Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus (Greek: Ἀντίοχος Ἐπιφανής Φιλάδελφος; died 93 BC) was a Seleucid monarch who reigned as King of Syria between 94 and 93 BC, during the Hellenistic period. He was the son of AntiochusVIII and his wife Tryphaena. AntiochusXI's early life was a time of constant civil war between his father and his uncle AntiochusIX. The conflict ended with the assassination of AntiochusVIII, followed by the establishment of AntiochusIX in Antioch, the capital of Syria. AntiochusVIII's eldest son SeleucusVI, in control of western Cilicia, marched against his uncle and had him killed, taking Antioch for himself, only to be expelled from it and driven to his death in 94 BC by AntiochusIX's son AntiochusX.
Following the murder of SeleucusVI, AntiochusXI declared himself king jointly with his twin brother PhilipI. Dubious ancient accounts, which may be contradicted by archaeological evidence, report that AntiochusXI's first act was to avenge his late brother by destroying Mopsuestia in Cilicia, the city responsible for the death of SeleucusVI. In 93 BC, AntiochusXI took Antioch, an event not mentioned by ancient historians but confirmed through numismatic evidence. AntiochusXI appears to have been the senior king, minting coinage as a sole king and reigning alone in the capital, while PhilipI remained in Cilicia, but kept his royal title. AntiochusXI may have restored the temple of Apollo and Artemis in Daphne, but his reign did not last long. In the autumn of the same year, AntiochusX regrouped and counter-attacked; AntiochusXI was defeated and drowned in the Orontes River as he tried to flee.
The name Antiochus is of Greek etymology and means "resolute in contention".[1] The capital of Syria, Antioch, was named after Antiochus, father of the city's founder, King SeleucusI (reigned 305–281 BC);[2] this name became dynastic and many Seleucid kings bore it.[3][4] In c. 124 BCAntiochusVIII married the Ptolemaic princess Tryphaena, who died in 109 BC.[5][6] The couple had many children, including SeleucusVI, the eldest; AntiochusXI and PhilipI;[7] their younger brother DemetriusIII;[8] and the youngest AntiochusXII.[9] The mother of PhilipI was mentioned explicitly as Tryphaena by the fourth-century historian Eusebius, who also mentioned that AntiochusXI and PhilipI were twins (didymoi).[10] AntiochusXI's date of birth is unknown, but by the time he came to power he was at least in his twenties.[11]
In 113 BC, Antiochus IX declared himself king and started a civil war against his half-brother AntiochusVIII. The conflict between the brothers would last a decade and a half;[12] it claimed the life of Tryphaena and ended with the assassination of AntiochusVIII at the hands of his minister Herakleon of Beroia in 96 BC.[13] In the aftermath of AntiochusVIII's death, AntiochusIX took the capital Antioch and married AntiochusVIII's second wife and widow, Cleopatra Selene.[13] The sons of AntiochusVIII responded; DemetriusIII took Damascus and ruled it,[14] while SeleucusVI killed AntiochusIX in 95 BC and took Antioch.[15] The new king was defeated by AntiochusIX's son AntiochusX (r. 95–92/88 BC), who took the capital.[16] SeleucusVI escaped to Mopsuestia in Cilicia where he was killed by rebels in 94 BC.[17]
Reign
Syria in 95 BCAntiochus XI and PhilipI beardedJugate coin of Antiochus XI and PhilipI. AntiochusXI is depicted with a sideburn.
