4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) is a subset of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) which utilizes a pixelated electron detector to capture a convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) pattern at each scan location. This technique captures a 2 dimensional reciprocal space image associated with each scan point as the beam rasters across a 2 dimensional region in real space, hence the name 4D STEM. Its development was enabled by evolution in STEM detectors and improvements computational power. The technique has applications in visual diffraction imaging, phase orientation and strain mapping, phase contrast analysis, among others.
The name 4D STEM is common in literature, however it is known by other names: 4D STEM EELS, ND STEM (N- since the number of dimensions could be higher than 4), position resolved diffraction (PRD), spatial resolved diffractometry, momentum-resolved STEM, "nanobeam precision electron diffraction", scanning electron nano diffraction (SEND), nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED), or pixelated STEM.[1]
History
The use of diffraction patterns as a function of position dates back to the earliest days of STEM, for instance the early review of John M. Cowley and John C. H. Spence in 1978[2] or the analysis in 1983 by Laurence D. Marks and David J. Smith of the orientation of different crystalline segments in nanoparticles.[3] Later work includes the analysis of diffraction patterns as a function of probe position in 1995, where Peter Nellist, B.C. McCallum and John Rodenburg attempted electron ptychography analysis of crystalline silicon.[4] There is also fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) technique, proposed in 1996 by Treacy and Gibson, which also included quantitative analysis of the differences in images or diffraction patterns taken at different locations on a given sample.[5]
The field of 4D STEM remained underdeveloped due to the limited capabilities of detectors available at the time. The earliest work used either Grigson coils to scan the diffraction pattern,[6] or an optical camera pickup from a phosphur screen.[7] Later on CCD detectors became available, but while these are commonly used in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) they had limited data acquisition rates, could not distinguish where on the detector an electron strikes with high accuracy, and had low dynamic range which made them undesirable for use in 4D STEM.[8]
In the late 2010s, the development of hybrid pixel array detectors (PAD) with single electron sensitivity, high dynamic range, and fast readout speeds allowed for practical 4D STEM experiments.[9][10]
Operating Principle
While the process of data collection in 4D STEM is identical to that of standard STEM, each technique utilizes different detectors and collects different data. In 4D STEM there is a pixelated electron detector located at the back focal plane which collects the CBED pattern at each scan location. An image of the sample can be constructed from the CBED patterns by selecting an area in reciprocal space and assigning the average intensity of that area in each CBED pattern to the real space pixel the pattern corresponds to.
It is also possible for there to be a(n) ADF or HAADF image taken concurrently with the CBED pattern collection, depending on where the detector is located on the microscope. An annular dark-field image taken may be complementary to a bright-field image constructed from the captured CBED images.
The use of a hollow detector with a hole in the middle can allow for transmitted electrons to be passed to an EELS detector while scanning. This allows for the simultaneous collection of chemical spectra information and structure information.
