Development of Tumblr began in 2006 during a two-week gap between contracts at David Karp's software consulting company, Davidville.[3][4] Karp had been interested in tumblelogs (short-form blogs, hence the name Tumblr)[5] for some time and was waiting for one of the established blogging platforms to introduce their own tumblelogging platform. As none had done so after a year of waiting, Karp and developer Marco Arment began working on their own platform.[6][7] Tumblr was launched in February 2007,[8][9] and within two weeks had gained 75,000 users.[10] Arment left the company in September 2010 to work on Instapaper.[11]
In June 2012, Tumblr featured its first major brand advertising campaign in collaboration with Adidas, who launched an official soccer Tumblr blog and bought ad placements on the user dashboard. This launch came only two months after Tumblr announced it would be moving towards paid advertising on its site.[12]
Ownership by Yahoo! (2013–2018)
On May 20, 2013, it was announced that Yahoo and Tumblr had reached an agreement for Yahoo! Inc. to acquire Tumblr for $1.1 billion in cash.[13][14] Many of Tumblr's users were unhappy with the news, causing some to start a petition, achieving nearly 170,000 signatures.[15] David Karp remained CEO and the deal was finalized on June 20, 2013.[16][17] Advertising sales goals were not met and in 2016 Yahoo wrote down $712 million of Tumblr's value.[18]
Verizon Communications acquired Yahoo in June 2017, and placed Yahoo and Tumblr under its Oath subsidiary.[19][20] Karp announced in November 2017 that he would be leaving Tumblr by the end of the year. Jeff D'Onofrio, Tumblr's president and COO, took over leading the company.[21]
The site, along with the rest of the Oath division (renamed Verizon Media Group in 2019), continued to struggle under Verizon. In March 2019, SimilarWeb estimated Tumblr had lost 30% of its user traffic since December 2018, when the site had introduced a stricter content policy with heavier restrictions on adult content (which had been a notable draw to the service).[22] In May 2019, it was reported that Verizon was considering selling the site due to its continued struggles since the purchase[23] (as it had done with another Yahoo property, Flickr, via its sale to SmugMug). Following this news, Pornhub's vice president publicly expressed interest in purchasing Tumblr, with a promise to reinstate the previous adult content policies.[24]
Automattic (2019–present)
On August 12, 2019, Verizon Media announced that it would sell Tumblr to Automattic, the operator of blog service WordPress.com and corporate backer of the open source blog software of the same name. The sale was for an undisclosed amount, but Axios reported that the sale price was less than $3 million, less than 0.3% of Yahoo's original purchase price. Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg stated that the site will operate as a complementary service to WordPress.com, and that there were no plans to reverse the content policy decisions made during Verizon ownership.[2]
In November 2022, Mullenweg stated that Tumblr will add support for the decentralized social networking protocol ActivityPub.[25] In November 2023, most of Tumblr's product development and marketing teams were transferred to other groups within Automattic. Mullenweg stated that focus would shift to core functionality and streamlining existing features.[26]
In February 2024, Automattic announced that it would begin selling user data from Tumblr and WordPress.com to Midjourney and OpenAI. Tumblr users are opted-in by default, with an option to opt out.[27][28]
In August 2024, Automattic announced that it would migrate Tumblr's backend to an architecture derived from WordPress, in order to ease development and code sharing between the platforms. The company stated that this migration would not impact the service's user experience and content, and that users "won't even notice a difference from the outside".[29]
Features
Blog management
Dashboard: The dashboard is the primary tool for the typical Tumblr user. It is a live feed of recent posts from blogs that they follow.[30] Through the dashboard, users are able to comment, reblog, and like posts from other blogs that appear on their dashboard. The dashboard allows the user to upload text posts, images, videos, quotes, or links to their blog with a click of a button displayed at the top of the dashboard. Users are also able to connect their blogs to their Twitter and Facebook accounts, so that whenever they make a post, it will also be sent as a tweet and a status update.[31] As of June 2022, users can also turn off reblogs on specific posts through the dashboard.[32]
Queue: Users are able to set up a schedule to delay posts that they make. They can spread their posts over several hours or even days.[31]
Tags: Users can help their audience find posts about certain topics by adding tags. If someone were to upload a picture to their blog and wanted their viewers to find pictures, they would add the tag #picture, and their viewers could use that word to search for posts with the tag #picture.
