The Horse Soldiers

The Horse Soldiers
The Horse Soldiers
	1959 movie poster
Directed by	John Ford
Screenplay by	John Lee Mahin; Martin Rackin
Based on	The Horse Soldiers; 1956 novel; by Harold Sinclair (1907-1966)
Produced by	John Lee Mahin (uncredited); Martin Rackin (uncredited); Allen K. Wood (production manager)
Starring	John Wayne; William Holden; Constance Towers
Cinematography	William H. Clothier
Edited by	Jack Murray
Music by	David Buttolph
Color process	Color by Deluxe
Production; company	The Mirisch Company
Distributed by	United Artists
Release date	June 12, 1959;
Running time	120 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Box office	$3.8 million (US and Canada rentals)

The Horse Soldiers is a 1959 American adventure war film set during the American Civil War directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, William Holden and Constance Towers. The screenplay by John Lee Mahin and Martin Rackin was loosely based on the Harold Sinclair (1907-1966) 1956 novel of historical fiction of the same name, a fictionalized version of the famous Grierson's Raid by Federal cavalry in April-May 1863 riding southward through Mississippi and around the Mississippi River fortress of Vicksburg during the Vicksburg campaign to split the southern Confederacy by Union Army Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.

Plot

A Union cavalry brigade led by Colonel John Marlowe — a railroad construction engineer in civilian life — is sent on a raid behind Confederate Army lines to destroy railroad track and the Confederate supply depot for Vicksburg at Newton Station. Newly assigned Major Henry Kendall, a regimental surgeon who is torn between duty and the horror of war, is constantly at odds with Marlowe.

While the raiders rest overnight at Greenbriar Plantation, Miss Hannah Hunter, the plantation's mistress, acts as a gracious hostess to the unit's officers, hosting a dinner for them and exaggerating her "Southern manners and courtesies" to hide her dismay and disgust towards the invading Yankees. She and her black maid, an enslaved person, Lukey, eavesdrop on a staff meeting as Col. Marlowe discusses his battle strategy to avoid tangling with Confederate States Army troops as he drives south through Mississippi down to the Union-occupied Louisiana state capital of Baton Rouge. To protect the secrecy of the mission, Marlowe is forced to take the two women along with him.

Initially hostile to her Yankee captors, Miss Hunter gradually comes to respect Colonel Marlowe and eventually falls in love with him. In addition to the surgeon Major Kendall and Miss Hunter, Marlowe also must contend with Col. Phil Secord, a politically ambitious officer commanding the other cavalry regiment. Secord continually questions and second-guesses Marlowe's orders and command decisions.

Several battles ensue, including the capture of the vital supply depot at Newton Station, plus a later skirmish during which Lukey is killed by a rebel sniper; and a surprise dawn attack and skirmish with cadets from a local Southern military academy (based on an actual incident in May 1864's Battle of New Market in the Shenandoah Valley campaigns of western Virginia, when a battalion of youngsters from the Corps of Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute was thrown into battle).

After destroying the crucial enemy supplies and equipment at Newton's Station, cutting the railway line between Vicksburg and the Mississippi state capital of Jackson further east, and now with Confederate Army cavalry forces in hot pursuit, the Union Army brigade under Colonels Marlowe and Secord reaches a bridge that must be stormed and taken in order to reach the Federal lines at Baton Rouge. After taking the bridge, Marlowe's men rig it with barrels of black powder. Marlowe bids Hannah farewell, tying her sweat and blood-soaked red neckerchief around his neck after telling her in his bluff, soldierly way that he loves her and will return for her as soon as he is able. Dr. Kendall chooses to remain behind with some badly wounded men in a log cabin by the bridge rigged up as a temporary hospital, knowing he will be captured with them, rather than leave them without medical attention until Confederate medical personnel arrive with the pursuing Southerners.

