, Shlomo, Pe'er, Bialik, Beitar and The Park.
Beit Eliezer [he] - named after Eliezer Kaplan, this neighborhood is in the eastern part of the city. The neighborhood was established in the 1950s. Most of the houses in the neighborhood had small farms, and the residents were mainly immigrants from Romania, Morocco and Yemen.
Neve Haim [he] - named after Haim Arlosoroff, this neighborhood is in the north of the city, and was founded in 1935 as a cooperative association. Most of the houses in the neighborhood had small farms. The center of the neighborhood is the water tower, which is still standing today.
Giv'at Olga - named after Olga Hankin, the wife of the Zionist activist Yehoshua Hankin. It was founded in 1949 around the house Hankin built known as Olga Hankin's House.
Nahaliel [he] - a neighborhood on the northeastern side of the city center. Founded as a separate settlement by immigrants from Yemen and Aden back in 1912, and later annexed to the city.
Ein Hayam - a new neighborhood that was established in the early 2000s in the southwest of the city, south of Givat Olga and north of the Gador nature reserve. [43]
Givat Bilu - a neighborhood of mainly immigrants from Yemen, who arrived after the establishment of the state in the "Operation Magic Carpet".
Heftsiba - a small northern neighborhood, established in 1946. It was originally planned by the Palestine Land Development Company in 1939.[44] The neighborhood is inhabited mainly by immigrants from Yemen. Near it the Heftsiba Farm [HE] is located.
HaOtsar - its land was bought in the beginning of the 20th century by The Jewish Colonial Trust [he] and the name of the neighborhood is derived from the Hebrew name of this trust. In the center of the neighborhood is the "Park Yehoshua" park, named Yehoshua Hankin, who bought the lands for the Trust.
Kfar Brandeis – was founded as a rural village in 1927, and was named after Louis Brandeis. it was integrated into Hadera in 1951. The village retained its independence regarding water issues for many years but now is an integral part of the city.
The city is also represented in the Israeli Beach Soccer League. Its team, Hapoel Hadera, won the championship (under its previous name, Hadera's Princes) in 2008.[45]
In Basketball, Maccabi Hadera's women's basketball team plays in second-tier Liga Leumit, while the club's Maccabi Hadera men's basketball team plays in third tier Liga Artzit.
Notable people
Eldad Amir (born 1961), Olympic competitive sailor
^Irit Zaharoni (1990). Israel, Roots & Routes: A Nation Living in Its Landscape. Ministry of Defense (Israel). p. 288.
^Ya'akov Goldman (1891) [Tammuz 5651 (July-Aug)]. "שאר ישוב". In Ze'ev Yavetz (ed.). מירושלם [Mirushalayim]. Vol. 1. Warsaw: Schuldberg Brothers. p. 13). לנחלת חדֶרי (היא חצור) כבר נעשתה "מֻצְדַקְיָה"
^Through Palestine with the 20th Machine Gun Squadron. London. 1920. p. 113. the Brigade, winding its way through the groves, came out into the pretty little Village of Liktera (a Jewish settlement called by them Hudeira){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abYitzhak Goldhar (1913). "4. הימים שמקיפין את ארץ ישראל.". אדמת קדש [Admat Kodesh]. Frankfurt am Main: Jiddisch Literarische Gesellschaft. pp. 83–84. כמעט באמצע המרחק שבין עין טב ולבין קיסרין במרחק 2½ קילומיטר למערבה של החורבה הנקראת תל דרור היא עיר דאר שבחלק מנשה (ב) נוסדה (בשנת התרנ"א) מושבה של יהודים שקראו לה חֶידֶירֶה ואולם גדרה שמה לראשונה כי המושבה הזאת נבנתה במקום אשר לפנים היתה עיר גדרה של קיסרין הנזכרת בתוספתא שביעית פ"ז: ושאר כל ארצות אוכלין עד שיכלו מבית אל ומגדרה של קיסרין. [...] בגדרה של קיסרין יושבים כעת ארבעים בעלי בתים ולהם שדות וכרמים ובתים טובים. כל שטח אדמתם עולה בערך שלשים אלף דולאם.
