Three Represents

Three Represents
A slogan in Futu, Hubei, which reads: "Practice the Thought of Three Represents, advance the reform on rural tax system", with the word "reform" (改革) blocked by a billboard.
Simplified Chinese	「三个代表」重要思想
Traditional Chinese	「三個代表」重要思想
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin "Sān gè dàibiǎo" zhòngyào sīxiǎng

The Three Represents, officially the Theory of Three Represents,^[1] is a sociopolitical theory that defines the role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Chinese society. It was first introduced by Jiang Zemin—then the General Secretary of the CCP—on 25 February 2000, while he was an inspection tour in Gaozhou, Guangdong. It was ratified by the party at the 16th Party Congress in 2002.

Background

Further information: Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party

Following the tenure of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin articulated a new theory to define the new relationship between the party and the people, which is named Three Represents.^[2] The theory requires the CCP to:^[2]

1. Represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces.
2. Represent the orientation of China's advanced culture.
3. Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.

In this context, to "represent" means to incorporate.^[3]: 50

The Three Represents were written into the CCP constitution on March 14, 2004.^[4]

Justification

The Three Represents results from Jiang Zemin's efforts to grapple with the diverse class backgrounds of party members and their sometimes conflicting material interests.^[5] Based on Mao's premise that the Communist Party should serve the people, it became important as China's private sector grew to bring "worthy people from all sectors who are loyal to the motherland and to socialism" into the Party.^[3]: 50

Jiang first delivered a speech about the Three Represents on 25 February 2000 during a symposium on party building in Guangzhou.^[6] It brought wide attention and many interpretations of the meaning of the speech.^[7]

Jiang said that by representing Chinese people in three levels, the party used the interests and demands of the overwhelming majority of the people to replace the specific interests of people from different quarters, especially the class nature of the working class. As Xiao Gongqin argues, the innovation of the “Three Represents” theory was meant to complete the historical ideology transformation of CCP from a revolutionary party to a ruling party. The CCP can keep its legitimacy under the ‘socialist market economy’ or any system that is conducive to the development of advanced productive forces, without promoting any revolutionary movement or keeping the ideal of egalitarianism.^[7]

Zheng Bijian, the executive vice president of the Central Party School who has been active in helping to create the Three Represents, argued that a party of the whole people would be a catch-all party that would include diverse and conflicting interests. To include all of the broad mass of contemporary Chinese intellectuals, science and technology workers, cultural workers, and economic managers, in the category of the so-called ‘middle class’ would weaken or even obliterate the working class.^[8]

In Jiang's speech on the Three Represents on the 80th anniversary of the founding of the CCP, he claimed that the expansion of "working class" would help the party remain advanced as the vanguard of the working class by expanding its popular support and increasing its social influence. Jiang made a statement on the concept of the working class that it includes intellectuals:

“With intellectuals being part of the working class, the scientific, technical and educational level of the working class has been raised considerably... Consequently some workers have changed their jobs. But this has not changed the status of the Chinese working class. On the contrary, this will serve to improve the overall quality of the working class and give play to its advantages as a group in the long run. The Chinese working class has always been the basic force for promoting the advanced productive forces in China. Our Party must remain the vanguard of the working class and unswervingly and wholeheartedly rely on the working class.”^[9]

Influence and reception

Jiang's theory was the subject of significant internal debate.^[10][11] Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics^[10] or a mechanism to incorporate bourgeois elements into the discipline of the party.^[12]: 76 Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values.^[10] Criticism originated on all ideological sides of the party.^[11]

Jiang disagreed with the assertion that his theories were not Marxist, and concluded that attaining the communist mode of production (as formulated by earlier communists) was more complex than had been realized; it was useless to try to force a change, as it had to develop naturally by following the economic laws of history.^{[13][better source needed]} The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labour and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."^{[13][better source needed]} Jiang's decision to allow capitalists into the CCP was criticized^{[by whom?]} as "political misconduct" and "ideological confusions."^[14] These critiques helped fuel the rise of the Chinese New Left movement.^[14]

At the time Jiang announced the theory, most entrepreneurs who were members of the CCP had been party members before starting their businesses.^[15] This change allowed for a new cohort of party members who could join after having had success in business.^[15] The greatest jump in the numbers of party members who are also entrepreneurs came in 2001, not long after the announcement of the Three Represents.^[15] In recent years (as of 2022), around 30-35% of Chinese entrepreneurs have been party members.^[15]

Academic Lin Chun writes that while "nothing was politically incorrect in this banal statement" of the Three Represents, "it simply signaled that the party no longer even pretended to be the vanguard of the working class."^[11]

Academics Steve Tsang and Olivia Cheung observe that the Three Represents helped co-opt economic elites and extend the party's reach into the growing private sector.^[16]: 79

References

1. "Jiang Zemin passes away". Xinhua. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
2. Bo, Zhiyue (September 2004). "Hu Jintao and the CCP's ideology: A historical perspective". Journal of Chinese Political Science. 9 (2): 27–45. doi:10.1007/BF02877001. ISSN 1080-6954. S2CID 148491989.
3. Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.
4. Huang, Yibing (2020). An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. pp. 474–475. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.
5. Pieke, Frank N; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 49. doi:10.56159/eai.52060. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. OCLC 1354535847.
6. Huang, Yibing (2020). An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. pp. 468–469. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.
7. 萧, 功秦 (2006). "改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察 - 中国知网". 天津社会科学 (4). 天津社会科学. (04): 45–49. doi:10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.2006.04.008. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
8. Fewsmith, Joseph (December 2001). "Rethinking the Role of the CCP: Explicating Jiang Zemin's Party Anniversary Speech" (PDF). China Leadership Monitor. 1 Part 2: 5.
9. "Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China China". China Internet Information Center. 1 July 2001. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
10. Dittmer, Lowell (2003). "Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin". Journal of East Asian Studies. 3 (1): 97–128. doi:10.1017/S1598240800001132. ISSN 1598-2408. JSTOR 23417742. S2CID 155266344.
11. Lin, Chun (2006). The Transformation of Chinese Socialism. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press. p. 258. doi:10.1515/9780822388364. ISBN 978-0-8223-3785-0. OCLC 63178961.
12. Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084.
13. Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2004). The Man who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin. Crown Publishers. pp. 107–110. ISBN 978-1-4000-5474-9.
14. Moore, Scott (2022). China's Next Act: How Sustainability and Technology are Reshaping China's Rise and the World's Future. New York, NY. p. 17. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197603994.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-760401-4. OCLC 1316703008.
15. Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 13–14. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.
16. Tsang, Steve; Cheung, Olivia (2024). The Political Thought of Xi Jinping. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197689363.

Further reading

• On the “Three Represents”, a collection of speeches by Jiang Zemin
• Lewis, John W.; Xue Litai (2003). "Social Change and Political Reform in China: Meeting the Challenge of Success" (PDF). The China Quarterly. 176 (176): 926–942. doi:10.1017/S0305741003000559. S2CID 154325971. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2005.
• Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China (2001). China Internet Information Center.