It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to make a basicsolution.
It is commonly available in powder or granular form and has many industrial and household uses, including as a pesticide, as a metal soldering flux, as a component of glass, enamel, and pottery glazes, for tanning of skins and hides, for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against wood fungus, and as a pharmaceutic alkalizer. In chemical laboratories, it is used as a buffering agent.[1][8]
The terms tincal and tincar refer to native borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia.[9]
History
Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet. Native tincal from Tibet, Persia, and other parts of Asia was traded via the Silk Road to the Arabian Peninsula in the 8th century AD.[9]
The English word borax is Latinized: the Middle English form was boras, from Old Frenchboras, bourras. That may have been from Medieval Latinbaurach (another English spelling), borac(-/um/em), borax, along with Spanishborrax (> borraj) and Italianborrace, in the 9th century, and from Arabicburaq (بورق) as mentioned for example in kitab al-tabikh of Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq.
The words tincal and tincar were adopted into English in the 17th century from Malaytingkal and from Urdu/PersianArabicتنکار tinkār/tankār; thus the two forms in English. These all appear to be related to the Sanskritटांकणṭānkaṇa.[12][13]
Chemistry
From the chemical perspective, borax contains the [B4O5(OH)4]2− ion. In this structure, there are two four-coordinate boron centers and two three-coordinate boron centers.
It is a proton conductor at temperatures above 21 °C. Conductivity is maximum along the b-axis.[14]
Borax is also easily converted to boric acid and other borates, which have many applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is:
Molten borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses. This property is important for its uses in metallurgy and for the borax bead test of qualitative chemical analysis.
Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; however, it is notably insoluble in ethanol.[1]
The term borax properly refers to the so-called "decahydrate" Na2B4O7·10H2O, but that name is not consistent with its structure. It is actually octahydrate. The anion is not tetraborate[B4O7]2− but tetrahydroxy tetraborate[B4O5(OH)4]2−,[14] so the more correct formula should be Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O. However, the term may be applied also to the related compounds. Borax "pentahydrate" has the formula Na2B4O7·5H2O, which is actually a trihydrate Na2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O. It is a colorless solid with a density of 1.880 kg/m3 that crystallizes from water solutions above 60.8 °C in the rhombohedral crystal system. It occurs naturally as the mineral tinkhanite.[17] It can be obtained by heating the decahydrate above 61 °C.[18] Borax "dihydrate" has the formula Na2B4O7·2H2O, which is actually anhydrous, with the correct formula Na2B4O5(OH)4. It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" or "pentahydrate" to above 116-120 °C. [18] Anhydrous borax is sodium tetraborate proper, with formula Na2B4O7. It can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 °C.[18] It has one amorphous (glassy) form and three crystalline forms – α, β, and γ, with melting points of 1015, 993 and 936 K respectively. α-Na2B4O7 is the stable form.[18]
Naturally occurring borax (known by the trade name Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is refined by a process of recrystallization.[20]
Uses
Borax is used in pest control solutions because it is toxic to ants. Because it is slow-acting, worker ants will carry the borax to their nests and poison the rest of the colony.[21]
Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to make buffers, e.g. for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, such as TBE buffer (borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium)[26][27] or the newer SB buffer or BBS buffer (borate buffered saline) in coating procedures. Borate buffers (usually at pH 8) are also used as preferential equilibration solutions in dimethyl pimelimidate (DMP) based crosslinking reactions.[citation needed]
Borax as a source of borate has been used to take advantage of the co-complexing ability of borate with other agents in water to form complex ions with various substances. Borate and a suitable polymer bed are used to chromatograph non-glycatedhemoglobin differentially from glycated hemoglobin (chiefly HbA1c), which is an indicator of long-term hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.