HTML editing: Tumblr allows users to edit their blog's theme using HTML to control the appearance of their blog. Custom themes are able to be shared and used by other users, or sold.
Custom domains: Tumblr allows users to use custom domains for their blogs. Users must purchase a domain from Tumblr Domains, an in-house registrar that provides domains that can only be used with Tumblr unless removed from the user's blog and transferred to another registrar. Blogs previously were able to be linked with any domain/subdomain from any registrar, however following the introduction of the Tumblr Domains service, now requires you to purchase a domain directly from Tumblr to be used with a blog. Users who kept their blogs connected to a domain after the introduction got to keep their custom domain, as long as they don't disconnect it from Tumblr or let the domain expire.[33][34]
Tags
The tagging system on the website operates on a hybrid tagging system, involving both self-tagging (user write their own tags on their posts) and an auto-manual function (the website will recommend popular tags and ones that the user has used before.) Only the first 20 tags added to any post will be indexed by the site. The tags are prefaced by a hashtag and separated by commas, and spaces and special characters are allowed, but only up to 140 characters total per tag.[35]
There are two main types used by Tumblr users: descriptive tagging, and opinion or commentary tagging. Descriptive tags are usually introduced by the original poster, and describe what is in the post (e.g. #art, #sky). These are important for the original poster to use, so their post will be indexed and searchable by others wishing to view that subject of content. Tags used as a form of communication are unique to Tumblr, and are typically more personal, expressing opinions, reactions, meta-commentary, background information, and more. Instead of adding onto the reblogged post (with their comments becoming an addition to each subsequent reblog from them) a user may add their comments in the tags, not changing the content or appearance of the original post in any way. Not all users choose to use tags this way, but those who do use tags for commentary may prefer it over adding a comment on the actual post.[35][36]
Mobile
With Tumblr's 2009 acquisition of Tumblerette, an iOS application created by Jeff Rock and Garrett Ross, the service launched its official iPhone app.[37][38] The site became available to BlackBerry smartphones on April 17, 2010, via a Mobelux application in BlackBerry World. In June 2012, Tumblr released a new version of its iOS app, Tumblr 3.0, allowing support for Spotify integration, hi-res images and offline access.[39] An app for Android is also available.[40] A Windows Phone app was released on April 23, 2013.[41] An app for Google Glass was released on May 16, 2013.[42]
Inbox and messaging
Tumblr blogs have the option to allow users to submit questions, either as themselves or anonymously, to the blog for a response. Tumblr also previously offered a "fan mail" function, allowing users to send messages to blogs that they followed.[43][44]
On November 10, 2015, Tumblr introduced an integrated instant messaging function, allowing users to chat with other Tumblr users. The feature was rolled out in a "viral" manner; it was initially made available to a group of 1,500 users, and other users could receive access to the messaging system if they were sent a message by any user that had received access to the system itself. The messaging platform replaces the fan mail system, which was deprecated.[45] The ability to send posts to others via the Dashboard was added the following month.[46]
Discontinued features
In May 2012, Tumblr launched Storyboard, a blog managed by an in-house editorial team which features stories and videos about noteworthy blogs and users on Tumblr.[47] In April 2013, Storyboard was shut down.[48]
In March 2018, Tumblr began to syndicate original video content from Verizon-owned video network go90, as part of an ongoing integration of Oath properties, and reported plans to wind down go90 in favor of using Oath properties to distribute its content instead. This made the respective content available internationally, since go90 is a U.S.-only service. Go90 shut down at the end of the following July.[49][50]
In November 2019, Tumblr introduced "group chats"—ephemeralchat rooms surfaced via searches, designed to allow users to share content in real-time with users who share their interests. Posts would disappear after 24 hours and could not be edited.[51] The group chat function was discontinued on September 22, 2021.[52][53]
On July 21, 2021, Tumblr launched Post+ for some beta users, allowing bloggers to monetize their content.[54][55] Post+ was removed in January 2024 due to low usage.[56]
At the end of 2022, Tumblr announced a livestreaming service called Tumblr Live.[57] Tumblr Live was an adapted version of The Meet Group's product Livebox.[58] In 2024, Tumblr announced that they would be discontinuing Tumblr Live as of January 24, with options for users to migrate to MeetMe.[59]
A feature that allowed users to tip small amounts of money to other users, introduced in February 2022, is scheduled to be removed on June 1, 2024 due to low usage.[60]
A Tumblr blog post shown on an information screen in a Dutch train station, 2019