^B. Maisler (1934). "Der Distrikt Śrq in den Samarischen Ostraka". The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society: 96–100. Für (A)gdōr = Gedera kommt m.E. kein anderer Punkt so sehr in Betracht, als Tell Ahḍar an der Meeresküste, kaum 7 km. südlich von Caesarea. Tell Ahḍar ist eine ausgedehnte Ruinenstätte, die zahlreiche antike Säulen und sonstige Reste aus römischer Zeit aufweist.
^Barbour, NevillNisi Dominus - A Survey of the Palestine Controversy. First published 1946. The Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut 1969. Reprint series No. 3. p.115
Town in New South Wales, AustraliaFrogmoreNew South WalesFrogmoreCoordinates34°16′S 148°51′E / 34.26°S 148.85°E / -34.26; 148.85Population146 (SAL 2021)[1]Postcode(s)2586[2]Elevation513 m (1,683 ft)Location 64 km (40 mi) SE of Cowra 74 km (46 mi) E of Young 80 km (50 mi) W of Crookwell 125 km (78 mi) WNW of Goulburn 319 km (198 mi) WSW of Sydney LGA(s)Hilltops CouncilCountyKingState ele...
2015 Indian filmAinDirected bySidhartha SivaWritten bySidhartha SivaStarringMusthafaRachana NarayanankuttyCinematographyPrabhathEdited byVineeb KrishnanMusic byRahul RajProductioncompany1:1.3 EntertainmentsRelease date 25 September 2015 (2015-09-25) (Kerala) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Ain is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Sidhartha Siva and starring Musthafa and Rachana Narayanankutty.[1] Set in a Muslim household in Malabar, the fi...
الخزانة الزيدانية معلومات عامة الدولة المغرب (–1612) إسبانيا (1612–) المغرب (16 يوليو 2013–) المالك زيدان الناصر بن أحمد تعديل مصدري - تعديل الخزانة الزيدانية هي مخطوطات تعود لمكتبة السلطان المغربي زيدان الناصر بن أحمد، استولى عليها قراصنة إسبان في عرض مياه المحيط ...
Lambang Peta Data dasar Bundesland: Nordrhein-Westfalen Regierungsbezirk: Arnsberg Ibu kota: Olpe Luas wilayah: 710 km² Penduduk: 142.047 (31 Mei 2005) Kepadatan penduduk: 200 jiwa per km² Pelat kendaraan bermotor: OE Pembagian administratif: 7 Gemeinden Alamat kantor kabupaten: Danziger Straße 257462 Olpe-Biggesee Bupati: Frank Beckehoff (CDU) Peta Olpe adalah sebuah distrik (Landkreis) di Nordrhein-Westfalen, Jerman. lbsNordrhein-WestfalenLandkreise (Distrik)Aachen • Borken • Coesfel...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: A. Magazine – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) A. Magazine was an Asian American-focused magazine published by A.Media, Inc., and headquartered in midtown Manhattan with offices in Los Angeles and San Francisco.[1][2&...
Lupane State UniversityTypePublicEstablished2005LocationLupane, ZimbabweWebsitehttp://www.lsu.ac.zw/ Lupane State University (LSU) was established in 2005 in Lupane, Zimbabwe.[1][2] Facilities Agriculture Business Management Arts References ^ Lupane State University ^ Lupane State University Institutional Profile Archived 2012-08-04 at the Wayback Machine External links Lupane State University website vteUniversities in Zimbabwe Africa University Bindura University of Science ...
Sir Richard Green-Price, 1st Baronet (18 October 1803 – 11 August 1887), was a Welsh Liberal politician. Norton Manor Born Richard Green, he assumed the additional surname of Price as heir to his maternal uncle Richard Price of Norton Manor, Radnorshire. He was returned to Parliament for Radnor in 1863, a seat he held until 1869, and later represented Radnorshire between 1880 and 1885. In 1874 he was created a baronet, of Norton Manor in the parish of Norton in the County of Radnor[1 ...
Municipality in Southeast, BrazilLambariMunicipalityMunicipality of Lambari FlagSealNickname: The city of the virtuous watersMotto: Latin: Hic Sanitas (Here exits health)Location in Minas GeraisLambariLocation in BrazilCoordinates: 21°58′33″S 45°21′00″W / 21.97583°S 45.35000°W / -21.97583; -45.35000Country BrazilRegionSoutheastState Minas GeraisMesoregionSouth and Southwest of Minas GeraisMicroregionSão LourençoIncorporated (municipali...
