Discord is an instant messaging and VoIP social platform which allows communication through voice calls, video calls, text messaging, and media. Communication can be private or take place in virtual communities called "servers".[note 2] A server is a collection of persistent chat rooms and voice channels which can be accessed via invite links. Discord runs on Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, iPadOS, Linux, and in web browsers. As of 2024,[update] the service has about 150 million monthly active users and 19 million weekly active servers.[8] It is primarily used by gamers, although the share of users interested in other topics is growing.[9] As of March 2024,[update] Discord was the 30th most visited website in the world with 22.98% of its traffic coming from the United States.[10][11] In March 2022, Discord employed 600 people globally.[12]
History
The concept of Discord came from Jason Citron, who had founded OpenFeint, a social gaming platform for mobile games,[13] and Stanislav Vishnevskiy, who had founded Guildwork, another social gaming platform. Citron sold OpenFeint to GREE in 2011 for US$104million,[14] which he used to found Hammer & Chisel, a game development studio, in 2012.[15] Their first product was Fates Forever, released in 2014, which Citron anticipated to be the first multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game on mobile platforms, but it did not become commercially successful.[16]
According to Citron, during the development process, he noticed how difficult it was for his team to work out tactics in games like Final Fantasy XIV and League of Legends using available voice over IP (VoIP) software. This led to the development of a chat service with a focus on user friendliness with minimal impact on performance.[16] The name Discord was chosen because it "sounds cool and has to do with talking", was easy to say, spell, remember, and was available for trademark and website. In addition, "Discord in the gaming community" was the problem they wished to solve.[17]
To develop Discord, Hammer & Chisel gained additional funding from YouWeb's 9+ incubator, which had also funded the startup of Hammer & Chisel, and from Benchmark capital and Tencent.[15][18]
Discord was publicly released in May 2015 under the domain name discordapp.com.[19] According to Citron, they made no specific moves to target any specific audience, but some gaming-related subreddits quickly began to replace their IRC links with Discord links.[20] Discord became widely used by esports and LAN tournament gamers. The company benefited from relationships with Twitch streamers and subreddit communities for Diablo and World of Warcraft.[21]
In January 2016, Discord raised an additional $20million in funding, including an investment from WarnerMedia (then TimeWarner).[22] WarnerMedia was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and WarnerMedia Investment Group was shut down in 2019, selling its equity.[23][24]
Microsoft announced in April 2018 that it would provide Discord support for Xbox Live users, allowing them to link their Discord and Xbox Live accounts so that they can connect with their Xbox Live friends list through Discord.[25]
In December 2018, the company announced it had raised $150million in funding at a $2billion valuation. The round was led by Greenoaks Capital with participation from Firstmark, Tencent, IVP, Index Ventures and Technology Opportunity Partners.[26]
Starting in June 2020, Discord announced it was shifting focus away from video gaming specifically to a more all-purpose communication and chat client for all functions, revealing its new slogan "Your place to talk", along with a revised website. Among other planned changes was to reduce the number of gaming in-jokes it used within the client, improving the user onboarding experience, and increasing server capacity and reliability. The company announced it had received an additional $100million in investments to help with these changes.[27]
In March 2021, Discord announced it had hired its first finance chief, former head of finance for Pinterest Tomasz Marcinkowski. An inside source called this one of the first steps for the company towards a potential initial public offering, though co-founder and chief executive officer Jason Citron had stated earlier in the month he was not thinking about taking the company public. Discord doubled its monthly user base to about 140million in 2020.[28] The same month, Bloomberg News and The Wall Street Journal reported that several companies were looking to purchase Discord, with Microsoft named as the likely lead buyer at a value estimated at $10 billion.[29][30] However, they ended talks with Microsoft, opting to stay independent.[31] Instead, Discord launched another round of investment in April 2021.[32] Among those investing into the company was Sony Interactive Entertainment; the company stated that it intended to integrate a portion of Discord's services into the PlayStation Network by 2022.[33][34]
The old Discord wordmark (2015–2021)
In May 2021, Discord rebranded its game controller-shaped logo "Clyde" in celebration of its sixth anniversary.[35][unreliable source?] The company also changed the color palette of its branding and user interfaces, making it much more saturated, to be more "bold and playful". They also changed its slogan from "your place to talk", to "imagine a place", believing that it would be easier to attach to additional taglines; these changes were met with backlash and criticism from Discord users.[36]