Detectors
In traditional TEM, imaging detectors use phosphorescent scintillators paired with a charge coupled device (CCD) to detect electrons.[11] While these devices have good electron sensitivity, they lack the necessary readout speed and dynamic range necessary for 4D STEM. Additionally, the use of a scintillator can worsen the point spread function (PSF) of the detector due to the electron's interaction with the scintillator resulting in a broadening of the signal. In contrast, traditional annular STEM detectors have the necessary readout speed, but instead of collecting a full CBED pattern the detector integrates the collected intensity over a range of angles into a single data point.[12] The development of pixelated detectors in the 2010s with single electron sensitivity, fast readout speeds, and high dynamic range has enabled 4D STEM as a viable experimental method.[8]
4D STEM detectors are typically built as either a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) or as a hybrid pixel array detector (PAD).[8]
Monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS)
A MAPS detector consists of a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) chip paired with a doped epitaxial surface layer which converts high energy electrons into many lower energy electrons that travel down to the detector. MAPS detectors must be radiation hardened as their direct exposure to high energy electrons makes radiation damage a key concern.[13]
Due to its monolithic nature and straightforward design, MAPS detectors can attain high pixel densities on the order of 4000 x 4000. This high pixel density when paired with low electron doses can enable single electron counting for high efficiency imaging. Additionally, MAPS detectors tend to have electron high sensitivities and fast readout speeds, but suffer from limited dynamic range.[14]
Pixel array detector (PAD)
PAD detectors consist of a photodiode bump bonded to an integrated circuit, where each solder bump represents a single pixel on the detector.[9]
These detectors typically have lower pixel densities on the order of 128 x 128 but can achieve much higher dynamic range on the order of 32 bits. These detectors can achieve relatively high readout speeds on the order of 1 ms/pixel but are still lacking compared to their annular detector counterparts in STEM which can achieve readout speeds on the order of 10 μs/pixel.[9][15][10]
Detector noise performance is often measured by its detective quantum efficiency (DQE) defined as:
where is output signal to noise ratio squared and is the input signal to noise ratio squared. Ideally the DQE of a sensor is 1 indicating the sensor generates zero noise. The DQE of MAPS, APS and other direct electron detectors tend to be higher than their CCD camera counterparts.[16][17]
Computational Methods
A major issue in 4D STEM is the large quantity of data collected by the technique. With upwards of 100s of TB of data produced over the course of an hour of scanning, finding pertinent information is challenging and requires advanced computation.[18]
Analysis of such large datasets can be quite complex and computational methods to process this data are being developed. Many code repositories for analysis of 4D STEM are currently in development including: HyperSpy, pyXem, LiberTEM, Pycroscopy, and py4DSTEM.[19][20][21][22][23][8]
AI driven analysis is possible. However, some methods require databases of information to train on which currently do not exist. Additionally, lack of metrics for data quality, limited scalability due to poor cross-platform support across different manufacturers, and lack of standardization in analysis and experimental methods brings up questions of comparability across different datasets as well as reproducibility.[18]
Selected Applications
4D STEM has been utilized in a wide array of applications, the most common uses include virtual diffraction imaging, orientation and strain mapping, and phase contrast analysis which are covered below. The technique has also been applied in: medium range order measurement, Higher order Laue zone (HOLZ) channeling contrast imaging, Position averaged CBED, fluctuation electron microscopy, biomaterials characterization, and medical fields (microstructure of pharmaceutical materials and orientation mapping of peptide crystals). This list is in no way exhaustive and as the field is still relatively young more applications are actively being developed.
Virtual Diffraction (Dark Field / Bright Field) Imaging
Virtual diffraction imaging is a method developed to generate real space images from diffraction patterns.[8] This technique has been used in characterizing material structures since the 90s[24] but more recently has been applied in 4D STEM applications. This technique often works best with scanning electron nano diffraction (SEND), where the probe convergence angle is relatively low to give separated diffraction disks (thus also giving a resolution measured in nm, not Å).[25] A "virtual detector," is not a detector at all but rather a method of data processing which integrates a subset of pixels in diffraction patterns at each raster position to create a bright-field or dark-field image. A region of interest is selected on some representative diffraction pattern, and only those pixels within the aperture summed to form the image. This virtual aperture can be any size/shape desired and can be created using the 4D dataset gathered from a single scan.[26] This ability to apply different apertures to the same dataset is possible because of having the whole diffraction pattern in the 4D STEM dataset. This eliminates a typical weaknesses in conventional STEM operation as STEM bright-field and dark-field detectors are placed at fixed angles and cannot be changed during imaging.[27]
With a 4D dataset bright/dark-field images can be obtained by integrating diffraction intensities from diffracted and transmitted beams respectively.[25] Creating images from these patterns can give nanometer or atomic resolution information (depending on the pixel step size and the range of diffracted angles used to form the image) and is typically used to characterize the structure of nanomaterials. Additionally, these diffraction patterns can be indexed and analyzed using other 4DSTEM techniques, such as orientation and phase mapping, or strain mapping.[8] A key advantage of performing virtual diffraction imaging in 4D STEM is the flexibility. Any shape of aperture could be used: a circle (cognate with traditional TEM bright/dark field imaging), a rectangle, an annulus (cognate with STEM ADF/ABF imaging), or any combination of apertures in a more complex pattern. The use of regular grids of apertures is particularly powerful at imaging a crystal with high signal to noise and minimising the effects of bending and has been used by McCartan et al.[28]; this also allowed the imaging of an array of superlattice spots associated with a particular crystal ordering in part of the crystal as a result of chemical segregation.
