Web browser

A web browser (Safari) displaying a web page

A web browser is an application for accessing websites. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's screen. Browsers are used on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. By 2020, an estimated 4.9 billion people had used a browser.^[1] The most-used browser is Google Chrome, with a 67% global market share on all devices, followed by Safari with 18%.^[2]

A web browser is not the same thing as a search engine, though the two are often confused.^[3][4] A search engine is a website that provides links to other websites. However, to connect to a website's server and display its web pages, a user must have a web browser installed.^[5] In some technical contexts, browsers are referred to as user agents.

Function

Navigating to English Wikipedia using a web browser (Firefox)

The purpose of a web browser is to fetch content and display it on the user's device.^[6] This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), such as https://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. Virtually all URLs on the Web start with either http: or https: which means they are retrieved with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). For secure mode (HTTPS), the connection between the browser and web server is encrypted, providing a secure and private data transfer.^[7]

Web pages usually contain hyperlinks to other pages and resources. Each link contains a URL, and when it is clicked or tapped, the browser navigates to the new resource. Most browsers use an internal cache of web page resources to improve loading times for subsequent visits to the same page. The cache can store many items, such as large images, so they do not need to be downloaded from the server again. Cached items are usually only stored for as long as the web server stipulates in its HTTP response messages.^[8][9]

Privacy

Further information: Web tracking

During the course of browsing, cookies received from various websites are stored by the browser. Some of them contain login credentials or site preferences.^[10] However, others are used for tracking user behavior over long periods of time, so browsers typically provide a section in the menu for deleting cookies.^[10] Finer-grained management of cookies usually requires a browser extension.^[11]

History

Main article: History of the web browser

The first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, was created in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.^[12][13] He then recruited Nicola Pellow to write the Line Mode Browser, which displayed web pages on dumb terminals.^[14] The Mosaic web browser was released in April 1993, and was later credited as the first web browser to find mainstream popularity.^[15][16] Its innovative graphical user interface made the World Wide Web easy to navigate and thus more accessible to the average person. This, in turn, sparked the Internet boom of the 1990s, when the Web grew at a very rapid rate.^[16] The lead developers of Mosaic then founded the Netscape corporation, which released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994. Navigator quickly became the most popular browser.^[17]

Microsoft debuted Internet Explorer in 1995, leading to a browser war with Netscape. Within a few years, Microsoft gained a dominant position in the browser market for two reasons: it bundled Internet Explorer with its popular Windows operating system and did so as freeware with no restrictions on usage. The market share of Internet Explorer peaked at over 95% in the early 2000s.^[18] In 1998, Netscape launched what would become the Mozilla Foundation to create a new browser using the open-source software model. This work evolved into the Firefox browser, first released by Mozilla in 2004. Firefox's market share peaked at 32% in 2010.^[19] Apple released its Safari browser in 2003; it remains the dominant browser on Apple devices, though it did not become popular elsewhere.^[20]

Google debuted its Chrome browser in 2008, which steadily took market share from Internet Explorer and became the most popular browser in 2012.^[21][22] Chrome has remained dominant ever since.^[2] By 2015, Microsoft replaced Internet Explorer with Edge for the Windows 10 release.^[23]

Since the early 2000s, browsers have greatly expanded their HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and multimedia capabilities. One reason has been to enable more sophisticated websites, such as web apps. Another factor is the significant increase of broadband connectivity in many parts of the world, enabling people to access data-intensive content, such as streaming HD video on YouTube, that was not possible during the era of dial-up modems.^[24]

Browser market

See also: Usage share of web browsers

Google Chrome has been the dominant browser since the mid-2010s and currently has a 67% global market share on all devices.^[2] The vast majority of its source code comes from Google's open-source Chromium project;^[25] this code is also the basis for many other browsers, including Microsoft Edge, currently in third place with about a 5% share,^[2] as well as Samsung Internet and Opera in fifth and sixth places respectively with over 2% market share each.^[2]

The other two browsers in the top four are made from different codebases. Safari, based on Apple's WebKit code, is the second most popular web browser and is dominant on Apple devices, resulting in an 18% global share.^[2] Firefox, in fourth place, with about 3% market share,^[2] is based on Mozilla's code. Both of these codebases are open-source, so a number of small niche browsers are also made from them.

Features

The most popular browsers share many features in common. They automatically log users' browsing history, unless the users turn off their browsing history or use the non-logging private mode. They also allow users to set bookmarks, customize the browser with extensions, and can manage user passwords.^[26] Some provide a sync service^[27] and web accessibility features.^[28]

Traditional browser arrangement has user interface features above page content.