Shell of marine molluscs from Venezuela Location of Venezuela The marine molluscs of Venezuela are a part of the molluscan fauna of Venezuela. The marine molluscs are the snails, clams and mussels, chitons, octopuses, squid and cuttlefish that live in marine and estuarine habitats. The freshwater and land molluscs are not included in this list. This is a partial list of the marine molluscs of Venezuela. The families are listed alphabetically within the classes. Statistics Class Nº of Familie...
Section of combat during the Second day of the Battle of Gettysburg. This article is about the landform near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. For other uses, see Devil's Den (disambiguation). 39°47′29.421″N 77°14′32.59″W / 39.79150583°N 77.2423861°W / 39.79150583; -77.2423861Devil's DenPart of the Gettysburg CampaignThe struggle for Devil's Den during the battleDateJuly 2, 1863LocationGettysburg, PennsylvaniaResult Union VictoryBelligerents Union Confederate State...
American geophysicist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (December 2021) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and...
The Mexican Records in Swimming are the fastest times ever swum by a swimmer from Mexico. These records are kept/maintained by Mexico's national swimming federation: la Federación Mexicana de Natación (FMN). FMN recognizes records in both long course (50m) and short course (25m) pools,[1] in the following events: freestyle (libre): 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500; backstroke (dorso): 50, 100 and 200; breaststroke (pecho): 50, 100 and 200; butterfly (mariposa): 50, 100 and 200; indiv...
SchweinfurtLo stemma della città di Schweinfurt riprende probabilmente lo stemma della famiglia aristocratica, ma la colorazione attualmente usata non fu delineata precisamente fino al 1773; conseguentemente e i colori possono essere diversi dallo stemma dei Schweinfurt.Stato Regno dei Franchi Orientali Sacro Romano Impero Casata di derivazioneLuitpoldingioppurePopponidi TitoliMargravio di NordgauDuca di Svevia FondatoreBertoldo I Ultimo sovranoOttone di Schweinfurt Data di fondazioneX secol...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Ёж (значения). Обыкновенный ёж Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Челюстноротые...
1998 studio album by GehennaAdimiron BlackStudio album by GehennaReleased1998RecordedSoundsuite Studios,January–February 1998GenreBlack metalLength36:10LabelMoonfog ProductionsProducerGehenna and Terje RefnesGehenna chronology Black Seared Heart(1997) Adimiron Black(1998) Deadlights(1998) Adimiron Black is a full-length album by the Norwegian black metal band Gehenna.[1] It was their Moonfog Productions debut. This recording marked a different sound for the band, as this rec...
Bioma antropogenik (Ellis & Ramankutty 2008) Bioma antropogenik, kadang disebut antroma atau bioma manusia, adalah istilah untuk menyebut biosfer daratan modern yang sudah dipengaruhi manusia menggunakan satuan ekosistem global berdasarkan pola interaksi langsung manusia dengan ekosistem secara global. Selama lebih dari satu abad, biosfer dalam satuan ekosistem global disebut bioma. Bioma adalah jenis tumbuhan seperti hutan hujan tropis dan dataran rumput yang dikenali berkaitan dengan po...
Swiss cyclist Walter BlattmannPersonal informationBorn(1910-06-10)10 June 1910Zürich, SwitzerlandDied1 October 1965(1965-10-01) (aged 55)Zürich, SwitzerlandTeam informationDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams1932–1933Colin–Wolber1938Adler Walter Blattmann (10 June 1910 – 1 October 1965) was a Swiss racing cyclist.[1] He rode in the 1933 Tour de France and finished 9th overall in the 1935 Vuelta a España.[2][3] He also won the 1933 Züri-Metzgete....
Cotegipe Beliggenheten i delstaten Bahia Land BrasilDelstatBahiaInnbyggernavncotegipanoGrunnlagt1820TidssoneUTC-3Retningsnummer77Areal4 018,59 km²Befolkning13 063[1] (2022) Bef.tetthet3,25 innb./km²Høyde o.h.431 meter Cotegipe12°01′40″S 44°15′28″VCotegipe på Commons Cotegipe er en kommune i delstaten Bahia i nordøstregionen av Brasil.[2] Referanser ^ https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/22827-censo-demografico-2022.html?edicao=37225; ...
