The Blind Boys of Alabama, also billed as The Five Blind Boys of Alabama, and Clarence Fountain and the Blind Boys of Alabama,[4] is an American gospel group. The group was founded in 1939 in Talladega, Alabama, and has featured a changing roster of musicians over its history, the majority of whom are or were vision impaired.[4][5][6][7]
Group member Ricky McKinnie said in a 2011 interview with the magazine Mother Jones: "Our disability doesn't have to be a handicap. It's not about what you can't do. It's about what you do. And what we do is sing good gospel music."[8]
History
1930s and 1940s
The Blind Boys of Alabama first sang together in 1939 as part of the school chorus at the Alabama Institute for the Negro Deaf and Blind in Talladega, Alabama.[4] The founding members were Clarence Fountain (1929–2018), George Scott (1929–2005), Velma Bozman Traylor (1923–1947), Johnny Fields (1927–2009), Olice Thomas (b. 1926, d. unknown), and the only sighted member, J. T. Hutton (c. 1924–2012.)[4][17][note 1]
Early influences of the Blind Boys include the Golden Gate Quartet, The Soul Stirrers and The Heavenly Gospel Singers.[22] While the boys were not allowed to sing black gospel music at their school (which was run by an all-white faculty), they were able to hear it on the radio.[22]
The earliest version of the group was known as The Happy Land Jubilee Singers and their first performances were for World War II soldiers at nearby encampments, where the boys sang for pocket change.[10][17][22] The group's first professional performance was on June 10, 1944, during a broadcast from radio station WSGN (currently WAGG) in Birmingham, Alabama.[5] The following year, the members dropped out of school and began touring the gospel circuit.[17] In 1947, lead vocalist Traylor died in a gun accident.[4][10]
In 1948, a Newark, New Jersey, promoter booked the Happy Land Jubilee Singers along with a gospel act from Mississippi known as the Jackson Harmoneers, whose members were also visually impaired, and advertised the program as the "Battle of the Blind Boys."[4][10] The two acts soon changed their names to the Five Blind Boys of Alabama and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi and often toured together.[4] The Blind Boys' early sound was also influenced by the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi who were singing in the "hard gospel" style that was becoming popular at the time.[10][23] Hard gospel often involved a shrieking and screaming style of singing and during performances some audience members reportedly would get so excited that some would have to be sent to the hospital.[10][23]
The Blind Boys made their first recordings in 1948 on the Coleman label and their first national hit was "I Can See Everybody's Mother But Mine" released in 1949.[24] Their success led to a series of recordings on various record labels.[24]
Reverend Paul Exkano of the King Solomon Baptist Church in New Orleans joined the group shortly after they changed their name to Five Blind Boys of Alabama and was present during the group's first recordings in 1948 and 1949, but he left the group after two years and was replaced by Percell Perkins of the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, later replaced by Joe Watson.[22]
1950s
During the 1950s, black gospel music was popular and the Blind Boys were one of the better known groups.[4] Artists from pop and rock genres began to include aspects of black gospel music in their arrangements and black gospel artists such as Ray Charles and Sam Cooke began crossing over to pop and rock music.[4][17] Ray Charles's manager offered the Blind Boys a big touring deal if they would cross over to other genres, but the group decided to stick to their gospel roots.[10][17] They signed with Specialty Records in 1953, but left five years later, after again being pressured to sing secular music.[10]
While the Blind Boys were selling records in the 1950s, they did not make much money. In an interview with Ebony magazine in 2003, Fountain stated that they signed contracts that took advantage of them and that they were each paid $50 per album side and the record company kept the rest.[25] By 1953, each member made $100 per side and, as per Fountain, "That was good money in that day. We didn't know what we were worth."[25]
1960s and 1970s
Into the 1960s the popularity of traditional gospel music was on the decline and soul music gained favor as a new type of secular black music.[4][12] At the same time, rhythm and blues and rock musicians began to incorporate traditional gospel sounds into their music.[4][5] The term soul was originally used by gospel musicians in the 1950s to identify the spiritual nature of their music.[26] By the late 1960s, the term being used more commonly to describe all popular music by African Americans.[26]
During the 1960s, the Blind Boys performed at benefits for Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement.[12] They continued to resist offers to sing more secular music. Fountain attributed their resistance to selling out to their lack of need, noting that they were happy and well-fed as they were and wanted to enjoy performing the music they sought to perform, as opposed to recording popular music solely for a paycheck.[27]
In 1969, Fountain left the group in order to pursue a solo career.[4] Neither the Blind Boys nor Fountain found much success into the 1970s.[4] In 1972, guitarist Samuel Butler Jr. (son of the guitarist of the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi) joined the group.[28] Fountain returned to the group in 1977.[4]