In July 2021, Discord acquired Sentropy, an internet moderation company.[37]
Ahead of a funding round in August 2021, Discord had reported $130 million in 2020 revenues, triple from the prior year, and had an estimated valuation of $15 billion. According to Citron, the increased valuation was due to the shift away from "broadcast wide-open social media communication services to more small, intimate places", as well as increased usage from the COVID-19 pandemic. They captured users that were leaving Facebook and other platforms due to privacy concerns.[38] Citron states that they are still in talks with several potential buyers including all major gaming console manufacturers.[38] From this, the company secured an additional $500 million in further investments in September 2021.[39]
In September 2021, Google sent cease and desist notices to the developers of two of the most popular music bots used on Discord–Groovy and Rythm–which were used on an estimated 36million servers in total.[40] These bots allowed users to request and play songs in a voice channel, taking the songs from YouTube ad-free. Two weeks later, Discord partnered with YouTube to test a "Watch Together" feature, which allows Discord users to watch YouTube videos together.[41]
Citron posted mockup images of Discord around the proposed Web3 principles with integrated cryptocurrency and non-fungible token support in November 2021, leading to criticism from its user base. Citron later stated that "We [...] want to clarify we have no plans to ship it at this time."[42]
The CNIL fined Discord €800,000 in November 2022 for being in violation of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The violations found by CNIL were that the application would continue to run in the background after it was closed and would not disconnect the user from a voice chat, as well as allowing users to create passwords that only consist of six characters.[43]
In early 2023, Discord was used to publish classified United States documents in one of the most significant intelligence leaks in recent history. The documents, distributed on a Minecraft Discord server as photos, detailed the state of the Russo-Ukrainian War, surveillance of allied and adversarial nations, and indicated cracks in alliances with nations aligned with the United States.[44][45][46]
In August 2023, Discord cut 4% of its staff, laying off 40 employees as part of a restructuring effort.[47] On December 5, 2023, Discord revamped their mobile app for iOS and Android devices. They added new features such as dark mode for OLED screens, voice messages, and new icons.[48]
After a five-fold increase in employees between 2020 and 2024, the company laid off 17%, or—170 employees, in January 2024.[49]
On April Fool's 2024, Discord accidentally broke the record of the most viewed YouTube video in 24 hours. The cause of this record was the Discord client playing the announcement video on loop in the app itself.[50] However, more than 1.3 billion views were removed 2 days later after YouTube fixed the views count, and no records were broken by the Discord Loot Boxes video.[8]
Features
Discord is centered around managing communities. Communication tools such as voice and video calls, persistent chat rooms, and integrations with other gamer-focused services along with the general ability to send direct messages and create personal groups are present.[51]
Servers
Discord communities are organized into discrete collections of channels called servers. Although they are referred to as servers on the front end, they are called "guilds" in the developer documentation, to distinguish themselves from actual servers.[52] Users can create servers for free, manage their public visibility, and create voice channels, text channels, and categories to sort the channels into.[51] Most servers have a limit of 250,000 members, but this limit can be raised if the server owner contacts Discord.[53]
Users can also create roles and assign them to server members. Roles can, among other things, determine which channels users have access to, change users’ colors, and designate a server's moderation team. The previously largest known Discord server was Snowsgiving 2021, an official Discord-controlled server made for the 2021 winter holiday season. This server reached 1 million members.[54] In 2023, the server for Midjourney reached over 15 million members, making it the largest server on Discord.[55]
Starting October 2017, Discord allows game developers and publishers to verify their servers. Verified servers, like verified accounts on social media sites, have badges to mark them as official communities. A verified server is moderated by its developers' or publishers' own moderation team. Verification was later extended in February 2018 to include esports teams and musical artists.[56][57][58] By the end of 2017, about 450 servers were verified.[59] In 2023, Discord paused their verification program while they performed maintenance. The program has not been reopened as of September 2024.[update][60][better source needed]
Channel types
Channels may be used either for voice chat and streaming or for instant messaging and file sharing, or both.
