Braccae

Not to be confused with Braies.

Bare-backed Goth warrior on the Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus wearing braccae, baggy knickerbockers, first used by the Celts and then extended to the other barbarian tribes

Braccae is the Latin term for "trousers", and in this context is today used to refer to a style of trousers made from wool. According to the Romans, this style of clothing originated from the Gauls.^[1]

Braccae were typically made with a drawstring, and tended to reach from just above the knee at the shortest, to the ankles at the longest, with length generally increasing in tribes living further north.

For the Romans, to encircle the legs and thighs with fasciae, or bands, was understood, in the time of Pompey and Horace, to be a proof of ill health and effeminacy.^[2] Roman men typically wore tunics, which were one-piece outfits terminating at or above the knee.

Etymology

The word originates from the Gaulish bhrāg-ikā, after going through a process of syncopation it gave rise to braca "trouser, pants".^[3]

Chained Germanic tribesman, 2nd century A.D. Bronze. The prisoner wears braccae that were typical for the Germanic tribes. His hair is tied in a Suebian knot.

The word is cognate with the English breeches. It appears to derive from the Indo-European root *bhrg- "break", here apparently used in the sense "divide", "separate", as in Scottish Gaelic briogais ("trousers"), in Breton bragoù ("pants"), in Irish bríste^[4] ("trousers"), brycan/brogau in Welsh and in Dutch broek ("trousers"). The Celtic form may have first passed to the Etruscan language, which did not distinguish between the [k] and [g] sounds. Transition through Etruscan accounts for the Greek amorge being rendered as Latin amurca, Greek κυβερνἂν (kubernân) as Latin gubernare.

References

1. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica
2. Gibbon, Edward (1837). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Harper & brothers. p. 175. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
3. Delamarre, Xavier (2008). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (in French). Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
4. "Bríste". Teanglann. Foras na Gaeilge. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

Bibliography

• Collis, John (2003). The Celts: Origins, Myths, Inventions, Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2
• Wells, Peter S (2001). Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians, Duckworth Debates in Archaeology. ISBN 0-7156-3036-9
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British, Constable & Robinson.
• Hazel Dodge, Peter Connolly: Die antike Stadt. Ein Leben in Athen und Rom. ISBN 978-3829011044. Kapitel Kleidung.
• August Mau: Ἀναξυρίδες. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band I, 2, Stuttgart 1893ff., Sp. 2100 f.
• James Yates: Bracae. In: William Smith: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. John Murray, London 1875, S. 213 (online)