Virtual diffraction imaging has been used to map interfaces, select intensity from selected areas of the diffraction plane to form enhanced dark field images,[29] map positions of nanoscale precipitates,[30] create phase maps of beam sensitive battery cathode materials,[31] and measure degree of crystallinity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).[32]
Recent work has further extended the possibilities of virtual diffraction imaging, by applying a more digital approach adapted from one developed for orientation and phase mapping, or strain mapping. In these methods, the diffraction spot positions in a 4D dataset are determined for each diffraction pattern and turned into a list, and operations are performed on the list, not on the whole images. For dark field imaging, the centroid positions for the list of diffraction spots can be simply compared against a list of centroid positions for where spots are expected and intensity only added where diffraction spot centroids agree with the selected positions. This gives far more selectivity than simply integrating all intensity in an aperture (particularly because it ignores diffuse intensity that does not fall in spots), and consequently, much higher contrast in the resulting images and has recently been submitted to arXiv.[33]
Phase Orientation Mapping
Phase orientation mapping is typically done with electron back scattered diffraction in SEM which can give 2D maps of grain orientation in polycrystalline materials.[34] The technique can also be done in TEM using Kikuchi lines, which is more applicable for thicker samples since formation of Kikuchi lines relies on diffuse scattering being present. Alternatively, in TEM one can utilize precession electron diffraction (PED) to record a large number of diffraction patterns and through comparison to known patterns, the relative orientation of grains in can be determined. 4D STEM can also be used to map orientations, in a technique called Bragg spot imaging[citation needed]. The use of traditional TEM techniques typically results in better resolution than the 4D STEM approach but can fail in regions with high strain as the DPs become too distorted[citation needed].
In Bragg spot imaging, first correlation analysis method is performed to group diffraction patterns (DPs) using a correlation method between 0 (no correlation) and 1 (exact match); then the DP's are grouped by their correlation using a correlation threshold. A correlation image can then be obtained from each group. These are summed and averaged to obtain an overall representative diffraction template from each grouping[citation needed]. Different orientations can be assigned colors which helps visualize individual grain orientations.[25] With proper tilting and utilizing precession electron diffraction (PED) it is even possible to make 3D tomographic renderings of grain orientation and distribution.[35] Since the technique is computationally intensive, recent efforts have been focused on a machine learning approach to analysis of diffraction patterns.[36][37]
Strain Mapping
TEM can measure local strains and is often used to map strain in samples using condensed beam electron diffraction CBED.[12] The basis of this technique is to compare an unstrained region of the sample's diffraction pattern with a strained region to see the changes in the lattice parameter. With STEM, the disc positions diffracted from an area of a specimen can provide spatial strain information. The use of this technique with 4D STEM datasets includes fairly involved calculations.[8]
Utilizing SEND, bright and dark field images can be obtained from diffraction patterns by integration of direct and diffracted beams respectively, as discussed previously. During 4D STEM operation the ADF detector can be used to visualize a particular region of interest through a collection of scattered electrons to large angles to correlate probe location with diffraction during measurements.[25] There is a tradeoff between resolution and strain information; since larger probes can average strain measurements over a large volume, but moving to smaller probe sizes gives higher real space resolution. There are ways to combat this issue such as spacing probes further apart than the resolution limit to increase the field of view.[8]