Tumblr has been noted for the socially progressive views of its users.[61][62] In 2011, the service was most popular with the teen and college-aged user segments with half of Tumblr's visitor base being under the age of 25.[63] In April 2013, the website received more than 13 billion global page views.[64]
User activity, measured by the number of blog posts per quarter, peaked at over 100 million in early 2014 and declined in each of the next three years, to approximately 30 million by October 2018.[65]
As of May 2019[update], Tumblr hosted over 465 million blogs and more than 172 billion posts in total[66] with over 21 million posts created on the site each day.[1]
LGBTQ+ content and community
Multiple researchers looking into Tumblr have found that the website is often used as for community-building and a place to explore identity formation and gender expression for LGBT groups.[67] Prior to the 2018 adult content ban, transgender users posted their personal gender transitioning experiences, including photos of post gender-confirming surgery and the healing process. Many users felt that the ability to be anonymous, or cultivate the identity they were transitioning to, made posting personal information to the website acceptable and safe.[68]
Adult content
At the time of its acquisition by Yahoo, Tumblr was described by technology journalists as having a sizable amount of pornographic content.[69][70] An analysis conducted by news and technology site TechCrunch on May 20, 2013, showed that over 22% of all traffic in and out of Tumblr was classified as pornography. In addition, a reported 16.45% of blogs on Tumblr exclusively contained pornographic material.[71] Following July 2013 and its acquisition by Yahoo, Tumblr progressively restricted adult content on the site. In July 2013, Tumblr began to filter content in adult-tagged blogs from appearing in search results and tagged displays unless the user was logged in. In February 2018, Safe Mode (which filters "sensitive" content and blogs) became enabled by default for all users on an opt-out basis.[72]
On December 3, 2018, Tumblr announced that effective December 17, all images and videos depicting sex acts, and real-life images and videos depicting human genitalia or "female-presenting" nipples, would be banned from the service. Exceptions are provided for illustrations or art that depict nudity, nudity related to "political or newsworthy speech", and depictions of "female-presenting" nipples in relation to medical events such as childbirth, breastfeeding, mastectomy and gender reassignment surgery. The rules do not apply to text content. All posts in violation of the policy are hidden from public view, and repeat offenders may be reprimanded.[73][74] Shortly prior to the announcement, Tumblr's Android app was patched to remove the ability to disable Safe Mode.[75]
The change faced wide criticism among Tumblr's community; in particular, it has been argued that the service should have focused on other major issues (such as controlling hate speech or the number of porn-related spambots on the service), and that the service's adult community provided a platform for sex education, independent adult performers (especially those representing LGBT communities who feel that they are under-represented by a heteronormative mainstream industry) seeking an outlet for their work, and those seeking a safe haven from "over-policed" platforms to share creative work with adult themes.[76][77][78] Tumblr stated that it was using various algorithms to detect potential violations, in combination with manual reviews.[75] Users quickly discovered a wide array of false positives.[79][80][81] A large number of users scheduled protest actions on December 17.[82]
On the day the ban took effect, Tumblr issued a new post clarifying the new policy, showcasing examples of adult images still allowed on the service, and stating that it "fully recognized" its "special obligation" to serving its LGBT userbase, and that "LGBTQ+ conversations, exploration of sexuality and gender, efforts to document the lives and challenges of those in the sex worker industry, and posts with pictures, videos, and GIFs of gender reassignment surgery are all examples of content that is not only permitted on Tumblr but actively encouraged."[83]
Wired cited multiple potential factors in the ban, including that the presence of adult content made the service unappealing to potential advertisers, the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act (a U.S. federal law which makes websites liable for knowingly assisting or facilitating illegal sex trafficking), as well as heavy restrictions on adult content imposed by Apple for software offered on the iOS App Store (which similarly prompted several Reddit clients to heavily frustrate the ability for users to access forums on the site that contain adult content).[75]
In January 2022, Tumblr reached a settlement with New York City's Commission on Human Rights, which had claimed that the 2018 ban on adult content disproportionately affected LGBTQ+ users. The agreement required the company to review its algorithms, revise its appeals process and review closed cases, and train its human moderators on diversity and inclusion issues.[84] In November 2022, Tumblr changed its rules to allow nudity, but not sexually explicit images.[85]
Corporate affairs
Tumblr's headquarters were located in the 770 Broadway building in New York City.
