Palmitoiletanolamid

Palmitoiletanolamid
Općenito
Hemijski spojPalmitoiletanolamid
Druga imenaHidroksietilpalmitamid
N-Palmitoiletanolamin, Palmitiletanolamid
IUPAC ime: N-(2-Hidroksiethil)heksadekanamid[1]
Molekularna formulaC18H37NO2
CAS registarski broj544-31-0
Kratki opisBijeli kristali
Osobine1
Agregatno stanjeČvrta tvar
Gustoća910 mg mL−1
Tačka topljenja93 do 98
1 Gdje god je moguće korištene su SI jedinice. Ako nije drugačije naznačeno, dati podaci vrijede pri standardnim uslovima.

Palmitoiletanolamid (PEA) je endogeni amid masne kiseline, koji pripada klasi agonista jedarnih faktora. PEA je proučavan u sistemima in vitro i in vivo koristeći egzogeno dodate ili dozirane smjese; postoje dokazi da se veže na nuklearne receptore, preko kojih djeluje na razne biološke učinke, neke povezane s hroničnom upalom i bolom.[2] PEA predlaže se za peroksisom proliferacijski aktivirani receptor alfa (PPAR-α).[3] PEA također ima afinitet prema kanabinoidolikim G-spregnutim receptorima GPR55 i GPR119.[4]

PEA se ne može strogo smatrati klasičnim endokanabinoidom, jer mu nedostaje afinitet za kanabinoidne receptore CB1 i CB2.[5] Međutim, primarna istraživanja podržavaju zaključak da prisutnost PEA (ili drugih strukturno povezanih N-aciletanolamina) pojačava anandamidsku aktivnost pomoću „pratećeg efekta“.[6][7]

Neki izvještaji o primarnim istraživanjima podržavaju zaključak da su razine PEA promijenjene i da je endokanabinoidni sistem (ECS) „neuravnotežen“ kod akutne i hronične upale.[8] Primarni istraživački članak, naprimjer, izvijestio je da deregulacija kanabinoidnih receptora i njihovih endogenih liganda prati razvoj i napredovanje neuroupsls izazvanih β-amiloidom.[9]

U nekim primarnim istraživanjima, pokazano je da PEA ima protivupalno,[3] antinociceptivno,[10] neuroprotektivno,[11] i antikonvulzijsko djelovanje.[12]

Životinjski modeli

U raznim životinjskim modelima, PEA sugerira izvjesna očekivanja relevantne kliničke efikasnosti u različitim poremećajima, od multiple skleroze do neuropatske.[13][14]

U test prisilnog plivanja miša , palmitoiletanolamid je bio uporediv sa fluoksetinom za depresiju.[15] Jedna italijanska studija, objavljena 2011. Godine, otkrila je da PEA smanjuje povišen unutaročni pritisak glaukoma.[16] U modelu spinalne traume, PEA je smanjio nastali neurološki deficit smanjenjem infiltracije i aktiviranja mastocita. U ovom modelu, PEA je također smanjila aktivaciju mikroglije i astrocita.[17] Njegova aktivnost kao inhibitora upale sprečava reaktivnu astrogliozu induciranu peptidom beta-amiloid, na modelu relevannom za neurodegeneraciju, vjerovatno putem akcije PPAR-α.[11][18][19][20][21][22]

Klinički značaj

Učinci oralnog doziranja PEA ispitivani su na ljudima i uključuju klinička ispitivanja za razna bolna stanja, za upalne i sindomske bolove.[23][23][24][25][26] Naprimjer, opaženi pozitivni utjecaj atopijskog ekcema potiče od alfa aktivacije PPAR. PEA je dostupan za ljudsku upotrebu kao dodatak prehrani.

U reviziji za 2012. godinu sažeta su sva dosadašnja klinička ispitivanja, a 2015. dvostruko slijepe placebo kontrolirane studije PEA kod išjasne boli, broj potreban za liječenje iznosio je 1,5. Čini se da njegov pozitivni uticaj u hroničnoj boli i upalnim stanjima, poput atopijskog ekcema, potiče uglavnom od aktivacijPPAR alfa[27][28]

Iz kliničke perspektive, najvažnije i obećavajuće indikacije za PEA, povezane su sa neuropatskim i hroničnim bolovima, kao što su dijabetska neuropatska bol, bol pri išjasu, CRPS, bol u karlici i neuropatska bol.[29][30]

Metabolizam

PEA se metabolizira pomoću ćelijskih enzima amid-hidrolaza masne kiseline (FAAH) i hidrolaza amida N-aciletanolaminske kiseline (NAAA), od kojih posljednji ima više specifičnosti prema PEA u odnosu na druge amide masnihkiselina .[31]

Reference

  1. ^ NCBI-PubChem Staff (25. 3. 2005). "Compound Summary: Palmitoylethanolamide" (database entry). PubChem.NCBI.NLM.NIH.gov. Bethesda, MD: US NLM-National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Pristupljeno 26. 2. 2020.
  2. ^ O'Sullivan, S. E. (2007). "Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors". British Journal of Pharmacology. 152 (5): 576–582. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707423. PMC 2190029. PMID 17704824.
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