This strain mapping technique has been applied in many crystalline materials and has been extended to semi-crystalline and amorphous materials (such as metallic glasses) since they too exhibit deviations from mean atomic spacing in regions of high strain[8][38]
Phase Contrast Analysis
Differential phase contrast
The differential phase contrast imaging technique (DPC) can be used in STEM to map the local electromagnetic field in samples by measuring the deflection of the electron beam caused by the field at each scan point. Traditionally the movement of the beam was tracked using segmented annular field detectors which surrounded the beam. DPC with segmented detectors has up to atomic resolution.[39] The use of a pixelated detector in 4D STEM and a computer to track the movement of the "center of mass" of the CBED patterns was found to provide comparable results to those found using segmented detectors. 4D STEM allows for phase change measurements along all directions to be measured without the need to rotate the segmented detector to align with specimen orientation.[40] The ability to measure local polarization in parallel with the local electric field has also been demonstrated with 4D STEM.[41]
DPC imaging with 4D STEM is up to 2 orders of magnitude slower than DPC with segmented detectors and requires advanced analysis of large four-dimensional datasets.[42]
Ptychography
The overlapping CBED measurements present in a 4D STEM dataset allow for the construction of the complex electron probe and complex sample potential using the ptychography technique. Ptychographic reconstructions with 4D STEM data were shown to provide higher contrast than ADF, BF, ABF, and segmented DPC imaging in STEM. The high signal-to-noise ratio of this technique under 4D STEM makes it attractive for imaging radiation sensitive specimens such as biological specimens[40] The use of a pixelated detector with a hole in the middle to allow the unscattered electron beam to pass to a spectrometer has been shown to allow ptychographic analysis in conjunction with chemical analysis in 4D STEM.[43]
MIDI STEM
This technique MIDI-STEM (matched illumination and detector interferometry-STEM), while being less common, is used with ptychography to create higher contrast phase images. The placement of a phase plate with zones of 0 and π/2 phase shift in the probe forming aperture creates a series of concentric rings in the resulting CBED pattern. The difference in counts between the 0 and π/2 regions allows for direct measurement of local sample phase.[44] The counts in the different regions could be measured via complex standard detector geometries or the use of a pixelated detector in 4D STEM. Pixelated detectors have been shown to utilize this technique with atomic resolution.[45]
(MIDI)-STEM produces image contrast information with less high-pass filtering than DPC or ptychography but is less efficient at high spatial frequencies than those techniques.[8] (MIDI)-STEM used in conjunction with ptychography has been shown to be more efficient in providing contrast information than either technique individually.[46]
4D 4D film Potez 4D 4D (train) 4D Inc. Cinema 4D The Lego Movie: 4D – A New Adventure Lego City 4D – Officer in Pursuit 4D-RCS Reference Model Architecture SpongeBob SquarePants 4D: The Great Jelly Rescue Biohazard 4D-Executer 4D Sports Boxing 4th Dimension (software) 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy 4D SAS 4D printing 4D reconstruction R-4D Marvel Super Heroes 4D 1904 Pictorial 4d Lake Taupo invert 4D (album) 4D Man Digit ratio 4D vector 4D Sports Tennis Stunts (video game) 4D LABS 4D-JAM 4D with Demi Lovato 4D Cityscape Beyblade: Metal Fury List of four-dimensional games Scul…