Marlowe, though wounded in the foot, lights the fuse to the explosives with his cigar. He is the last of his men to gallop in a rush across the bridge before it explodes, halting the Confederate chase. Their mission accomplished, he and his brigade continue on toward Baton Rouge, thinking of the Southern woman he loves who he had to leave behind with Major Kendall.

Cast

John Wayne as Colonel John Marlowe
William Holden as Major Henry 'Hank' Kendall, doctor / surgeon
Constance Towers as Miss Hannah Hunter of "Greenbriar" plantation
Althea Gibson as Lukey, Miss Hunter's maid / slave
Judson Pratt as Sergeant Major Kirby
Ken Curtis as Cpl. Wilkie
Willis Bouchey as Col. Phil Secord of First Michigan Regiment of cavalry
Bing Russell as Dunker, Yankee Soldier Amputee
O.Z. Whitehead as Otis 'Hoppy' Hopkins (medical assistant)
Hank Worden as Deacon Clump
Chuck Hayward as Captain Winters
Denver Pyle as Jackie Jo (Confederate rebel deserter)
Strother Martin as Virgil (Confederate rebel deserter)
Basil Ruysdael as the Reverend / principal (Jefferson Military Academy) in Mississippi
Carleton Young as Col. Jonathan Miles, C.S.A. (West Point classmate of surgeon Major Henry Kendall), commanding Confederate States Army troops in Newton Station
William Leslie as Maj. Richard Gray
William Henry as Confederate First Lieutenant
Walter Reed as Union Army officer
Anna Lee as Mrs. Buford
William Forrest as Gen. Steve Hurlburt
Ron Hagerthy as Union Army cavalry Bugler
Russell Simpson as Acting Sheriff Henry Goodbody of the local county
Hoot Gibson as Sgt. Brown
Jack Pennick as Sgt. Maj. Mitch Mitchell (uncredited) Senior member of John Ford's Stock Company of actors
Stan Jones as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (uncredited)
Richard H. Cutting as Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman (uncredited)

Background

The film was loosely based on Harold Sinclair's 1956 novel of the same name,^[3] which in turn was based on the historic 17-day Grierson's Raid and Battle of Newton's Station in Mississippi during the Civil War.

In April 1863, Colonel Benjamin Grierson led 1,700 Illinois and Iowa soldiers from La Grange, Tennessee, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, through several hundred miles of enemy territory, destroying Confederate railroad and supply lines between Newton's Station and Vicksburg, Mississippi. The mission was part of the Union Army's successful Vicksburg campaign to gain control over boat traffic on the Mississippi River, culminating in the Battle of Vicksburg.^[4] Grierson's destruction of Confederate-controlled rail links and supplies played an important role in disrupting Confederate General John C. Pemberton's strategies and troop deployments. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman reportedly described Grierson's daring mission as "the most brilliant of the war".^[5]

Though based loosely on Grierson's Raid, The Horse Soldiers is a fictional account that departs considerably from the actual events. The real-life protagonist, a music teacher named Benjamin Grierson, becomes railroad engineer John Marlowe in the film. Hannah Hunter, Marlowe's love interest, has no historical counterpart. Numerous other details were altered as well, "to streamline and popularize the story for the non-history buffs who would make up a large part of the audience."^[6]

Dr. Erastus Dean Yule, the real-life surgeon counterpart of Major Hank Kendall, actually did volunteer to stay behind and get captured by the Confederates with the casualties who were too wounded to continue.^[7] The raid actually took place about a year before the notorious Andersonville POW camp was built, and he was eventually exchanged after several months as a POW.

Production

Exterior scenes were filmed in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, along the banks of Cane River Lake, and in and around Natchez, Mississippi.^[8] The film company built a bridge over the Cane River for the pivotal battle scene, and many locals were hired as extras.^[8] It also features scenes shot in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California.^[9] The film used DeLuxe Color.