Borax alone does not have a high affinity for hardness cations, although it has been used for water-softening. Its chemical equation for water-softening is given below:
In artisanal gold mining, borax is sometimes used as part of a process known as the borax method (as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the gold extraction process, although it cannot directly replace mercury. Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s.[30][31] There is evidence that, in addition to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves better gold recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive. This borax method is used in northern Luzon in the Philippines, but miners have been reluctant to adopt it elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood.[32] The method has also been promoted in Bolivia[33] and Tanzania.[34]
Borax, given the E numberE285, is used as a food additive but this use is banned in some countries, such as Australia, China, Thailand and the United States.[37] As a consequence, certain foods, such as caviar, produced for sale in the United States contain higher levels of salt to assist preservation.[38] In addition to its use as a preservative, borax imparts a firm, rubbery texture to food. In China, borax (Chinese: 硼砂; pinyin: péng shā or Chinese: 月石; pinyin: yuè shí) has been found in foods including wheat and rice noodles named lamian (Chinese: 拉面; pinyin: lāmiàn), shahe fen (Chinese: 沙河粉; pinyin: shāhéfěn), char kway teow (Chinese: 粿條; pinyin: guǒ tiáo), and chee cheong fun (Chinese: 肠粉; pinyin: chángfěn)[clarification needed][39] In Indonesia, it is a common, but forbidden,[40] additive to such foods as noodles, bakso (meatballs), and steamed rice. When consumed with boric acid, numerous studies have demonstrated a negative[clarification needed] association between borax and various types of cancers.[41] Boric acid and borax are low in toxicity for acute oral exposures, at approximately the same acute toxicity as salt. The average dose for asymptomatic ingestion cases, which accounts for 88% of all ingestions, is around 0.9 grams. However, the range of reported asymptomatic doses is wide, from 0.01 to 88.8 g.[42]
Pulverized for the prevention of stubborn pests (e.g. German cockroaches) in closets, pipe and cable inlets, wall panelling gaps, and inaccessible locations where ordinary pesticides are undesirable[47]
In particle physics as an additive to nuclear emulsion, to extend the latent image lifetime of charged particle tracks. The first observation of the pion, which was awarded the 1950 Nobel Prize, used this type of emulsion.[59][60]
Toxicity
According to one study, borax is not acutely toxic. Its LD50 (median lethal dose) score is tested at 2.66 g/kg in rats, meaning that a significant dose of the chemical is needed to cause severe symptoms or death. The lethal dose is not necessarily the same for humans. On pesticide information websites it is listed as a non-lethal compound and of no hazardous concerns.
Borax has been in use as an insecticide in the United States with various restrictions since 1946. All restrictions were removed in February 1986 due to the low toxicity of borax, as reported in two EPA documents relating to boric acid and borax.[61][62]
EPA has determined that, because they are of low toxicity and occur naturally, boric acid and its sodium salts should be exempted from the requirement of a tolerance (maximum residue limit) for all raw agricultural commodities.[61]
Although it cited inconclusive data, a re-evaluation in 2006 by the EPA still found that "There were no signs of toxicity observed during the study and no evidence of cytotoxicity to the target organ."[63] In the reevaluation, a study of toxicity due to overexposure was checked and the findings were that "The residential handler inhalation risks due to boric acid and its sodium salts as active ingredients are not a risk concern and do not exceed the level of concern..." but that there could be some risk of irritation to children inhaling it if used as a powder for cleaning rugs.
Overexposure to borax dust can cause respiratory irritation, while no skin irritation is known to exist due to external borax exposure. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal distress including nausea, persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Effects on the vascular system and human brain include headaches and lethargy but are less frequent. In severe cases, a "beefy" red rash affecting the palms, soles, buttocks and scrotum has occurred. [64]
The Indonesian Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of liver cancer with high consumption of borax over a period of 5–10 years.[58]
Borax was added to the Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate list is part of the EU Regulations on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 2006 (REACH), and the addition was based on the revised classification of borax as toxic for reproduction category 1B under the CLP Regulations. Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which contain borax are now required to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fertility" and "May damage the unborn child".[65] It was proposed for addition to REACH Annex XIV by the ECHA on July 1, 2015.[66] If this recommendation is approved, all imports and uses of borax in the EU will have to be authorized by the ECHA.[needs update]
A review of the boron toxicity (as boric acid and borates) published in 2012 in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health concluded: "It clearly appears that human B [boron] exposures, even in the highest exposed cohorts, are too low to reach the blood (and target tissue) concentrations that would be required to exert adverse effects on reproductive functions."[67] A draft risk assessment released by Health Canada in July 2016 has found that overexposure to boric acid has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive health effects. Since people are already exposed to boric acid naturally through their diets and water, Health Canada advised that exposure from other sources should be reduced as much as possible, especially for children and pregnant women.