Discord launched Stage Channels in May 2021, a feature similar to Clubhouse which allows for live, moderated channels, for audio talks, discussions, and other uses, which can further be potentially gated to only invited or ticketed users. Initially, users could search for open Stage Channels relevant to their interests through a Stage Discovery tool, which was discontinued in October 2021.[61][62]
In August 2021, Discord launched Threads, which are temporary text channels that can be set to automatically disappear. This is meant to help foster more communication within servers.[63]
Forum Channels, which allow for longer and separate conversations were introduced to the platform in September 2022. These channels bring an Internet forum experience to Discord.[64]
Discord launched Media Channels in June 2023. Media Channels are restricted to videos and images only.[65]
User profiles
Users register for Discord with an email address and must create a username. Until mid-2023, to allow multiple users to use the same username, each user was assigned a four-digit number called a "discriminator" (colloquially a "Discord tag"), prefixed with "#", which was added to the end of their username.[66] Users who subscribed to Discord Nitro had the ability to change this tag to any four-digit number. This system was ultimately changed to a handle-based system in May 2023, removing the discriminator from usernames.[67] This new system mandated a change of username. Users selected their new usernames in priority based on how early they registered for Discord, Nitro status, and ownership of partner and verified servers.[68] Users criticized the possible impersonation risk that may arise if their previous username was claimed by another user.[69]
In June 2021, Discord added a feature that allows the user to add an about me section to their profile, as well as a custom colored banner at the top of their profile. Subscribers to Discord Nitro have the added ability to upload static or animated images as their banners instead of solid colors.[70]
Video calls and streaming
Video calling and screen sharing were added in October 2017, allowing users to create private video calls with up to 10 users,[71] later increased to 50 due to the increased popularity of video calling during the COVID-19 pandemic.[72]
In August 2019, this was expanded with live streaming channels in servers. A user can share their entire screen, or a specific application, and others in that channel can choose to watch the stream. While these features somewhat mimic the livestreaming capabilities of platforms like Twitch, the company does not plan to compete with these services, as these features were made for small groups.[59]
Digital distribution
In August 2018, Discord launched a games storefront beta, allowing users to purchase a curated set of games through the service.[73] This will include a "First on Discord" featured set of games that their developers attest to Discord's help in getting launched, giving these games 90 days of exclusivity on the Discord marketplace. Discord Nitro subscribers will also gain access to a rotating set of games as part of their subscription, with the price of Nitro being bumped from $4.99 to $9.99 a month.[74][75] A cheaper service called 'Nitro Classic' was also released that has the same perks as Nitro but does not include free games.