Common user interface (UI) features:

• Allowing the user to have multiple pages open at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window.
• Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous page visited or forward to the next one.
• A refresh or reload and a stop button to reload and cancel loading the current page. (In most browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload button.)
• A home button to return to the user's home page.
• An address bar to input the URL of a page and display it, and a search bar to input queries into a search engine. (In most browsers, the search bar is merged with the address bar.)

While mobile browsers have similar UI features as desktop versions, the limitations of touch screens require mobile UIs to be simpler.^[29] The difference is significant for users accustomed to keyboard shortcuts.^[30] The most popular desktop browsers also have sophisticated web development tools.^[31]

Security

Main article: Browser security

Web browsers are popular targets for hackers, who exploit security holes to steal information, destroy files, and other malicious activities. Browser vendors regularly patch these security holes, so users are strongly encouraged to keep their browser software updated. Other protection measures are antivirus software and being aware of scams.^[32]

See also

• Comparison of web browsers
• History of the World Wide Web
• Timeline of web browsers

References

1. "World Internet Users Statistics and 2019 World Population Stats". www.internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
2. "Browser Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
3. What is a Browser?. Google (on YouTube). 30 April 2009. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Less than 8% of people who were interviewed on this day knew what a browser was.
4. "What is the difference between the internet, browsers, search engines and websites?". Mozilla. 17 June 2021. Let's start by breaking down the differences between the internet, browsers, search engine, and websites. Lots of us get these four things confused with each other.
5. Manasa, D. (19 July 2011). "Difference Between Search Engine and Browser". differencebetween.net.
6. "What Is the Purpose of a Web Browser?". 4 August 2015.
7. "What is HTTP and how does it work? Hypertext Transfer Protocol Definition". WhatIs.com.
8. Nguyen, Hoai Viet; Lo Iacono, Luigi; Federrath, Hannes (3 October 2018). "Systematic Analysis of Web Browser Caches". Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Web Studies. WS.2 2018. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 64–71. doi:10.1145/3240431.3240443. ISBN 978-1-4503-6438-6.
9. Mishra, Vikas; Laperdrix, Pierre; Rudametkin, Walter; Rouvoy, Romain (1 April 2021). "Déjà vu: Abusing Browser Cache Headers to Identify and Track Online Users". Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies. 2021 (2): 391–406. doi:10.2478/popets-2021-0033. hdl:20.500.12210/57495. ISSN 2299-0984.
10. "Tracking Cookies: What They Are, and How They Threaten Your Privacy". Tom's Guide. 16 September 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
11. "Alternatives to Cookie AutoDelete extension". AlternativeTo. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
12. "Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client". World Wide Web Consortium.
13. Stewart, William. "Web Browser History". Archived from the original on 20 January 2011.
14. Gillies, James; Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 0192862073.
15. Calore, Michael (22 April 2010). "April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
16. "Bloomberg Game Changers: Marc Andreessen". Bloomberg. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
17. Enzer, Larry (31 August 2018). "The Evolution of the Web Browsers". Monmouth Web Developers. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
18. Baker, Loren (24 November 2004). "Mozilla Firefox Internet Browser Market Share Gains to 7.4%". Search Engine Journal.
19. Routley, Nick (20 January 2020). "Internet Browser Market Share (1996–2019)". Visual Capitalist. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
20. "StatCounter August 2011 data". Retrieved 8 May 2021.
21. "Internet Explorer usage to plummet below 50 percent by mid-2012" (JPEG). Digital Trends. 3 September 2011.
22. "StatCounter April-May 2012 data". Retrieved 8 May 2021.
23. Gibbs, Samuel (19 March 2018). "Windows 10: Microsoft is looking to force people to use its Edge browser". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
24. "Dial-Up Internet Today: Understanding Its Lasting Influence". SimeonOnSecurity. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
25. Google (2 September 2008). "Welcome to Chromium". Retrieved 28 April 2021.
26. Balaban, David (17 February 2021). "Password Manager Comparison: Top Password Managers for 2021". eWEEK. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
27. Ioannou, Pantelina; Athanasopoulos, Elias (1 July 2023). "Been Here Already? Detecting Synchronized Browsers in the Wild". 2023 IEEE 8th European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P). IEEE. pp. 913–927. doi:10.1109/EuroSP57164.2023.00058. ISBN 978-1-6654-6512-0.
28. "Accessibility: What users can do to browse more safely - Accessibility | MDN". developer.mozilla.org. 17 April 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
29. Lee, Simon (29 March 2019). "The Limitations Of Touch Interfaces". Glance. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
30. "Chrome keyboard shortcuts". Google Inc. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
31. "Browsers are the new IDE for Web Development". devworks.thinkdigit.com. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012.
32. "Simple Steps for Internet Safety". fbi.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

External links

• Media related to Web browsers at Wikimedia Commons