In its first round of funding in October 2007, Tumblr raised $750,000 from Spark Capital and Union Square Ventures.[96] In December 2008 the company raised $4.5 million in Series B funding[97] and a further $5 million in April 2010.[98] In December 2010, Tumblr raised $30 million in Series D funding.[99] The company had an $800 million valuation in August 2011.[100] In September 2011, the company raised $85 million in a round of funding led by Greylock Partners and Insight Venture Partners.[101]
Revenue sources
In an interview with Nicole Lapin of Bloomberg West on September 7, 2012, David Karp said the site was monetized by advertising. Their first advertising launch started in May 2012 after 16 experimental campaigns.[102] Tumblr made $13 million in revenue in 2012 and hoped to make $100 million in 2013. Tumblr reportedly spent $25 million to fund operations in 2012.[92]
In 2013, Tumblr began allowing companies to pay to promote their own posts to a larger audience. Tumblr Head of Sales, Lee Brown, has quoted the average ad purchase on Tumblr to be nearly six figures.[103] Tumblr also allows premium theme templates to be sold for use by blogs.[104]
In July 2016, advertisements were implemented by default across all blogs. Users may opt-out, and the service stated that a revenue sharing program would be implemented at a later date.[105]
In February 2022, Tumblr launched an ad-free subscription option that removes the marketing from microblogs for $5 per month, or $40 per year.[106]
During an AMA on 11 July 2023, the CEO said that Tumblr was financially in the red, losing $30 million a year.[107][108]
Criticism
Copyright issues
Tumblr has received criticism for copyright violations by participating bloggers;[109] however, Tumblr accepts Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) take-down notices.[110] Tumblr's visual appeal has made it ideal for photoblogs that often include copyrighted works from others that are re-published without payment.[111] Tumblr users can post unoriginal content by "Reblogging", a feature on Tumblr that allows users to re-post content taken from another blog onto their own blog with attribution.[109][112]
In addition to these copyright infringements, Tumblr has at times been weaponised by individuals seeking to raise DMCA notices against other sites. Former Wall Street Journalist and Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Bradley Hope and his investigative publication Project Brazen published a story on 10 October 2023 reporting that Indian businessman Gaurav Srivastava was fraudlently representing himself as an agent of the Central Intelligence Agency (the Gaurav Srivastava Fake Spy Scam).[113] Shortly after, a fake blog was created on blogging site Tumblr that republished the content of their story and backdated it to 8 October 2023, two days before their article came out. Following a copyright infringement complaint filed on legal archive Lumen and without checking the veracity of the source, Google delisted the Project Brazen article from its search results. Tumblr later confirmed that it had removed several accounts and posts from its platform following the alleged abuse of the site by Srivastava.[113]
Security
Tumblr has been forced to manage spam and security problems. For example, a chain letter scam in May 2011 affected 130,000 users.[114]
In 2015, Tumblr faced criticism by users for changes to its reblog mechanisms. In July 2015, the system was modified so that users cannot remove or edit individual comments by other users when reblogging a post; existing comments can only be removed all at once. Tumblr staff argued that the change was intended to combat "misattribution", though this move was met by criticism from 'ask blogs' and "RP blogs', which often shortened long chains of reblogs between users to improve readability. In September 2015, Tumblr changed how threads of comments on reblogged posts are displayed; rather than a nested view with indentations for each post, all reblogs are now shown in a flat view, and user avatars were also added. The change was intended to improve the legibility of reblogs, especially on mobile platforms, and complements the inability to edit existing comments. Although some users had requested such a change to combat posts made illegible by extremely large numbers of comments on a reblogged post, the majority of users (even those who had requested such a change) criticized the new format. The Verge was also critical of the changes, noting that it was cleaner, but made the site lose its "nostalgic charm".[116][117]
Userbase behaviour