Following the launch of the Epic Games Store, which challenged Valve's Steam storefront by only taking a 12% cut of game revenue, Discord announced in December 2018 that it would reduce its own revenue cut to 10%.[76]
To further support developers, starting in March 2019 Discord gave the ability for developers and publishers that ran their own servers to offer their games through a dedicated store channel on their server, with Discord managing the payment processing and distribution. This can be used, for example, to give select users access to alpha- and beta-builds of a game in progress as an early access alternative.[77]
Also in March 2019, Discord removed the digital storefront, instead choosing to focus on the Nitro subscription and having direct sales be done through developer's own servers.[78] In September 2019, Discord announced that it was ending its free game service in October 2019 as they found too few people were playing the games offered.[79]
Developer tools and bots
In December 2016, the company introduced its GameBridge API, which allows game developers to directly integrate with Discord within games.[80]
In December 2017, Discord added a software development kit that allows developers to integrate their games with the service, called "rich presence". This integration is commonly used to allow players to join each other's games through Discord or to display information about a player's game progression in their Discord profile.[81]
Bots are community-made tools to automate tasks. When installed by server owners, they may aid in moderation, host mini games, and perform myriad of other automated tasks. As of 2021,[update] there are around 430,000 total bots active in estimated 30% of all servers. Discord provides official bot APIs which allow custom elements such as dropdowns and buttons. In spring 2022, Discord released an official "app directory" where server owners can add bots to their servers in-Discord. The Verge described bots as an "important part of Discord".[82]
Unofficial extensions
Although Discord disallows modifications,[83] many unofficial extensions have been created. BetterDiscord, for example, is an open-source desktop modification that allows various plugins to be installed. These plugins augment existing functionality or add features that are not offered by Discord. One plugin, for example, allows its users to apply custom skins for free; another plugin allows increasing the volume of a voice-call participant beyond the default.[84][85][86] BetterDiscord has generally been well-received, though PC Gamer has said it is prone to crashes and bugs.[84] According to BetterDiscord's developers, users of the modification are not at risk of being sanctioned by Discord so long as they do not use additional modifications that violate Discord's terms of service.[87]
Infrastructure
Discord is a persistent group chat software, based on an eventually consistent database architecture.[88] Discord was originally built on MongoDB. The infrastructure was migrated to Apache Cassandra when the platform reached a billion messages, then later migrated to ScyllaDB when it reached a trillion messages.[89]
The desktop, web, and iOS apps use React, using React Native on iOS/iPadOS.[1] The Android app was originally written natively, but now shares code with the iOS app.[90] The desktop client is built on the Electron software framework using web technologies, which allows it to be multi-platform and operate as an installed application on personal computers.[91]
While the software itself comes at no cost, the developers investigated ways to monetize it, with potential options including paid customization options such as emoji or stickers.[18]
In January 2017, the first paid subscription and features were released with "Discord Nitro Classic" (originally released as "Discord Nitro"). For a monthly subscription fee of $4.99, users can get an animated avatar, use custom and/or animated[95] emojis across all servers (non-Nitro users can only use custom emoji on the server they were added to), an increased maximum file size on file uploads (from 8 MB to 50 MB), the ability to screen share in higher resolutions, the ability to choose their own discriminator (from #0001 to #9999) and a unique profile badge.[96]
In October 2018, "Discord Nitro" was renamed "Discord Nitro Classic" with the introduction of the new "Discord Nitro", which cost $9.99 and included access to free games through the Discord game store. Monthly subscribers of Discord Nitro Classic at the time of the introduction of the Discord games store were gifted with Discord Nitro, lasting until January 1, 2020, and yearly subscribers of Discord Nitro Classic were gifted with Discord Nitro until January 1, 2021.[74]
In October 2019, Discord ended their free game service with Nitro.[79]
In June 2019, Discord introduced Server Boosts, a way to benefit specific servers by purchasing a "boost" for it, with enough boosts granting various benefits for the users in that particular server. Each boost is a subscription costing $4.99 a month. For example, if a server maintains 2 boosts, it unlocks perks such as a higher maximum audio quality in voice channels and the ability to use an animated server icon. Users with Discord Nitro or Discord Nitro Classic have a 30% discount on server boost costs, with Nitro subscribers specifically also getting 2 free server boosts.[97][98]
Discord began testing digital stickers on its platform in October 2020 for users in Canada. Most stickers cost between $1.50 and $2.25 and are part of Discord's monetization strategy. Discord Nitro subscribers received a free "What's Up Wumpus" sticker pack focused on Discord's mascot, Wumpus.[99] In May 2023, Discord made most stickers free to all users.
