Ugroženi jezici

Ugroženi jezici ili Umirući jezici su oni jezici kojima, iz različitih razloga, prijeti opasnost od izumiranja ili od tzv. jezičke asimilacije. Jezik postaje mrtav jezik kada ne postoje govornici tog jezika.

Gubitak jezika se javlja kada jezik nema više izvornih govornika i postaje mrtav jezik. Ako uopće ne postoje govornici jednog jezika onda taj jezik postaje "izumrli jezik". Mrtvi jezik se i dalje može proučavati kroz snimke ili postojeću pisanu formu ali je i dalje u kategoriji mrtvog ili izumrlog jezika ukoliko nema žive govornike.[1] Iako su tokom ljedske historije jezici kontinuirano izumirali, ovaj trend se u savremeno doba ubrzao usljed globalizacije i neokolonijalizma.[2]

Tzv. jezička asimilacije jednog jezika se najčešće javlja kada govornici određenog jezika, usljed ekonomskih, društveno političkih i drugih razloga, prelaze na korištenje drugog jezika čime dolazi do izumiranja datog jezika. Opći je konsenzus da se trenutno u svijetu koristi između 6000[3] i 7000 različitih jezika, a predviđa se da će njih 50 do 90% izumrijeti do 2100. godine.[2] 20 najčešćih jezika, kojima pojedinačno govori više od 50 miliona govornika, čini 50% svjetske populacije, ali većinom jezika se služi manje od 10.000 ljudi.[2]

Razlozi

Prema Kembridžovom priručniku o ugroženim jezicima, postoje četiri glavne vrste uzroka ugrožavanja jezika.

Također postoje i oni uzroci koji govornike pojedinog jezika dovode u fizičku opasnost, kao što su:

  • Prirodne katastrofe, masovna glad, bolest. Svaka prirodna katastrofa koja je dovoljno jaka da uništi čitavu populaciju govornika maternjeg jezika ima mogućnost ugrožavanja jezika. Primjer toga su jezici kojima govore stanovnici na Andamanskim ostrvima, koji su ozbiljno pogođeni zemljotresom i cunamijem u Indijskom okeanu 2004. godine.
  • Rat i genocid. Ovakve primjere imamo kod jezika starosjedilačkog stanovništva ostrva Tasmanija, koje su izbrisali kolonizatori kao i mnogi izumrli i ugroženi jezici Amerike, u kojima su autohtoni narodi bili izloženi genocidnom nasilju, također kolonizatora.

Reference

  1. ^ Crystal, David (2002). Language Death. Cambridge University Press. str. 11. ISBN 0521012716. A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it any more. It may continue to have existence in a recorded form, of course traditionally in writing, more recently as part of a sound or video archive (and it does in a sense 'live on' in this way) but unless it has fluent speakers one would not talk of it as a 'living language'.
  2. ^ a b c Austin, Peter K; Sallabank, Julia (2011). "Introduction". u Austin, Peter K; Sallabank, Julia (ured.). Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88215-6.
  3. ^ Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2

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