While Tumblr's userbase has generally been received as accommodating people from a wide range of ideologies and identities, a common point of criticism is that attitudes from users on the site stifle discussion and discourse. In 2015, members of the Steven Universe fandom drove an artist to the point of attempting suicide over their artwork, in which they drew characters thin that are typically seen as being 'fat' in the show.[118] In 2018, Kotaku reporter Gita Jackson described the site as a 'joyless black hole', citing how the website's design and functionality led to 'fandoms spinning out of control', as well as an environment that inhibited discussion and discourse.[119]
Promotion of self-harm and suicide
In February 2012, Tumblr banned blogs that promote or advocate suicide, self-harm and eating disorders (pro-ana).[120]
The suicide of a British teenager, Tallulah Wilson, raised the issue of suicide and self-harm promotion on Tumblr as Wilson was reported to have maintained a self-harm blog on the site. A user on the site is reported to have sent Wilson an image of a noose accompanied by the message: "here is your new necklace, try it on." In response to the Wilson case, Maria Miller, the UK's minister for culture, media, and sport, said that social media sites like Tumblr need to remove "toxic" self-harm content.[121][122]
There are concerns of some Tumblr posts glorifying suicide and depression among young people.[124]
Politics
In February 2018, BuzzFeed published a report claiming that Tumblr was utilized as a distribution channel for Russian agents to influence American voting habits during the 2016 presidential election.[125]
Despite policies forbidding hate speech, Tumblr has been noted for hosting content from Neo-Nazis and white supremacists.[126] In May 2020, Tumblr announced that it will remove reblogs of terminated hate speech posts, specifically Nazi and white supremacist content.[127]
Censorship
Several countries have blocked access to Tumblr because of pornography, religious extremism or LGBT content. These countries include China,[128] Indonesia, Kazakhstan[129] and Iran.[130] In February 2016, the Indonesian government temporarily blocked access to Tumblr within the country because the site hosted pages that carried pornography. The government shortly reversed its decision to block the site and said it had asked Tumblr to self-censor its pornographic content.[131]
Adult content ban
In November 2018, Tumblr's iOS app was removed by Apple from its App Store after illegal child pornography was found on the service. Tumblr stated that all images uploaded to the service are scanned against an industry database, but that a "routine audit" had revealed images that had not yet been added to the database.[132] In the wake of the incident, a number of Tumblr blogs—particularly those dealing primarily in adult-tagged artwork such as erotica, as well as art study and anatomy resources—were also deleted, with affected users taking to other platforms (such as Twitter) to warn others and complain about the deletions, as well as encourage users to back up their blog's contents.[133][134] Tumblr subsequently removed the ability to disable "Safe Mode" from its Android app,[75] and announced a wider ban on explicit images of sex acts and nudity on the platform with certain limited exceptions.[73] Tumblr deployed an automatic content recognition system which resulted in many non-pornographic images being removed from the platform.[135] In December 2018, about a month after it was initially banned, Tumblr's iOS app was restored to the app store.[136]
The site was known for its popularity with adult content that attracted women and catered for other under-served audiences.[137]
Notable matters
On October 21, 2011, then-U.S. President Barack Obama created a Tumblr account.[138]
In late 2015, a user on the website went viral after allegedly having collected human bones at a graveyard, sparking a controversy known as "Boneghazi" (a portmanteau of bone + Benghazi). The user, from New Orleans, Louisiana, had offered to share the human bones reportedly procured from Holt Cemetery by making a post in a Facebook group known as the "Queer Witch Collective". The Facebook post was later re-posted to Tumblr by another user, and the account from Facebook was traced to a profile on Tumblr due to the profile pictures matching.[139] In January 2016, the user's home was searched by law enforcement, where they found 11 bones and four teeth.[140][141][142]
^Karp, David; Alexandria, Julie (May 27, 2008). David Karp and Tumblr (Video). Wallstrip. Event occurs at 1:30. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013. Sometime in 2006, we had a couple of weeks between contracts and said 'Let's see what we can do, let's see if we can build this thing', and we threw together the first working version of Tumblr.