In October 2022, the "Discord Nitro Classic" subscription tier was replaced by a $2.99 "Discord Nitro Basic", which features a subset of features from the $9.99 "Nitro" tier.[100]
Discord added Avatar Decorations and Profile Themes in October 2023. Users can purchase animated decorations for their profiles from Discord's Shop.[101][102]
Another way Discord makes money is through a 10% commission as the distribution fee from all games sold through game developers' verified servers.[103]
Reception
By January 2016, Hammer & Chisel reported Discord had been used by 3million people, with growth of 1million per month, reaching 11million users in July that year.[22][104] By December 2016, the company reported it had 25million users worldwide.[80] By the end of 2017, the service had drawn nearly 90million users, with roughly 1.5million new users each week.[105] With the service's third anniversary, Discord stated that it had 130million unique registered users.[106][107] The company observed that while the bulk of its servers are used for gaming-related purposes, a small number have been created by users for non-gaming activities, like stock trading, fantasy football, and other shared interest groups.[59]
In May 2016, one year after the software's release, Tom Marks, writing for PC Gamer, described Discord as the best VoIP service available.[19]Lifehacker has praised Discord's interface, ease of use, and platform compatibility.[108]
In 2021, Discord had at least 350million registered users across its web and mobile platforms.[109] It was used by 56million people every month, sending a total of 25billion messages per month.[110] By June 2020, the company reported it had 100million active users each month.[27] As of 2021,[update] the service has over 140million monthly active users.[109]
Criticisms and controversies
Cyberbullying and moderation
Discord has had problems with hostile behavior and abuse within chats, with some communities of chat servers being "raided" (a large number of users joining a server) by other communities. This includes flooding chats with controversial topics related to race, religion, politics, and pornography.[111] Discord has stated that it has plans to implement changes that would "rid the platform of the issue".[112]
Discord has a Trust and Safety department, where they respond to user reports.[59][105] However, because Discord is centered around private communities, it is difficult to research on its effectiveness.[113] A study published in New Media & Society criticized Discord's offloading of server search functions to unmoderated third-party apps, saying that it facilitates hateful communities to find new audience.[113]
In January 2018, The Daily Beast reported that it found several Discord servers that were specifically engaged in distributing revenge porn and facilitating real-world harassment of the victims of these images and videos. Such actions are against Discord's terms of service and Discord shut down servers and banned users identified from these servers.[114]
Data privacy
In September 2024, the Federal Trade Commission released a report summarizing 9 company responses (including from Discord) to orders made by the agency pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 to provide information about user and non-user data collection (including of children and teenagers) and data use by the companies that found that the companies' user and non-user data practices put individuals vulnerable to identity theft, stalking, unlawful discrimination, emotional distress and mental health issues, social stigma, and reputational harm.[115][116][117]
Use by extremist users and groups
Discord gained popularity with the alt-right due to the pseudonymity and privacy offered by Discord's service. Analyst Keegan Hankes from the Southern Poverty Law Center stated:
It's pretty unavoidable to be a leader in this [alt-right] movement without participating in Discord.[118][119]
Citron stated that servers found to be engaged in illegal activities or violations of the terms of service would be shut down, but would not disclose any examples.[120]
Following the violent events that occurred during the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 12, 2017, it was found that Discord had been used to plan and organize the white nationalist rally. This included participation by Richard Spencer and Andrew Anglin, high-level figures in the movement.[118] Discord responded by closing servers that supported the alt-right and far-right, and banning users who had participated.[121] Discord's executives condemned "white supremacy" and "neo-Nazism", and said that these groups "are not welcome on Discord".[118] Discord has worked with the Southern Poverty Law Center to identify hateful groups using Discord and ban those groups from the service.[122] Since then, several neo-Nazi and alt-right servers have been shut down by Discord, including those operated by neo-Nazi terrorist group Atomwaffen Division, Nordic Resistance Movement, Iron March, and European Domas.[123]
In March 2019, the media collective Unicorn Riot published the contents of a Discord server used by several members of the white nationalist group Identity Evropa who were also members of the United States Armed Forces.[124] Unicorn Riot has since published member lists and contents of several dozen servers connected to alt-right, white supremacist, and other such movements.