The reigns of the late Seleucid kings are poorly attested in ancient literature through brief passages and summaries, often riddled with conflations and contradictions;[18] the numismatic evidence is therefore the primary source when reconstructing the reigns of late Seleucid monarchs.[19] During SeleucusVI's reign, AntiochusXI and his twin probably resided in Cilicia.[20] In the aftermath of SeleucusVI's death, AntiochusXI and PhilipI declared themselves kings in 94 BC; the historian Alfred Bellinger suggested that their base was a coastal city north of Antioch,[21] while Arthur Houghton believed it was Beroea, because the city's rulers were PhilipI's allies.[22][23]
It is more likely that Tarsus was the main base of operations;[24] both AntiochusXI and PhilipI's portraits appeared on the obverses of jugate coins they struck,[7] and all the jugate coins were minted in Cilicia. Three series of jugate coins are known; as of 2008, one series has six known surviving specimens,[24] depicting both kings with beards.[25] The excellent craftsmanship of the portraits depicted on the coins of the six specimen series indicates that the minting facility was located in a city that was a center of culture, making Tarsus the likely site of the mint and so the probable base of operations.[24]
The other two coin series have fewer surviving specimens and depict AntiochusXI with a sideburn.[25] Those coins were not minted in Tarsus, and the sideburn indicates that those issues were produced by cities west of the main base, as the king passed them on his way to Tarsus; by the time AntiochusXI arrived at his headquarters, he was depicted with a full beard. On all jugate coins, AntiochusXI was portrayed in front of PhilipI, his name taking precedence,[24] showing that he was the senior monarch. According to Josephus, AntiochusXI became king before PhilipI, but the numismatic evidence suggests otherwise, as the earliest coins show both brothers ruling jointly.[26]
Epithets and royal image
Hellenistic monarchs did not use regnal numbers but usually employed epithets to distinguish themselves from other kings with similar names; the numbering of kings is mostly a modern practice.[27][3] On his coins, AntiochusXI appeared with the epithets Epiphanes (God Manifest) and Philadelphus (Brother-Loving).[28][29] Epiphanes served to emphasize AntiochusXI's paternity as a son of AntiochusVIII, who bore the same epithet;[30] while Philadelphus was probably a sign of respect to SeleucusVI and PhilipI.[note 1][34] The beard sported by AntiochusXI on his jugate coins from Tarsus is probably a sign of mourning and the intention to avenge SeleucusVI's death.[35][36] The last issue of AntiochusXI from Antioch depicts him beardless, highlighting that the vow was fulfilled.[37]
Portrait of Antiochus XI exemplifying the tryphé tradition
Drawing his legitimacy from his father, Antiochus XI appeared on his coinage with an exaggerated hawked nose, in the likeness of AntiochusVIII.[38] The iconography of AntiochusXI's portrait was part of the tryphé-king tradition, heavily used by AntiochusVIII.[note 2] The ruler's portrait express tryphé (luxury and magnificence), where his unattractive features and stoutness are emphasized.[note 3] The tradition of tryphé images started in Egypt, and was later adopted in Syria. The Romans considered the tryphé portraits as evidence of the degeneracy and decadence of Hellenistic kings; the softness depicted in the portraits was seen as a sign of the rulers' incompetence, a way to explain the decline of the Hellenistic dynasties. However, the Roman view is not factual; those images were an intentional policy in a kingdom ravaged by civil war. Most late Seleucid monarchs, including AntiochusXI, spent their reigns fighting, causing havoc in their lands. The image of a warrior king on coins, as was customary for Hellenistic Bactrian kings for example, would have alienated the already impoverished population suffering the consequences of war. The people needed peace and copiousness, and the tryphé portrait was an attempt to imply that the king and his people were living a pleasurable life. By employing the tryphé image, AntiochusXI suggested that he would be a successful and popular king like his father.[note 4][44]
Avenging Seleucus VI and taking the capital
According to Eusebius, the brothers sacked Mopsuestia and destroyed it to avenge SeleucusVI.[10] Eusebius's statement is doubtful because in 86 BC, Rome conferred inviolability upon the cult of Isis and Sarapis in Mopsuestia, which is proven by an inscription from the city.[45] After Mopsuestia, AntiochusXI left PhilipI in Cilicia and advanced on Antioch, driving AntiochusX from the city at the beginning of 93 BC.[note 5][24] Ancient historians do not note AntiochusXI's reign in the capital, stating that he fought against AntiochusX and was defeated.[28] The 6th-century Byzantine monk and historian John Malalas, whose work is considered generally unreliable by scholars,[46] mentions the reign of AntiochusXI in his account of the Roman period in Antioch.[47] The material evidence for AntiochusXI's success in taking the capital was provided in 1912, when an account of a coin struck by him in Antioch was published.[28]
Tetradrachm of Antiochus XI, Antioch mint