^Karp, David (December 12, 2011). David Karp: When It All Came Together (Video). Fast Company. Event occurs at 1:03. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013. Over the next few months, we kind of pieced together what became the first version of Tumblr which launched in February 2007.
^"About Us". Automattic. July 23, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
^Coles, Stephen (December 3, 2013). "Tumblr Logo, 2007–2013". Fonts in Use. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع رأفت الهجان (توضيح). هذه المقالة عن المسلسل التلفزيوني رأفت الهجان. للشخصية الحقيقية رفعت الجمال، طالع رأفت الهجان. رأفت الهجان النوع دراما، بوليسي تأليف صالح مرسي إخراج يحيى العلمي بطولة محمود عبد العزيزيسرايوسف شعبانمحمد وفيق التأليف الموس
Magnifying device A jeweler's loupe A loupe (/ˈluːp/ LOOP) is a simple, small magnification device used to see small details more closely.[1] They generally have higher magnification than a magnifying glass, and are designed to be held or worn close to the eye. A loupe does not have an attached handle, and its focusing lens(es) are contained in an opaque cylinder or cone. On some loupes this cylinder folds into an enclosing housing that protects the lenses when not in use. Optics Di...
2007 single by RoxetteRevealSingle by Roxettefrom the album A Collection of Roxette Hits: Their 20 Greatest Songs! Released10 January 2007RecordedJune 2006StudioThe Aerosol Grey Machine, SkåneGenrePop rockLength3:43LabelRoxette RecordingsCapitolSongwriter(s)Per GessleProducer(s)Clarence ÖfwermanGessleChristoffer LundquistRoxette singles chronology One Wish (2006) Reveal (2007) She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio) (2011) Alternative CoverCD single artwork for the remix version Reveal is a so...
Russian chess player (1940–2021) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Sergeyevna and the family name is Belavenets. Liudmila BelavenetsBelavenets in 2011Full nameLiudmila Sergeyevna BelavenetsCountryRussiaBorn7 June 1940 (1940-06-07)Moscow, RussiaDied7 November 2021 (2021-11-08) (aged 81)Moscow, RussiaTitleFIDE Woman Intl. Master (1977)ICCF Lady Grandmaster (1991)ICCF World Champion1984–1992 (women)Peak rating2210 (Jan...
Kanakadhara StotraInformationReligionHinduismAuthorAdi ShankaraLanguageSanskritVerses22Statue of Adi Shankara, the composer of this hymnHindu hymn about Lakshmi The Kanakadhara Stotra (Sanskrit: कनकधारा स्तोत्रम्, romanized: Kanakadhārāstotram) is a Hindu hymn (stotram) composed in Sanskrit by the Hindu guru Adi Shankara.[1] Etymology Kanakadhārā means the stream (dhārā) of gold (kanaka), and the hymn is called by this name since legend has i...
Malmi shooting range during the 1952 Summer Olympics Malmi shooting range (Finnish: Malmin ampumarata) was a shooting range in the Malmi district of Helsinki, Finland, active from 1937 to 1993. The shooting range was built by the Finnish Army for the 1937 ISSF World Shooting Championships and was also used in the shooting events of the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] During the World War II, Malmi shooting range was an execution site. One of the persons shot in Malmi was Martta Koskinen, the...
Indian insurance company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Aviva IndiaTypeJoint ventureIndustryFinancial servicesFounded2002HeadquartersGurgaon, HaryanaArea servedIndiaKey peopleMr. Asit Rath(Managing Director & Chief Executive Of...
RorschachCover A for issue #1 by Jorge Fornés.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleOctober 13, 2020FormatLimited seriesGenreSuperheroPublication dateOctober 13, 2020 – September 14, 2021No. of issues12Creative teamCreated byAlan MooreWritten byTom KingPenciller(s)Jorge FornésLetterer(s)Clayton CowlesColorist(s)Dave StewartEditor(s)James S. Rich Rorschach is an American comic book limited series written by Tom King and drawn by Jorge Fornés, based on the charact...