1980s and 1990s
During their first 40 years, the Blind Boys had primarily played for black gospel audiences, mainly in churches and school auditoriums.[5][8] The 1980s would mark the group's exposure to a wider audience.[4][8]
By the early 1980s, singer Clarence Fountain had taken the role as the group's frontman.[4][24] It was at this time that the group was joined by vocalist Jimmy Carter, whose first recording with the group was on their 1982 record I'm a Soldier in the Army of the Lord.[19][28] Carter sang with the Dixieland Blind Boys, as well as the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, prior to his work with The Blind Boys of Alabama.[28] Carter was a student of the Alabama Institute for the Negro Blind when the group was originally formed, but was too young to join the group when they began touring.[28][19]
In 1983, the group (billed as Clarence Fountain and The Five Blind Boys of Alabama) was cast in the theatrical production The Gospel at Colonus, an African-American musical version of Sophocles' tragedy, Oedipus at Colonus.[4][8] In the play, the Blind Boys collectively played the part of blinded Oedipus.[10] The cast included Morgan Freeman as well as members of The Soul Stirrers.[10][29]The Gospel at Colonus won an Obie for Best Musical in 1984 and the production moved to Broadway in 1988.[4][10] The play's success led to the Blind Boys' exposure to a wider mainstream audience and marked a turning point for the group.[4][8][9]
In 1990, vocalist and percussionist Ricky McKinnie was invited by Fountain to join the Blind Boys.[7][30] McKinnie had actually met the Blind Boys when he was about five years old.[7][30] McKinnie's mother, Sarah McKinnie Shivers, was a singer who would often cross paths with the Blind Boys while she was on tour.[7][30] McKinnie lost his sight due to glaucoma at age 23, but had been playing drums for over a decade prior.[7][30]
In 1995, the Blind Boys became the first artists to be signed to the new House of Blues gospel label, for which they recorded their first live album I Brought Him with Me.[9][24] The album featured appearances from blues singers Koko Taylor and Solomon Burke.[9] In December 1996, the group appeared in the Christmas episode of TV series Beverly Hills, 90210 titled "Gift Wrapped".[34][35] The Blind Boys continued experimenting with contemporary popular music on their 1997 release Holding On, also released on the House of Blues label.[34] The album contained elements of funk and reggae.[34][36]
In 2002, they released Higher Ground, an album that combines traditional gospel lyrics with the music of other artists.[25] The title song is a rendition of the Stevie Wonder hit, but some of the lyrics were changed to make it a gospel song—for example, the line "Lovers, keep on lovin'" became "Prayers, keep on prayin."[25] Other songs covered on the album include "People Get Ready" by Curtis Mayfield, "Spirit in the Dark" by Aretha Franklin, "The Cross" by Prince, and "You and Your Folks, Me and My Folks" by Funkadelic.[25] The album won the Blind Boys another Grammy for Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album and also won them a GMA Dove Award for Traditional Gospel Album of the Year.[39][40] The Blind Boys also performed on the steps of the Library of Congress in 2002.[24]
The Blind Boys collaborated several times with Ben Harper: Harper played guitar on the Blind Boys' albums Higher Ground and Spirit of the Century.[45] The Blind Boys again collaborated with Harper on his 2004 album There Will Be a Light and toured with him throughout Europe that year.[8][22][45] The majority of the songs were Harper originals, but the album also included a cover of Bob Dylan and Danny O'Keefe's "Well, Well, Well."[45]There Will Be a Light also won the Grammy for Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album.[46] The following year, Harper and the Blind Boys released Live at the Apollo, a recording of their live performance from the Apollo Theater in October 2004.[47]
On March 9, 2005, at the age of 75, vocalist George Scott died of complications from diabetes and a heart condition.[49] In 2006, vocalist Ben Moore was invited to join the group by Carter.[50] Moore had previously performed under the name "Bobby Purify" as part of the R&B duo James & Bobby Purify and continued to use the name as a solo artist after the duo broke up in the 1980s.[50] In 2007, Fountain stopped touring with the group due to complications from diabetes.[10]
In 2008, the Blind Boys released the album Down in New Orleans.[51] The album was recorded in New Orleans, which was a first for the group,[52] and includes songs written by or made famous by New Orleans musicians along with updated gospel standards.[51] Many tracks also feature guest musicians from the city.[51] Tracks include a jazzy version of the popular gospel song "Uncloudy Day", backed by the Preservation Hall Jazz Band; blues song "Make a Better World" written by musician Earl King), backed by the Hot 8 Brass Band; as well as a bluesy version of "If I Could Help Somebody" by Mahalia Jackson with Allen Toussaint on piano.[51] The album also won the GMA Dove Award for Traditional Gospel Album of the Year.[40]
In 2011, the group appeared in the live-action/animated feature film Hop.
