Not to be confused with East Turkestan. For the Chinese province-level division that corresponds to the general region, see Xinjiang.
A 1901 map showing the areas around Chinese Turkestan.
Chinese Turkestan, also spelled Chinese Turkistan,[1] is a geographical term or historical region corresponding to the region of the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang (south of the Tian Shan mountain range) or Xinjiang as a whole[2][3] which was under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. It is considered a part of the Chinese Tartary that covered the Inner Asian regions ruled by the Qing dynasty. The Europeans commonly used this term especially during the period of the Qing dynasty to denote the division of Turkestan into territories controlled by the Chinese and the Russians, with the latter controlling Russian Turkestan in the west.
The term “Chinese Turkestan” or “Chinese Turkistan” was commonly used by Europeans during the period of the Qing dynasty to specifically refer to the region (as a part of Chinese Tartary that was ruled by Qing China), while the Chinese often called this region Tian Shan Nan Lu (Chinese: 天山南路), meaning the area in Xinjiang south of the Tian Shan Mountains. The term "Chinese Turkestan" (or "Chinese Turkistan") can also refer to Xinjiang as a whole in some sources,[2][3] and the term was also sometimes used by Qing officials in English-language writings. It gradually lost popularity in the 20th century worldwide after the fall of the Qing dynasty, although it was still being used in various publications during the eras when the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China ruled the region.[7][8] During the 20th century, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang (Dzungaria and Southern Xinjiang) or for a future independent state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, whereas others typically use the name "Xinjiang" to refer to the autonomous region of China. As a result, the term "Chinese Turkestan" (or "Chinese Turkistan") has largely been replaced by other terms nowadays, although it retains a certain degree of relevance.[9]
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