In January 2021, two days after the U.S. Capitol attack, Discord deleted the pro-Donald Trump server The Donald, "due to its overt connection to an online forum used to incite violence, plan an armed insurrection in the United States, and spread harmful misinformation related to 2020 U.S. election fraud", while stating that there was no evidence the server was used to organize the attack on the Capitol building. The server had been used by former members of the r/The_Donaldsubreddit, which Reddit had deleted several months previous.[125]
In May 2022, Payton S. Gendron was named as the suspect in a race-driven mass shooting in Buffalo, New York, that killed ten people. It was reported that Gendron used a private Discord server as a diary for weeks as he prepared for the attack. Approximately 30 minutes before the shooting, several users were invited by Gendron to view the server and read the messages. The messages were later published on 4chan. Discord told the press that the server was deleted by moderators shortly after the shooting.[128] The New York state attorney general's office announced an investigation of Discord among other online services in the wake of the shooting to determine if they had taken enough steps to prevent such content from being broadcast on their services, with which Discord said they would comply.[129]
In July 2018, Discord updated its terms of service to ban drawn pornography with underage subjects.[130] Some Discord users subsequently criticized the moderation staff for selectively allowing "cub" content, or underage pornographic furry artwork, under the same guidelines. The staff held that "cub porn" was separate from lolicon and shotacon, being "allowable as long as it is tagged properly".[130] After numerous complaints from the community, Discord amended its community guidelines in February 2019 to include "non-humanoid animals and mythological creatures as long as they appear to be underage" in its list of disallowed categories, in addition to announcing periodic transparency reports to better communicate with users.[131]
In June 2023, NBC News reported that they had identified 35 cases of adults being charged with "kidnapping, grooming, or sexual assault" that allegedly involved the platform. They additionally discovered 165 cases of prosecution for the sharing of child sexual exploitation material on the platform.[132]
In March 2024, a joint investigation by The Washington Post, Wired, Der Spiegel and Recorder outlined the extensive child grooming, sexual abuse (including sextortion) and murder conducted by a group known as 764 on Discord. The investigation linked 764 and its associated groups and servers to cases in Germany, United States and Romania, going as far back as April 2021. Discord's representative stated that the service filed hundreds of reports, in addition to removing over 34,000 accounts associated with the group.[133][134]
Bans
On January 27, 2021, Discord banned the r/WallStreetBets server during the GameStop short squeeze, citing "hateful and discriminatory content", which users found contentious.[135] One day later, Discord allowed another server to be created and began assisting with moderation on it.[136]
Censorship
In September 2024, according to Russian media Kommersant, Russian regulator Roskomnadzor was planning to block the platform.[137] Russian regulator Roskomnadzor demanded that the platform remove 947 posts containing illegal content and imposed a 3.5 million roubles (USD$37,493) fine.[138] On 8 October 2024, Russia officially blocked Discord.[139]
"We decided early on to store all chat history forever so users can come back at any time and have their data available on any device.""We setup our code to double read/write to MongoDB and Cassandra." "Since Cassandra is eventually consistent it cannot just delete data immediately."
^"Apps Built on Electron". electron.atom.io. February 3, 2016. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^Vass, Jozsef (September 10, 2018). "How Discord Handles Two and Half Million Concurrent Voice Users using WebRTC". discord.com. Heading: Operating at Scale. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022. Discord Gateway and Discord Guilds are running at Google Cloud Platform. We are running more than 850 voice servers in 13 regions (hosted in more than 30 data centers) all over the world.
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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (سبتمبر 2018) إدارة التغذية، والتي تُعرف أيضًا بإدارة الخدمات الغذائية، هي توفير الخيارات الغذائية للأفراد والجماعات مع الاهتمام بالحمية الغذائية من خلال الإشراف على ال
Article principal : Peine de mort aux États-Unis. Pénitencier fédéral de Terre Haute, seul établissement fédéral où sont exécutées les peines capitales. La peine de mort fédérale des États-Unis est effective sur la totalité du territoire américain et concerne les crimes dits « fédéraux », par exemple le meurtre lorsqu'il est lié à des activités que le gouvernement fédéral peut règlementer, à savoir un délit relevant du droit et des juridictions fédé...
Мозолевський Борис Миколайович Борис Мозолевський Борис МозолевськийНародився 4 лютого 1936(1936-02-04)с. Миколаївка, Веселинівський район, Миколаївська областьПомер 13 вересня 1993(1993-09-13) (57 років)м. КиївПоховання Байкове кладовищеКраїна СРСР УкраїнаНаціональність украї...