Philip I did not take residence in the capital and AntiochusXI minted coinage as a sole king.[note 6][49] PhilipI kept the royal title while remaining in the city which was his base during the preparations to avenge SeleucusVI.[50] The numismatist Edward Theodore Newell assigned AntiochusXI a reign of a few weeks in the capital, but according to the numismatist Oliver Hoover, estimating the average annual die usage rate of the King suggests a reign of several months.[note 7][48] According to Malalas, King Antiochus Philadelphus, i.e. AntiochusXI,[note 8] built a temple for Apollo and Artemis in Daphne, and set up two golden statues representing the gods, as well as conferring the right of asylum to anyone who took refuge in the temple;[56] this statement cannot be correct since the temple was attested during the time of AntiochusIII (r. 222–187 BC).[57] The historian Glanville Downey, observing Malalas's writing style in Greek, suggested that by "building", Malalas meant renovating or restoring, which indicates that a predecessor of AntiochusXI may have desecrated the temple and melted down the golden statues.[note 9][56]
End and succession
By autumn 93 BC, Antiochus X counter-attacked, defeating AntiochusXI,[7] who drowned in the Orontes River as he tried to flee.[59] Ancient accounts dealing with the last battle differ: according to the first-century historian Josephus, AntiochusXI fought alone, while Eusebius has both AntiochusXI and PhilipI in the battle. Eusebius failed to note the reign of AntiochusXI in Antioch, stating that the final battle took place immediately after the destruction of Mopsuestia; a statement contradicted by numismatic evidence. In the view of Bellinger, the brothers' combined armies must have been deployed, but since only AntiochusXI perished, it is probable that PhilipI stayed behind at his capital with AntiochusXI leading the armies in the field.[26]
Nothing is known regarding Antiochus XI's marriages or children.[60] According to the first century biographer Plutarch, the first-century BC Roman general Lucullus said that the Armenian king, TigranesII, who conquered Syria in 83BC, "put to death the successors of Seleucus, and [carried] off their wives and daughters into captivity". Ancient sources regarding the late Seleucid period are fragmentary and do not mention many details. Therefore, the statement of Lucullus makes it possible that a wife or daughters of AntiochusXI existed, and that they were taken by the Armenian king.[61] Following his victory, AntiochusX regained the capital and ruled it until his death.[62]
^The historian Alfred von Gutschmid suggested that whenever a Hellenistic king assumed the epithet Philadelphus, it meant that he had been asked by his reigning brother to share the throne.[31] In the case of AntiochusXI and PhilipI, since both used the epithet, von Gutschmid considered it an exception of the rule. He suggested that the brothers assumed their epithet to legitimize their claim to the throne, which was contested by the line of AntiochusIX, by emphasizing their relation to their brother, the former king SeleucusVI. Von Gutschmid's arguments were criticized by many scholars, especially Evaristo Breccia [it],[32] who considered the epithet a homage to SeleucusVI and an affirmation of the fraternal concord between AntiochusXI and PhilipI.[33]
^An engraved gem is kept by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Its accession number is 13.244. Its style resembles the style used for AntiochusXI's portraits; the gem could be depicting him, or his brother DemetriusIII.[39] Such portraits on intaglios served a function parallel but different from the portraits depicted on coins. Both portraits emphasized the characters of the monarch they depicted,[40] but while coin portraits were means of guaranteeing value and genuineness, and thus followed standardized models, aimed at delivering a political message of continuity which signified the king's dynastic connections and his prowess as a monarch, gem portraits did not follow the standards used for coinage,[41] and served a more private purpose, depicting the ruler in a more delicate manner.[40] Gems bearing royal portraits and cut under direct royal auspice served many functions; they were probably used as personal gifts to followers and foreign ambassadors, and bearers of royal intaglios indicated their loyalty to the king, or his memory, by using his portrait as their signet.[42]
^Gluttony and corpulence were a sign of a monarch's wealth in Hellenistic art. Many kings were depicted with double chins and fleshy faces.[43]
^Evidence that the Roman conception of the meaning of tryphé portraits was incorrect, includes the iconography of Seleucia Pieria's Tyche (tutelary deity) during the reign of AntiochusVIII. The goddess's features resemble those of the king. If tryphé was a sign of degeneration, then it would have never been used to portray a deity.[44]
^Eusebius stated that both brothers marched on Antioch, while the first century historian Josephus mentioned only AntiochusXI; the latter account is more accurate and is supported by numismatic evidence.[24]
^The numismatist Arthur Houghton attributed a jugate coin of AntiochusXI and PhilipI to Antioch, but later retracted the attribution in favour of a Cilician mint.[48]
^The estimation is conducted using the Esty formula, which was developed by the mathematician Warren W. Esty; it is a mathematical formula that can calculate the relative number of obverse dies used to produce a certain coin series. The calculation can be used to measure the coinage production of a certain king and thus estimate the length of his reign.[51]
^This epithet was also used by King AntiochusXIII (r. 82–64 BC),[52] who had the distinction of being the last Seleucid king, after whose death Rome annexed Syria.[53] Malalas used the epithet "Dionysus" when referring to AntiochusXIII,[54] which was in fact an epithet of AntiochusXII, who never controlled Antioch.[55] According to the historian Glanville Downey, the Byzantine historian conflated AntiochusXIII with AntiochusXII,[53] and used the epithet "Philadelphus" when referring to AntiochusXI.[47]