Vocalist Billy Bowers left the group in 2011 when he was injured and underwent back surgery.[7][56] Bowers' role as vocalist was filled by Ricky McKinnie, who was also the groups' percussionist for many years.[7][56][57] Bowers died July 2, 2013, of heart failure in Montgomery, Alabama, at the age of 71.[56]
In 2013, the Blind Boys released I'll Find a Way, produced by Justin Vernon of Bon Iver.[58] The album also features guest appearances by Sam Amidon and Merrill Garbus of Tune-Yards.[58] The following year, the Blind Boys released Talkin' Christmas! in collaboration with blues musician Taj Mahal.[59]
In 2016, the Blind Boys contributed to God Don't Never Change: The Songs of Blind Willie Johnson, a tribute album recorded in honor of gospel musician Blind Willie Johnson.[60] The Blind Boys performed the song "Mother's Children Have a Hard Time", a performance that was nominated for Best American Roots Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[61] The album was also nominated in the category of Best Roots Gospel Album.[61]
In 2017, the Blind Boys released the album Almost Home on BBOA Records in collaboration with Amazon Music.[62][63] Fountain also rejoined the group for the album's recording.[10] The songs on the album were written for the Blind Boys by writers including Marc Cohn, Phil Cook, John Leventhal, and Valerie June.[62][64] The Blind Boys' manager, Charles Driebe, recorded interviews with the members of the group then shared them with the songwriters who wrote songs reflecting the Blind Boys' personal stories.[64] The song "Let My Mother Live" from the album was nominated for Best American Roots Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[65] Written by Leventhal, the song is about Carter as a young boy at the Alabama Institute and "how scared I was, and that I wanted my mother to live until I got grown."[64] On August 28, 2020, Single Lock Records released the Blind Boys' album Almost Home to all platforms, including a bonus track: previously unreleased Bob Dylan song, "See By Faith."
On June 3, 2018, Clarence Fountain died of complications from diabetes at the age of 88 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[66] His final performance with the Blind Boys of Alabama was on May 16, 2018, at the Manship Theatre there.[66]
Over the summer of 2019, the Blind Boys toured Europe with blind Afro-pop duo Amadou & Mariam.[11] Similar to the Blind Boys, the husband-and-wife duo originally met in 1975 at the Bamako Institute for the Blind in Mali.[11] During the tour, the two groups of vocalists would provide vocal accompaniment to performances of each group's songs.[11] They would also perform original material that they had created together, such as the songs "Bamako to Birmingham" and "Two Cultures, One Beat."[11]
In August of that same year, the Blind Boys released a collaborative album with Marc Cohn titled Work To Do.[70] The album features Cohn and the Blind Boys performing new and older material by Cohn in addition to renditions of traditional gospel songs.[70][71] Seven of the tracks are recordings from their performance on The Kate earlier that same year, including Cohn's hit "Walking in Memphis", as well the Blind Boys' version of "Amazing Grace" to the melody of "The House of the Rising Sun".[70][71] On October 15, 2019, the group appeared on Today to perform the title track alongside Marc Cohn.[72]
Music blog UDiscoverMusic named Blind Boys the longest standing music group, as they are still touring and writing/recording music after being founded in 1939.[73] In 2019, Jason Isbell selected the Blind Boys to join him for his October residency at the Ryman Auditorium.[74] Shortly after, they were featured with Irish TV host Hector Ó hEochagáin for his show Hector USA.[75] The Blind Boys' 2019 Christmas Tour earned the praise of The New Yorker, which commented "The beloved gospel ensemble the Blind Boys of Alabama...remains perennially fresh, whether it's interjecting godliness into unexpected songs or, as in this case, saluting Christmas."[76]
2020s
In March 2020, the group toured Australia and New Zealand, performing at the Womadelaide and Womad NZ festivals.[77][78] In May 2020, Woodstock legend Wavy Gravy included the Blind Boys in his virtual music festival celebrating his 84th birthday.[79]
To kick off 2021, the Recording Academy featured the Blind Boys performing 'If I Had a Hammer' on their "Positive Vibes Only" series.[80] Later that year, the Blind Boys teamed up with Béla Fleck to release a new version of "I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free" for Record Store Day.[81] The song went on to be nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best American Roots Performance category.[82]