Eugène DelacroixEugène Delacroix (portrait oleh Nadar)LahirFerdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix(1798-04-26)26 April 1798Charenton (Santa-Maurice, Val-de-Marne), Île-de-France, PrancisMeninggal13 Agustus 1863(1863-08-13) (umur 65)Paris, PrancisKebangsaanPrancisDikenal atasLukisan, LitografiKarya terkenalLiberty Leading the People, 1830Gerakan politikRomantisisme Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 Agustus 1863) adalah seorang pelukis berkebangsaan Pranc...
Louis praying, from the Heures de Louis de Laval Louis de Laval (1411 – 21 August 1489) was a French nobleman, soldier, politician and bibliophile. Life A member of the House of Laval, Louis was born in 1411.[1] He was the third son of the Baroness Anne de Laval and Baron Guy XIII.[2] He inherited the lordship of Châtillon-en-Vendelais in the barony of Vitré.[3] He also acquired the castle of Comper and the lordship of Frinandour [fr].[1] When ...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Galangan kapal Buenos Aires pada tahun 1915. Sejarah ekonomi Argentina merupakan salah satu yang paling dikaji oleh para ekonom akibat Paradoks Argentina: Argentina pernah menjadi negara yang tergolong maju pada awal abad ke-20, tetapi kemudian mengal...
NFL team season 1998 Detroit Lions seasonOwnerWilliam Clay Ford, Sr.General managerChuck SchmidtHead coachBobby RossHome fieldPontiac SilverdomeResultsRecord5–11Division place4th NFC CentralPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro Bowlers 3 RB Barry SandersDT Luther EllissDE Robert Porcher AP All-Pros 1 RB Barry Sanders (2nd team) Uniform ← 1997 Lions seasons 1999 → The 1998 Detroit Lions season was their 69th in the league. The team failed to improve upon their previous ...
Giải bóng đá vô địch U17 Quốc gia 2016Giải bóng đá vô địch U17 Quốc gia - Cúp Thái Sơn Nam 2016Chi tiết giải đấuQuốc gia Việt NamThời gian25 tháng 5 đến 18 tháng 8 năm 2016Số đội23Vị trí chung cuộcVô địchU17 Đồng ThápÁ quânVPFHạng baU17 Hà Nội T&T U17 ViettelThống kê giải đấuVua phá lướiTrương Tiến Anh (Viettel)Ngô Huỳnh Tấn Tài (PVF) cùng (7 bàn thắng)Cầu thủxuất sắc nhấtTrần C...
English mathematician and astronomer James Whitbread Lee GlaisherBorn(1848-11-05)5 November 1848Lewisham, EnglandDied7 December 1928(1928-12-07) (aged 80)CambridgeAlma materTrinity College, CambridgeKnown forGlaisher's theoremGlaisher–Kinkelin constantScientific careerFieldsMathematics, Astronomy James Whitbread Lee Glaisher FRS FRSE FRAS (5 November 1848, Lewisham[1] – 7 December 1928, Cambridge), son of James Glaisher and Cecilia Glaisher, was a prolific English m...
ГородХорогтадж. Хоруғ Герб 37°29′35″ с. ш. 71°33′12″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Таджикистан Область Горно-Бадахшанская автономная область Внутреннее деление 10 махаллей Мэр Назарзода Ризо История и география Город с 1932 Высота НУМ 2060-2070[1] м Часовой пояс UTC+5:00 Население...
Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 1960 Datos básicosNombre oficial Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 1960Ubicación Cannes, FranciaEdiciónDías de duración Del 4 al 20 de mayo Cronología Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 1959 Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 1960 Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes de 1961 Página oficial[editar datos en Wikidata] La 13.ª edición del Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes se desarrolló ent...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Свободный университет. У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Брюссельский свободный университет. Брюссельский свободный университет(Vrije Universiteit Brussel) Девиз scientia vincere tenebras (победить тьму наукой) Год основания 1970 Р...
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