pt 3D TRML COFFEE (Cinema 4D) DJI Ronin SGI IRIS Pirates 4-D Aladdin4D Imagix 4D Fournier RF 4 Curtiss JN Jenny 3D ultrasound SEMA4D Gary Goddard Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space Imaging radar Indian locomotive class WDG-4 Geese (band) Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity SpongeBob SquarePants 4-D 4D N = 1 global supersymmetry Shrek 4-D Gore: Ultimate Soldier Building information modeling Wonder Mountain's Guardian Sun4d Fourth-dimension roller coaster Four-dimensional space RAF 4 Light field Spy Kids: All the Time in the World 3DeT Point groups in four dimensions Indian locomotive class WDP-4 4D N = 1 supergravity 4DCT Mass Effect: New Earth Rolls-Royce RB.162 Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D Happy Feet Skynet (satellite) D'erlanger Douglas F4D Skyray McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II Animal slaughter Toyota concept vehicles (1970–1979) Toyota concept vehicles (2000–2009) Sentosa Dymaxion house Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk Glucagonoma Fourth dimension in art 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid World line Division No. 4, Subdivision D, Newfoundland and Labrador Dimethylamine Deutsche Grammophon Kerio Technologies Rupesh Paul N-sphere Havas Creative IPhone 4s Common rail 4 (New York
Perdana Menteri Jepang (内閣総理大臣 Naikaku sōri daijin) adalah pemimpin pemerintahan Jepang. Sang Perdana Menteri dilantik oleh sang Kaisar setelah dipilih oleh parlemen Jepang dari anggotanya, dan harus terus mempunyai kepercayaan Badan Penasehat agar dapat tetap menjabat. Dia juga adalah ketua kabinet Jepang dan melantik dan memecat para menteri. Perdana Menteri Jepang saat ini adalah Fumio Kishida yang menjabat sejak 4 Oktober 2021. Berikut adalah daftar perdana menteri Jepang. No Ga…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2019) {{{اسم}}}فرعون مصر الألقاب الملكية كان نويا حاكماً مصريًا لبعض أجزاء مصر السفلى خلال الفترة الوسيطة الثانية ربما خلال القرن السابع عشر قبل الميلاد. يشهد نويا من …
Yevgueni Koroliov Yevgueni KoroliovDinero ganado 1 510 466 dólares estadounidensesRécord de su carrera 74–98Récord de su carrera 10–29[editar datos en Wikidata] Yevgueni Yevguénievich Koroliov (Евге́ний Евге́ньевич Королёв, pron.: yievguiéñi karalióf), transcrito al inglés como Evgeny Korolev, (n. 14 de febrero, 1988 en Moscú, Rusia) es un jugador de tenis kazajo. Se destaca por sus poderosos golpes y en su carrera ha conquistado cinco t…
Oliver Sorg Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Oliver SorgTanggal lahir 29 Mei 1990 (umur 33)Tempat lahir JermanTinggi 1,76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Hannover 96Nomor 25Karier junior Singen 042007–2009 SC FreiburgKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2009– SC Freiburg II 68 (1)2011– SC Freiburg 27 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik dan akurat per 22:57, 13 November 2012 (UTC) Oliver Sorg (la…
Italian journalist and writer Pier Antonio Quarantotti GambiniPier Antonio Quarantotti GambiniBornPier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini(1910-02-23)23 February 1910Pisino d'Istria, Austria-HungaryDied22 April 1965(1965-04-22) (aged 55)Venice, ItalyOccupationNovelist, poet, journalistLanguageItalianGenreFiction, poetry Pier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjɛr anˈtɔːnjo kwaranˈtɔtti ɡamˈbiːni]; 23 February 1910 – 22 April 1965) was an Italian writer and jo…
German World War II submarine U-570 Type VIIC submarine that was captured by the British in 1941. This U-boat is almost identical to U-1207. History Nazi Germany NameU-1207 Ordered2 April 1942 BuilderF Schichau GmbH, Danzig Yard number1577 Laid down26 June 1943 Launched6 January 1944 Commissioned23 March 1944 FateScuttled on 5 May 1945 General characteristics Class and typeType VIIC submarine Displacement 769 tonnes (757 long tons) surfaced 871 t (857 long tons) submerged Length 67.10 …
James H. Sutherland with dead elephant. This list of famous big-game hunters includes sportsmen and sportswomen who gained fame largely or solely because of their big-game hunting exploits. The members of this list either hunted big game for sport, to advance the science of their day, or as professional hunters. It includes brief biographical details focusing on the type of game hunted, methods employed, and weapons used by those featured. Africa Bunny Allen Frank Maurice Bunny Allen (1906–200…
1999 video game 1999 video gameDungeon Keeper 2Developer(s)Bullfrog ProductionsPublisher(s)Electronic ArtsProducer(s)Nick GoldsworthyDesigner(s)Sean CooperProgrammer(s)Alex PetersArtist(s)John MilesWriter(s)Zy Nicholson Jon Weinbren Gordon DavidsonComposer(s)Mark KnightSeriesDungeon KeeperPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseNA: 28 June 1999[1]EU: 1999Genre(s)Real-time strategy, god game, dungeon managementMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Dungeon Keeper 2 is a strategy game developed by B…