^The second-century theologian Clement of Alexandria (fl. 200 AD) reported that AntiochusIX melted a statue of Zeus, making him a candidate for the monarch who melted the statues of Apollo and Artemis.[56] On the other hand, Clement of Alexandria might have misread the accounts of the first-century BC historians Diodorus Siculus or Trogus, who both reported the sacrilege of Zeus's statue by AlexanderII.[58]
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Antiochus Megillat Antiochus Antiochus VII Sidetes Antiochus I of Commagene Antiochus III the Great Antiochus V Eupator Antiochus XI Epiphanes Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Heliconius antiochus Antiochus I Soter Antiochus of Sulcis Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus IV of Commagene Antiochus II Theos Antiochus of Athens Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus cylinder Antiochus of Ascalon Antiochus of Palestine Antiochus Nicator Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV) Antiochus VI Dionysus Antiochus III of Commagene Antiochus II of Commagene Septimius …
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English geologist and palaeontologist (1784-1856) For other people named William Buckland, see William Buckland (disambiguation). The Very ReverendWilliam BucklandFRSDean of WestminsterBuckland in 1833Personal detailsBorn12 March 1784Axminster, Devon, EnglandDied14 August 1856 (aged 72)Islip, Oxfordshire, EnglandDenominationAnglicanSpouse Mary Buckland (m. 1825)Alma materWinchester College,Corpus Christi College, OxfordWilliam BucklandKnown forMegalosaurus, co…
12th-century Norman monk and chronicler The Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy Robert of Torigni (also known as Roburtus de Monte) (c. 1110–1186) was a Norman monk, prior, abbot and twelfth-century chronicler. Religious life Robert was born at Torigni-sur-Vire, Normandy c. 1110[1] most probably to an aristocratic family but his family name was abandoned when he entered Bec Abbey in 1128.[2] In 1149 Robert of Torigni became the prior of Bec replacing Roger de Bailleul who ha…
German discus thrower Rolf DannebergPersonal informationNationalityGermanBorn1 March 1953 (1953-03) (age 70)Hamburg, West GermanyHeight198 cm (6 ft 6 in)Weight125 kg (276 lb)SportCountry West GermanySportAthleticsEventDiscus throwClubBayer 04 LeverkusenAchievements and titlesPersonal best67.60 m (1987) Medal record Men's Athletics Representing West Germany Olympic Games 1984 Los Angeles Discus 1988 Seoul Discus Rolf Danneberg (born 1 March 1953 in Ha…
Untuk orang lain dengan nama yang sama, lihat Polikrates (disambiguasi). Polikrates dengan Firaun Amasis II pada sekitar tahun 530 SM (ilustrasi abad ke-19). Polikrates (/pəˈlɪkrəˌtiːz/; bahasa Yunani: Πολυκράτης), putra Aeaces, adalah seorang tiran Samos dari sekitar tahun 538 SM sampai 522 SM. Ia memiliki reputasi sebagai prajurit sengit dan tiran yang tercerahkan. Pranala luar Livius, Polycrates of Samos Diarsipkan 2013-02-27 di Wayback Machine. by Jona Lendering Pengawasa…
Lithuanian-American Orthodox Jewish rabbi Rabbi Eliezer Silver in his younger years Eliezer Silver (Hebrew: אליעזר סילבר; February 15, 1882[1] - February 7, 1968[1][2]) was the President of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the U.S. and Canada and among American Jewry's foremost religious leaders. He helped save many thousands of Jews in the Second World War and held several Rabbinical positions in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Ohio. Biography Silver …
Regency in West Sulawesi, IndonesiaPolewali Mandar RegencyRegency Coat of armsMotto: SipamandaqCountryIndonesiaProvinceWest SulawesiCapitalPolewaliArea • Total801.07 sq mi (2,074.76 km2)Population (mid 2022 estimate)[1] • Total490,493 • Density610/sq mi (240/km2)Websitepolmankab.go.id Sandeq boats in Majene Polewali Mandar is one of the five regencies in West Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It borders on the regencies of M…
Baseball field in New Jersey, US Not to be confused with TD Ballpark or TD Ameritrade Park Omaha. TD Bank BallparkTD Bank Park in 2023Former namesSomerset Ballpark (1999)Commerce Bank Ballpark (2000–2008)Location860 East Main StreetBridgewater, NJ 08807Coordinates40°33′38″N 74°33′11″W / 40.56056°N 74.55306°W / 40.56056; -74.55306Public transit Bridgewater station: Raritan Valley LineOwnerSomerset County Improvement AuthorityOperatorSomerset Patri…
Broadcast Twelve Records was a United Kingdom based record label introduced in 1928 to partner the regular Broadcast brand records introduced in 1927. These brands replaced the Aco Records label.[1] The manufacturer of the discs were the Vocalion Gramophone Company.[2] Broadcast discs were 8-inch (later increased to 9-inch) and Broadcast Twelve discs were 10-inch 78rpm gramophone records, but with small labels and a fine groove pitch so they would play as long as regular 10- and …
Hotel in London For the unrelated Park Lane Hotel in New York City, see Park Lane Hotel (Manhattan). Sheraton Grand London Park LaneLocation within Central LondonGeneral informationLocationLondon, EnglandCoordinates51°30′17.5″N 0°08′50″W / 51.504861°N 0.14722°W / 51.504861; -0.14722Opening1927[1]OwnerSir Richard Sutton's Settled EstatesManagementSheratonTechnical detailsFloor count8Design and constructionArchitect(s)C. W. Stephens Adie, Button and Part…