Holden and Wayne both received $750,000 for starring, a record salary at the time.^[10] The project was plagued from the start by cost overruns, discord, and tragedy. Holden and Ford argued incessantly. Wayne was preoccupied with pre-production logistics for The Alamo.^[11] Lukey's dialog was originally written in "Negro" dialect that Althea Gibson, the former Wimbledon and U.S. National tennis champion who was cast in the role, found offensive. She informed Ford that she would not deliver her lines as written. Though Ford was notorious for his intolerance of actors' demands,^[12] he agreed to modify the script.^[13]

During filming of the climactic battle scene, veteran stuntman Fred Kennedy suffered a broken neck while performing a horse fall and died. "Ford was completely devastated," wrote biographer Joseph Malham. "[He] felt a deep responsibility for the lives of the men who served under him."^[14] The film was scripted to end with the triumphant arrival of Marlowe's forces in Baton Rouge, but Ford "simply lost interest" after Kennedy's death. He ended the film with Marlowe's farewell to Hannah Hunter before crossing and blowing up the bridge.^[15]

Reception

The film opened at number one in the United States^[16] but was ultimately a commercial failure, due largely to Wayne's and Holden's high salaries and the complex participation of multiple production companies. The response of audiences and critics was "lackluster".^[15]

Literary critic Manny Farber writing in The New Leader offers this assessment:

The Horse Soldiers is the disaster of the month, an eventful canter in which director Ford, without any plot to speak of, falls back on boyish Irish playfulness (played by a rigor-mortified John Wayne, an almost non-existent Bill Holden, and a new gnashing beauty named Connie Towers) to fill a several-million-dollar investment. The ‘comedy’ which includes Wayne’s troubles with a drunken top sergeant, a soldiering doctor, and a captive Southern belle, is interspersed with Ford’s stolidly evolved, beefy, Bonheur-ish ‘pictures.’ It all takes place on a plodding journey, which sends 1,700 hundred Union cavalrymen into the Confederacy in search of what turns out to be a screenplay.”^[17]

References

^ Landesman, Fred (August 13, 2015). The John Wayne Filmography. McFarland. p. 149. ISBN 9781476609225.
^ Cohn, Lawrence (October 15, 1990). "All-Time Film Rental Champs". Variety. p. M164.
^ Sinclair, H. The Horse Soldiers. Harper & Brothers (1965). ASIN: B0000CJIT1.
^ Jones, Terry L. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Civil War. Scarecrow Press. p. 621. ISBN 978-0-8108-7811-2.
^ Malham, J. John Ford: Poet in the Desert. Lake Street Press (2013), pp. 261-2. ISBN 978-1-936181-08-7.
^ York, N.L. Fiction as Fact: Horse Soldiers and Popular Memory. Kent State University Press (2001). ISBN 087338685X
^ "Grierson's Raid: Wrecking the Railroad with the Butternut Guerrillas". December 22, 2018.
^ ^a ^b York, Neil Longley (January 2001). Fiction as Fact: The Horse Soldiers and Popular Memory. Kent State University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-87338-688-3.
^ Schad, Jerry (2009). Los Angeles County: A Comprehensive Hiking Guide. Wilderness Press. Pages 35-36. ISBN 9780899976396.
^ "Brando, Holden, Wayne: $750,000-Per-Picture As Box Office Giants". Variety. November 26, 1958. p. 1. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via Archive.org.
^ Malham (2013), pp. 262-3.
^ Gallagher, T. John Ford: The Man and His Films. University of California Press (1988), p. 93. ISBN 0520063341.
^ Gray, FC; Lamb, YR. Born to Win: The Authorized Biography of Althea Gibson John Wiley & Sons (2004), pp. 120-1. ISBN 978-0471471653.
^ Malham (2013), pp. 263-4.
^ ^a ^b Malham (2013), p. 264.
^ "National Box Office Survey". Variety. July 1, 1959. p. 5. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
^ Farber, 2009 p. 522-523: from The New Leader, July 6, 1959