Swipe (comics)

Planet Comics
Planet Stories
A Spetacular Feature #11 (1950), adaptation of Sansom and Delilah story
Samson and Delilah (1949 film)
Recycling figurework was common practice during the Golden Age of Comics.

Swipe is a comics term for the intentional copying of a cover, panel, or page from an earlier comic book or graphic novel without crediting the original artist.

Overview

Artists Jack Kirby, Neal Adams, Hergé, and Jim Lee are common targets of swipes, though even those artists may not be above reproach; Kirby was known to have swiped from Hal Foster early in his career.[1] Similarly, many Golden Age artists kept "swipe files" of material to be copied as needed.[2] Certain contemporary artists have become notorious for their swiping, including Rich Buckler (who favors Neal Adams and Jack Kirby), Rob Liefeld (many artists), Keith Giffen (José Antonio Muñoz), and Roger Cruz (Jim Lee and Joe Madureira).

There is a long tradition in comics of using fine art as "inspiration" as well. Most observers do not consider this as objectionable as swiping from another cartoonist's work.[citation needed] Examples include Art Spiegelman swiping an image of the Russian artist M. Mazruho's in Maus,[3] Eddie Campbell swiping Diego Velázquez,[4] and Jill Thompson swiping the work of Arthur Rackham.[5]

Cartoonists have also swiped images from mass media and commercial art. Examples include Batman creator Bob Kane repeatedly swiping from early 20th-century illustrator Henry Vallely,[6][7] Greg Land repeatedly swiping pornography as well as many popular comic book artists,[8][9] 2000 AD artist Mick Austin swiping an image of Toni Shilleto's from Mayfair: Entertainment for Men,[10] Jon J. Muth swiping a 1940s photograph,[11] and David Chelsea swiping from Spanish pornography.[12] Sometimes the swiping happens "in reverse", as in the example of an illustration from Organic Gardening magazine swiping the iconic Kirby cover for Fantastic Four #1.[13]

Swiping brings to mind the amusing conundrum of whether an artist can swipe from himself. One example is two almost-identical Peanuts strips by Charles Schulz done almost ten years apart.[14] Another comic strip-related ethics question was invoked by latter-day Nancy artists Guy & Brad Gilchrist swiping Nancy creator Ernie Bushmiller.[15]

"Cloning"

Though not technically swiping, some artists have made a career "cloning" other artists. Phil Jimenez has been quite open about his work being modeled on George Pérez's,[16] though he has never been accused of directly swiping a Pérez drawing. Bryan Hitch started off as an Alan Davis "clone".[17] Bill Sienkiewicz's early work was blatantly derivative of Neal Adams,[18] as was Tom Grindberg's,[17] Michael Netzer (Nasser)'s, and Mike Grell's. Industry veteran Dick Giordano maintained that cloning is not only acceptable, but actually preferable, when an artist fills in for a regular artist on a title.[19]

Appropriation

Pop artist Roy Lichtenstein made a splash in the 1960s with his "appropriations" based on the work of Kirby, Russ Heath, Tony Abruzzo, Irv Novick, John Romita Sr., and Jerry Grandenetti, who rarely received any credit. Jack Cowart, executive director of the Lichtenstein Foundation, contests the notion that Lichtenstein was a copyist, saying: "Roy's work was a wonderment of the graphic formulae and the codification of sentiment that had been worked out by others. The panels were changed in scale, color, treatment, and in their implications. There is no exact copy."[20] Comics industry figures don't have such a sanguine attitude about Lichtenstein's swipes.[2]

Similarly, Canadian artist Kevin Mutch once drew an entire comic book entirely based on swipes. Mutch's 1993 comic Captain Adam was a "narrative collage" of images and texts from over fifty separate Silver Age and Bronze Age comics, randomly put together to form an original story.

Pastiches

Comics pastiches are blatant uses of swipes, cloning, and appropriation, usually using the same characters as the original source. French-Canadian cartoonist Yves Rodier is known for his many Adventures of Tintin pastiches, as is the anonymously written comic book The Adventures of Tintin: Breaking Free. In his Masterpiece Comics series, American cartoonist R. Sikoryak cleverly mixes exact cloning of famous cartoonists' styles with classic literary texts, creating unique comics "mash-ups". Alan Moore and Rick Veitch's 1963 series is another example of pastiche in comics form, as are the many take-offs of the Charles Atlas ads found in old comic books.