2008 studio album by Have a Nice LifeDeathconsciousnessStudio album by Have a Nice LifeReleasedJanuary 24, 2008 (2008-01-24)Recorded2002 - 2007Genre Gothic rock[1] shoegaze[2] post-rock[3] dark ambient[4] industrial rock[3] Length85:04LabelEnemies List Home RecordingsHave a Nice Life chronology Deathconsciousness(2008) Time of Land(2010) 2009 reissue album cover Deathconsciousness is the debut studio album by American rock duo Have a…
Operator of ferries in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Transdev Sydney FerriesIndustryFerriesPredecessorSydney FerriesFounded28 July 2012HeadquartersSydney, AustraliaArea servedPort JacksonParramatta RiverServicesFerry operatorParentTransdev AustralasiaWebsitewww.beyondthewharf.com.au/ Logo of Harbour City Ferries until its rebranding in 2019 Transdev Sydney Ferries, formerly Harbour City Ferries, is a subsidiary of Transdev Australasia, and is the operator of ferry services in the Sydney Fer…
2022 British TV series or programme The Ex-WifeRelease posterGenre Drama Mystery Thriller Based onThe Ex-Wifeby Jess RyderStarring Céline Buckens Tom Mison Janet Montgomery Jordan Stephens Clare Foster Adam Drew Sam Hoare ComposerStephen ShannonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes4ProductionExecutive producers Mike Benson Chiara Cardoso Herbert Kloiber Jan Page Olivia Pahl Giuliano Papadia Catherine Steadman ProducerAndy MorganCinematogr…
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Рудаков. Павел Васильевич Рудаков Дата рождения 1918(1918) Место рождения Алма-Ата Дата смерти 23 апреля 1945(1945-04-23) Место смерти Бранденбург Принадлежность СССР Род войск кавалерия Годы службы 1938—1945 Звание Сражени…
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Croatian. (April 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-qu…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Angst 2003 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)2003 film AngstTheatrical release posterDirected byOskar RoehlerWritten byOskar RoehlerProduced byEberhard JunkersdorfDietmar Gü…
2000 studio album by Angela AkiThese WordsStudio album by Angela AkiReleasedJanuary 4, 2000RecordedJammin Java Studios, Vienna, VAGenreIndie popLength53:34LabelIndependentProducerTony AlanyAngela Aki chronology These Words(2000) One(2005) These Words is the debut album of Japanese singer Angela Aki, released on January 4, 2000. The album is completely in English and is her only album to date released in the United States. Tony Alany is credited with working on and producing the album. Al…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan,…
Gildo Zegna and Paolo Zegna Ermenegildo Zegna (Italian pronunciation: [ermeneˈdʒildо dˈdzeɲɲa]; born 30 September 1955), often simply known and referred to as Gildo Zegna, is an Italian entrepreneur and manager. He is Chairman and CEO of Ermenegildo Zegna Group. Early life and education Gildo is a grandson of Ermenegildo Zegna, who founded the family business in 1910. Gildo Zegna was born in Turin in 1955.[1] His father Angelo, who had run the business since the mid-1960s w…
Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Tamil Nadu 12°30′N 79°37′E / 12.5°N 79.62°E / 12.5; 79.62 VandavasiFormer Lok Sabha constituencyVandavasi constituency, 1971 delimitation.Constituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionSouth IndiaStateTamil NaduEstablished1962Abolished2009 Vandavasi was a Lok Sabha (Parliament of India) constituency in Tamil Nadu.[1] After delimitation in 2009, it is defunct. Assembly segments Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency was comp…
American literary magazine For the online magazine of the same name, see New World Writing (current). New World WritingCategoriesLiterary magazineFormatPaperbackFounded1951Final issue1964 (1964)CompanyNew American Library (1951-1960)J. B. Lippincott & Co. (1960-1964)CountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglish New World Writing was a paperback magazine, a literary anthology series published by New American Library's Mentor imprint from 1951 until 1960, then J. B. Lippincott …