Бъдеще време в миналото

Бъдеще време в миналото е глаголно време, изразяващо действие, което е било предстоящо спрямо определен момент в миналото.[1] Няма значение дали действието се е осъществило преди момента на говорене, дали все още предстои да се осъществи, или се е осуетило (останало е неосъществено).

Образуване

Бъдеще време в миналото се образува посредством спомагателния глагол ща, спрегнат в минало несвършено време, и формата за съответното лице и число на спрегаемия глагол в сегашно време, свързани със съюза да. Например глаголът мисля в бъдеще време в миналото се спряга по следния начин:

ед.ч. мн.ч.
1 л. щях да мисля щяхме да мислим
2 л. щеше да мислиш щяхте да мислите
3 л. щеше да мисли щяха да мислят

Подобно на останалите бъдещи времена в българския език, бъдеще време в миналото има два начина за образуване на отрицателни форми:

  • С частицата не, добавена пред положителната форма.
    Примери: не щях да мисля, не щяха да разберат.
  • С глаголната форма нямаше (3 л. ед.ч. мин.несв.вр. на глагола нямам),
    последвана от съюза да и спрегаемия глагол в сег.вр.
    Примери: нямаше да мисля, нямаше да разберат.

Вторият начин се използва много по-често от първия. Отрицателните форми с не са двусмислени. Например изразът не щяха да разберат може да означава както нямаше да разберат, така и не искаха да разберат.

Употреба

Бъдеще време в миналото се използва, за да обозначи действие, което е предстояло да се случи спрямо определен минал момент. Например в изречението Върнах се у дома, защото щях да гледам мача. гледането на мача е било предстоящо спрямо завръщането у дома, което от своя страна е минало спрямо момента на говорене.

Често действието, изразено с бъдеще време в миналото, е останало неосъществено.[1] Например в изречението Щях да кажа голяма глупост. се подразбира, че говорещият е имал намерение да каже голяма глупост, но не я е казал.

Тази неосъщественост не е заложена изначално в значението на глаголното време. В повествувание, чието основно време е минало свършено, може да се употреби бъдеще време в миналото, за да се предадат предстоящи събития (изпреварващ поглед).
Пример (началото на разказа „Шибил“ от Йордан Йовков):
Шибил, страшният хайдутин, когото заптиета и кърсердари търсеха под дърво и камък, слизаше от планината и отиваше да се предаде. Утре тая вест щеше да се разчуе навсякъде, кой щеше да я повярва!

Бъдеще време в миналото се употребява и в други случаи: [1]

  • За изразяване на учтивост.
    Пример: Щях да те помоля за една услуга.
  • Т.нар. употреба „за досещане“
    (подобна употреба има и минало несвършено време).
    Примери: Гошо кога щеше да заминава? Пешо нямаше ли да си тръгва вече?

Източници

  1. а б в Петър Пашов, Практическа българска граматика, София, 1989, стр. 120–122.



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