The concern is not with any one product, but rather multiple exposures from a variety of sources. With this in mind, the department also announced that certain pesticides that contain boric acid, which are commonly used in homes, will have their registrations cancelled and be phased out of the marketplace. As well, new, more protective label directions are being introduced for other boric acid pesticides that continue to be registered in Canada (for example, enclosed bait stations and spot treatments using gel formulations).[68]
Footnotes
^It is also written as Na2B4O7·10H2O, which shows that it is a decahydrated tetraborate
^Levy, H. A.; Lisensky, G. C. (1978). "Crystal structures of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Glauber's salt) and sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax). Redetermination by neutron diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 34 (12): 3502–3510. Bibcode:1978AcCrB..34.3502L. doi:10.1107/S0567740878011504.
^"American Borax Production". Scientific American. Vol. 37, no. 12. September 22, 1877. pp. 184–185. JSTOR26062263.. The article states that the distance between Columbus, Nevada and Wadsworth, Nevada is "about 360 miles" whereas today the distance on modern roads is about 160 miles.
^Hildebrand, G. H. (1982) "Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith." San Diego: Howell-North Books. p. 267 ISBN0-8310-7148-6
^Chemical Age of India, Vol. 37, No.10 & 11 (1976)
^ abS.Maričić, V.Pravdić, and Z.Veksli (1962): "Proton conductivity in borax, Na2[B4O5(OH)4]-8H2O".Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, volume 23, issue 11, pages 1651-1659. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(62)90248-2
^Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000), Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis (6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall, ISBN0-582-22628-7
^Mehmet Akgül and Osman Çamlıbe (2021) "The use of borax pentahydrate of inorganic filler in medium density fiberboard production". Maderas, Ciencia y tecnología, volume 23, Epub 28-Ene-2021. doi:10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100422
^Klotz, John H.; Greenberg, Les; Amrhein, Christopher; Rust, Michael K. (August 1, 2000). "Toxicity and Repellency of Borate-Sucrose Water Baits to Argentine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 93 (4): 1256–1258. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1256. PMID10985039. S2CID17829851.
^O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index — An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1595
^Peacock, Andrew C.; Dingman, C. Wesley (1967). "Resolution of Multiple Ribonucleic Acid Species by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis". Biochemistry. 6 (6): 1818–1827. doi:10.1021/bi00858a033. PMID6035921.
^"The borax method"(PDF). Borax replacing mercury in small-scale mining. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Archived from the original(PDF) on December 6, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
^"Caviar glossary". The Caviar Guide a gourmet review of caviars & fish roe. Hanson Ltd, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ abSchubert, David M. (2003). "Borates in Industrial Use". In Roesky, Herbert W.; Atwood, David A. (eds.). Group 13 Chemistry III. Structure and Bonding. Vol. 105. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–40. doi:10.1007/3-540-46110-8_1. ISBN978-3-540-46110-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Shen, Kelvin K.; O’Connor, Roderick (1998), Pritchard, Geoffrey (ed.), "Flame retardants: Borates", Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference, Polymer Science and Technology Series, vol. 1, Springer Netherlands, pp. 268–276, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_30, ISBN978-94-011-5862-6
^Suárez, Juan C. (2011), "Bioadhesives", in da Silva, Lucas F. M.; Öchsner, Andreas; Adams, Robert D. (eds.), Handbook of Adhesion Technology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1385–1408, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01169-6_53, ISBN978-3-642-01168-9
^C.M.G. Lattes, R.H.Fowler, and R.Cuer (1947): "Range-Energy Relation for Protons and a-Particles in the New Ilford 'Nuclear Research' Emulsions". Nature, volume 159, pages 301-302
^C.M.G.Lattes and G.P.S.Occhialini (1947): "Determination of the Energy and Momentum of Fast Neutrons in Cosmic Rays". Nature, volume 159 (1947), , pages 331-332
^Bolt, Hermann M.; Başaran, Nurşen; Duydu, Yalçın (2012). "Human Environmental and Occupational Exposures to Boric Acid: Reconciliation with Experimental Reproductive Toxicity Data". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 75 (8–10): 508–514. Bibcode:2012JTEHA..75..508B. doi:10.1080/15287394.2012.675301. PMID22686310. S2CID31972554.
BORAX experiments Rio Tinto Borax Mine Pacific Coast Borax Company 20 Mule Team Borax Borax Lake Borax Lake Site Borax Lake chub Harmony Borax Works Francis Marion Smith Borax Eagle Borax Works Borax, Nevada Borax (mineral) Borax Lake (Oregon) Borax method Borax (disambiguation) Thorkildsen-Mather Borax Company Twenty-mule team Searles Lake Bead test Searles Valley Minerals Neutopia (Futurama) Borate Toadstone
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