Homages

In comics, it is understood that the difference between a swipe and an "homage" is generally whether the source is directly acknowledged — as opposed to being exposed by a third party. Throughout the history of the medium, artists have engaged in homages – most often of well-known cover images like Action Comics No. 1, Detective Comics No. 27, Amazing Fantasy No. 15, and Fantastic Four No. 1. (John Byrne is particularly fond of doing homages to the latter, having produced at least seven versions to date.)[21] Some observers find homages as objectionable as swiping.[2]

Swiping watchdogs

From 1991 until at least 1997, the industry magazine The Comics Journal kept a "Swipe File" which documented perceived swipes in the comics field,[volume & issue needed] a tradition that continues on the TCJ website.[citation needed]

Artists accused of swiping

Alleged Swiper Source Notes
Michael Allred David Chelsea[22] Allred denied the charges.[23]
Chester Brown Joe Orlando[24]
Rich Buckler Neal Adams[25] Buckler has a dubious reputation as one of comics' top "swipe" artists,[26] with his early work in particular filled with "homages" to artists like Jack Kirby, John Buscema, and Neal Adams. After being publicly accused of the practice by The Comics Journal in the early 1980s,[27] Buckler denied the charges[28] and sued the magazine for libel;[29] he later dropped the suit.[30]
Jack Kirby[31][32]
Charles Burns Hergé[33]
Denys Cowan Gil Kane[17]
Glyn Dillon Jaime Hernandez[34]
Steve Ditko Will Eisner[35]
Ron Frenz Jack Kirby[36]
Keith Giffen José Antonio Muñoz[37][38][39] Giffen has acknowledged Muñoz's influence, and in 2000 referred to the controversy this way:

"I had a bad incident with studying somebody's work very closely at one point, and I resolved never, ever to do it again. I can get so immersed in somebody's work that I start turning into a Xerox machine and it's not good. . . . There was no time I was sitting there tracing or copying, no. Duplicating, pulling out of memory and putting down on paper after intense study, absolutely."[40]

In 1986 Giffen was one of the most popular comic book artists in the industry. The ensuing swiping controversy hurt Giffen's reputation.[2][41]

Bob Kane Alex Raymond[42] The classic Batman pose on the cover of Detective Comics No. 27 (the first appearance of Batman) is swiped from a 1937 Alex Raymond drawing of Flash Gordon.[42]
Gil Kane Jack Kirby[31][43]
Jack Kirby Hal Foster[1]
Peter Kuper Rius[44]
Ralph Steadman[45]
Alan Kupperberg Gil Kane[31]
Roy Lichtenstein Irv Novick, Bruno Premiani, Jerry Grandenetti, Russ Heath[46][47]
Rob Liefeld Brent Anderson[48]
John Byrne[2][49]
Frank Miller[2][50]
George Pérez[2]
Ron Wilson[48]
David W. Mack Adam Hughes[51] Mack admitted the Hughes swipes online:

". . . About the reference to Adam Hughes, yeah, I owe him credit here too. When preparing for the look of this book, I wanted to really embrace the comic book look of things while keeping things looking realistic as well, and I'm a big fan of Adam's ability to do that, . . . and I was looking at a lot of his work, among others, as a kind of training wheels in considereing [sic] styles, and getting started on this issue. . . . This was one of the first pages that I drew in this issue, getting into the vibe for the series and you may be right that I referenced it too heavily. Sometimes when you are getting rolling on a project it takes a few pages to work the influences out of your system. So props to Adam, you have to give credit where credit is due. . . ."[52]