Harry Palmerston Williams(L–R) Jimmy Doolittle, Jimmy Wedell and Harry Williams. c. 1933, in front of #92, a Wedell-Williams Model 44 air racerBorn(1889-10-06)October 6, 1889Patterson, LouisianaDiedMay 19, 1936(1936-05-19) (aged 46)Baton Rouge, LouisianaOccupation(s)Businessman, politician, aviation company ownerSpouseHelen Marguerite Clark (1883–1940) Harry Palmerston Williams (October 6, 1889 – May 19, 1936) was a Louisiana businessman and co-owner of the Wedell-Williams Air Serv...
For the open NSW TrainLink station, see Willow Tree railway station. Willow TreeThe former site of the station, now the platforms at the Hillside Facility.General informationLocationHamilton StreetHollis, Queens, New YorkCoordinates40°42′28″N 73°46′36″W / 40.707835°N 73.776746°W / 40.707835; -73.776746Line(s)Main LinePlatforms1Tracks2HistoryOpenedMarch 1, 1837ClosedJune 1872Former services Preceding station Long IslandRail Road Following station Jamaicatowa...
IEST redirects here. For the university with the same acronym, see Tamaulipas Institute of Higher Education. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Institute of Environmental S...
Pertempuran TientsinBagian dari Pemberontakan BoxerPasukan Inggris dan Jepang terlibat pertempuran dengan para pemberontak boxer.Tanggal13–14 Juli 1900LokasiTianjin, Dinasti QingHasil Aliansi Delapan Negara menang Pendudukan Tianjin oleh Aliansi Delapan Negara dan BelgiaPihak terlibat Britania Raya Prancis Amerika Serikat Kekaisaran Rusia Kekaisaran Jerman Italia Austria-Hungaria Jepang Qing China YìhéquánTokoh dan pemimpin Anatoly Stessel &...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع بنتون (توضيح). بنتون الإحداثيات 42°33′35″N 90°23′49″W / 42.5597°N 90.3969°W / 42.5597; -90.3969 [1] تقسيم إداري البلد الولايات المتحدة[2] التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة لافاييت خصائص جغرافية المساحة 2.02805 كيلومتر مربع2.169434 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبر...
سقوط الملائكة المتمردين De val der opstandige engelen معلومات فنية الفنان بيتر بروخل الأكبر تاريخ إنشاء العمل 1562 الموقع بلجيكا نوع العمل رسم زيتي الموضوع ملاك ساقط التيار الرسم الهولندي المبكر المتحف المتاحف الملكية للفنون الجميلة ببلجيكا المدينة بروكسل المالك ملكية عامة معلومات أخ...
Внутренняя капсула Каталоги MeSHFMATA98 Медиафайлы на Викискладе Внутренняя капсула (лат. capsula interna) — толстая изогнутая под углом пластинка белого вещества, ограниченная с латеральной стороны чечевицеобразным ядром, а с медиальной — головкой хвостатого ядра (спе...
Lloyd B. Carleton was an American actor, director, producer and writer Lloyd B. Carleton1916 Motion Picture NewsBornCarleton B. Littlec. 1872New York City, New YorkDiedAugust 8, 1933(1933-08-08) (aged 61)New York City, New YorkBurial placeTrinity Cemetery, West 155th StNew York CityNationalityAmericanOther namesL.B. Carleton and Lloyd CarletonEducationColumbia College (New York)Occupation(s)Actor, Director, Producer, WriterYears active1900–1930EraSilent EraNotable work ...
Para otros usos de este término, véase F5. No debe confundirse con el F-5 Lightning, avión de reconocimiento a hélice de la Lockheed. NorthropF-5A/B Freedom FighterF-5E/F Tiger II F-5E Tiger II de la Fuerza Aérea Hondureña Tipo Avión de caza y ataque a tierraFabricante NorthropPrimer vuelo F-5A: 30 de julio de 1959F-5E: 11 de agosto de 1972Introducido 1962Estado En servicioUsuario principal Armada de los Estados UnidosOtros usuariosdestacados Fuerza Aérea BrasileñaFuerza Aérea de C...
.jpg)
_02.jpg)