Singer Ben Moore (Benjamin Moore, Jr.) died of natural causes on May 12, 2022.[83] He was 80 years old.[83] In July 2022, the Blind Boys were featured as performers at the closing ceremonies of the World Games at the Protective Stadium in Birmingham, Alabama. They performed with Jamey Johnson and a 75-piece orchestra led by Dr. Henry Panion on a bill headlined by Lionel Richie.[84]
In September 2022, the Blind Boys released two collaborative tracks with Black Violin titled "We Are One" and "The Message", the latter of which was nominated for a Grammy for Best Americana Performance.[85][86]The View featured the Blind Boys on Martin Luther King Jr Day 2023, including an interview and multiple performances.[87]
Tenor Paul Beasley died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 78.[88] Beasley was previously a member of such groups as Gospel Keynotes and the Mighty Clouds of Joy.[88] He joined the Blind Boys in 2013 after losing his eyesight.[88]
In 2023, the Blind Boys album Echoes of the South earned three Grammy Award nominations, including Best Roots Gospel Album, as well as Best American Roots Performance for the song "Heaven Help Us All" and Best Americana Performance for the song "Friendship".[89] The album was named after the Birmingham radio program that hosted the group's first professional performance in 1944.[89] Jimmy Carter retired from the Blind Boys after recording the album, at the age of 91.[89]
^While current band member Jimmy Carter is often credited as being the only remaining "original" or "founding" member of the group, he was actually too young to join the group when they began touring, but he was attending the Alabama Institute for the Negro Blind when the group was originally formed.[18][19][20] He did not officially join the group until the 1980s, having previously worked with the Dixieland Blind Boys as well as Five Blind Boys of Mississippi.[18][21] Carter's first recorded performance with the Blind Boys was on their 1982 record I'm a Soldier in the Army of the Lord.[19]
^ abHildebrand, Lee (June 29, 2008). "Blind Boys of Alabama battling". SF Gate. San Francisco, California. Retrieved December 1, 2019. Dispute over origins: Fountain is also disturbed by claims made by Carter that he was an original member of the Alabama Blind Boys and, hence, the only original still performing with the group. Carter was, in fact, a student at the school when the group was formed in 1938. According to Fountain, he did sing with other members of the group in the school's choir, but not with the group itself. "We didn't like his voice, so we didn't invite him in," Fountain said. "I was an original Blind Boy of Alabama, but when they left school in 1944, I didn't go," Carter, 77, said after a concert in Modesto. "I was too young. I went back to school." Carter's first recorded appearance with the Blind Boys of Alabama was in 1982 on "I'm a Soldier in the Army of the Lord." Before joining them for that album, he had spent more than a dozen years with the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi and, before that, sang with the Dixieland Blind Boys.
^ abcdKenneth Roberts, Charles (June 5, 2018). "Blind Boys of Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation. Retrieved December 1, 2019. Jimmy Carter is billed as the only founding member of the band still performing. Although he was enrolled at the school and a member of the chorus, he was too young at the time to join when the group first began touring. Despite some controversy, Carter is still described as a founding member of the band, though he did not appear in a recorded performance with the Blind Boys until the 1982 record I'm a Soldier in the Army of the Lord.
^Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. London, United Kingdom: Omnibus Press. pp. 1143–1146. ISBN9780857125958. Jimmy Carter finally became a permanent fifth member of the group in the early 1980s (again after an apprenticeship with the Mississippi 5.)
^ abMoore, Allan (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–112. ISBN978-0511998713.
^ abKernodle, Tammy Lynn; Maxile, Horace Joseph (2011). Encyclopedia of African American Music, Volume 1. Asheville, North Carolina: ABC-CLIO. p. 892. ISBN9780313341991. Soul originally was used by gospel quartets in the 1950s to identify the spiritual nature of their music. In the 1960s, it was used by jazz musicians to categorize contemporary hard bop, also linked to spiritual expression. Its use over the years led to the term being used more commonly to describe all popular music by African Americans. Billboard magazine, who had in 1949 changed the music category it used for black popular music from race music to rhythm and blues, now changed rhythm and blues to soul in 1969.
^ abcd"Blind Boys of Alabama". The World. Coos Bay, Oregon. March 27, 1999. p. C1. Retrieved December 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. In 1994, the group was awarded the NEA National Heritage Fellowship, presented by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. . . . They even performed on the popular Fox Television show, "Beverly Hills 90210." That year also broth the group's debut on the House of Blues Music Company. A live album, "I Brought Him With Me," showcased the group's ability to musically change with the times, while remaining true to their basic style, That is obvious on the latest HOB Music Company release, Holdin' On." From cut to cut, it takes the listener on a new inspirational experience. Beginning with the encouraging title track, from the funky "Sacrifice." to the closing tune, "The Spirit of the Lord is Coming Down," it promises to bless hearts and soul. Of "Holdin' On," Fountain says, "We tried to get all phases of the music on the album. We've got tunes that I think will fit any audience."
^"New Album Releases". The Atlanta Voice. Atlanta, Georgia. August 30, 1997. p. 12A. Retrieved December 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. "Holdin' On" is the latest release by The Blind Boys of Alabama. It continues the group's gospel tradition of gospel music while encompassing a broad range of styles such as reggae.
^ abHicks, Robert (December 16, 2003). "Blind Boys of Alabama keep gospel spirit in Christmas". Daily Record. Morristown, New Jersey. p. D5. Retrieved December 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. For its 2003 Christmas project, the group worked with producer John Cherlew and executive producer Chris Goldsmith, who recruited a stellar cast of guest singers and musicians, including Solomon Burke, Tom Waits, Michael Franti, Chrissie Hynde, Richard Thompson, Aaron Neville, Mavis Staples, Shelby Lynne, George Clinton, Robert Randolph, Me'shell Ndegeocello and Les McCann, for its Grammy-nominated recording "Go Tell It on the Mountain". On Thursday at the Community Theatre in Morristown and on Friday at the Beacon Theatre in New York City, the Blind Boys of Alabama will perform Christmas songs as well as songs from their two previous Grammy-winning albums, 2001's "Spirit of the Century" and 2002's "Higher Ground."
^ abcKuipers, Dean (November 14, 2004). "Ben and the Boys go soul searching". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. E68. Retrieved December 1, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. But when Harper lent that guitar to gospel hybridizers the Blind Boys of Alabama on two of their albums, Higher Ground and Spirit of the Century. . . .the majority of the album's songs are Harper originals. . . . subtly shifts into the Bob Dylan-Danny O'Keefe tune Well, Well, Well.
^ ab"Obituaries". The Crisis. Vol. 112, no. 3. Baltimore, Maryland: NAACP. May–June 2005. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. George Scott, 75, singer, died of complications from diabetes and a heart condition March 9 in Durham, N.C. Scott was a founding member of the Grammy-award winning Blind Boys of Alabama gospel group.
^ abcdeFaith, Blind (December 12, 2019). "Blind Faith". Tucson Weekly. Tucson, Arizona. Retrieved December 14, 2019. Carter, and fellow Blind Boys Eric "Ricky" McKinnie, Ben Moore and Paul Beasley (who are also blind), and Joey Williams, Stephen Raynard Ladson and Peter Levin will be hitting Tucson to spread some holiday cheer next week.[permanent dead link]
^ abcdBoyer, Horace C. (1995). How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel. Montgomery, Alabama: Elliott & Clark. p. 201. ISBN9781880216194. In 1937 Clarence Fountain (b. 1929) was an elementary school student singing in the Talladega Institute for the Deaf and Blind Glee Club. Fountain and a friend, Johnny Fields (b. 1927), selected George Scott (b. 1929), Olice Thomas (b. 1926), and Velma Bozman Traylor (1923–47) from the Glee Club and formed the Happy Land Jubilee Singers.
^Irvine, David (November 19, 2009). "Fields' funeral today". The Daily Dispatch. Vol. XCV, no. 271. Henderson, North Carolina. p. 1A. Retrieved December 1, 2019. Henderson lost one of its shining stars when Johnny Fields died on Nov 12.
^"Obituaries". AL.com. Alabama Media Group. 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2019. J. T. Hutton, age 88, a native of Birmingham, passed away July 27, 2012.
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