Todd McFarlane Otomo Katsuhiro[53]
Joe Phillips Barry Windsor-Smith[54]
Joe Simon John Prentice[55][56] The stories "Man in the House" from Young Romance #101 (August-September 1959) and "Take Me Back" from All for Love #16 (October-November 1959), both credited to Joe Simon, are swipes of entire Prentice-drawn stories "The Irresistible Bum" from Young Romance #72 (August 1954) and "One More Time" from First Love Illustrated #41 (June 1954), respectively.[55][56]
Andi Watson Mike Allred[57]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b O'Brien, Richard. "Golden Age Gleanings", The Nostalgia Journal No. 8 (February 1975), p. 20.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Best, Daniel (June 26, 2006). "A Rose By Any Other Name". 20th Century Danny Boy.
  3. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 141 (April 1991), p. 117.
  4. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 155 (January 1993), p. 8.
  5. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 175 (March 1995), pp. 4–5.
  6. ^ "Gang Busters! (Secret Origins of Batman Part 1)", The Vallely Archives (May 25, 2006).
  7. ^ Kimball, Kirk. "Secret Origins of The Batman, Chapter 3: The Haunting of Robert Kane!" Dial B for Blog (Sept.).
  8. ^ "Reinventing the pencil: 21 artists who changed mainstream comics (for better or worse)". Onion AV Club. July 20, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
  9. ^ "Marvel artist Greg Land accused of plagiarism in new 'Aliens' comic". The Daily Dot. September 2, 2020.
  10. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 143 (July 1991), p. 59: Austin's 2000 AD No. 713 (January 12, 1991) and Shilleto's art from Mayfair (December 1989).
  11. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 171 (September 1994), p. 5.
  12. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 176 (Apr. 1995), pp. 6–8.
  13. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 158 (Apr. 1993), p. 9: Organic Gardening, v. 40, No. 4 (Apr. 1993) vs. Fantastic Four No. 1 (1961).
  14. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 184 (February 1996), p. 5: strips of June 11, 1987, and January 20, 1996.
  15. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 190 (September 1996), pp. 8–9.
  16. ^ Simmons, Scott. "Phil Jimenez Talks About The Invisibles", Archived August 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Heroes & Dragons (Feb. 1997).
  17. ^ a b c Larsen, Erik. "One Fan's Opinion" #17, Comic Book Resources (December 1, 2005).
  18. ^ Thomas, Michael. "Bill Sienkiewicz Interview," Comic Book Resources (July 17, 2001): "Studying Neal's work, ... I became obsessed ... and became fixated on it. It was like my intention was to be Neal. ... Neal has been nothing but wonderful and supportive from then till now. I don't think he sees me as a clone anymore."
  19. ^ "Reinventing the Rules," in Eury, Michael. Dick Giordano: Changing Comics, One Day at a Time TwoMorrows Publishing (November 5, 2003), p. 136: ISBN 1-893905-27-6.
  20. ^ Beam, Alex (October 18, 2006). "Lichtenstein: creator or copycat?" (Web). Editorial. Boston.com. Retrieved July 16, 2007.
  21. ^ Amazing Heroes No. 1 (June 1981), What If No. 36 (December 1982), Fantastic Four No. 264 (March 1984), Marvel Age No. 14 (May 1984), Avengers West Coast No. 54 (January 1990), Danger Unlimited No. 4 (May 1994), and X-Men: The Hidden Years No. 20 (July 2001)
  22. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 168 (May 1994), p. 5.
  23. ^ Allred, Michael. "Blood & Thunder: Not Guilty", The Comics Journal #169 (July 1994), p. 12.
  24. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 166 (February 1994), p. 5.
  25. ^ Gillis, Peter B. Letter about Rich Buckler swipes, The Comics Journal No. 45 (March 1979), pp. 22.
  26. ^ Cooke, Jon B. "Dan Adkins' Strange Tales: The Artist on his Visits to the World of Wood and the House of Ideas", Comic Book Artist Collection (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005), p. 42.
  27. ^ "Plagiarism: Rich Buckler Signs his Name to Jack Kirby's Work", The Comics Journal #83 (August 1983), pp. 33–35.
  28. ^ "Rich Buckler Answers His Critics", The Comics Journal #86 (November 1983), pp. 28–31.
  29. ^ "Rich Buckler Sues Comics Journal and two of its Writers for Libel", The Comics Journal #88 (January 1984), p. 13.
  30. ^ "Buckler Drops Comics Journal Libel Suit", The Comics Journal #93 (September 1984), pp. 11–12.
  31. ^ a b c Larsen, Erik. "One Fan's Opinion" #15, Comic Book Resources (November 17, 2005).
  32. ^ O'Neill, Patrick Daniel. "Career Moves" (interview with George Pérez), Wizard Magazine #35 (July 1994) Archived September 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine:

    Question: What did you do as Buckler's assistant?
    Pérez: Basically, I helped him with layout. Or I'd go through his swipe file — batches of comics — looking for suitable swipes for the story he was doing. Since at the time he was doing Thor and Fantastic Four, that meant lots of Jack Kirby books.
  33. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 178 (July 1995), p. 9.
  34. ^ "Blood & Thunder: Swipe File", The Comics Journal #161 (Aug. 1993), p. 6.
  35. ^ "Ditko's Eisner Swipe", The Comics Journal No. 43 (December 1978), pp. 23–24.
  36. ^ Boyd, Robert. "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 140 (February 1991), p. 28.
  37. ^ Burbey, Mark. "The Trouble With Keith Giffen", The Comics Journal No. 105 (February 1986), pp. 9–14.
  38. ^ "The Official Keith Giffen Swipe List", The Comics Journal No. 105 (February 1986), p. 15.
  39. ^ "More Giffen Swipes in Taboo", The Comics Journal No. 125 (October 1988), pp. 20–21.
  40. ^ Keith Giffen interviewed by Jon B. Cooke, Jack Kirby Collector No. 29 (Aug. 2000).
  41. ^ Jozic, Mike. "Meanwhile Interviews Keith Giffen" Part 3," Archived April 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Meanwhile... The Web's Snappiest E'Zine (1999).
  42. ^ a b Schumer, Arlen. Comic Book Artist/Alter-Ego Vol.1 No. 5 (1999).
  43. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 142 (June 1991), p. 117.
  44. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 154 (November 1992), p. 118.
  45. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 192 (December 1996), p. 4.
  46. ^ Paul Gravett: The Principality of Lichtenstein: From 'WHAAM!' to 'WHAAT?', 17 March 2013. Accessed on 6 September 2019.
  47. ^ Childs, Brian (February 2, 2011). "Deconstructing Lichtenstein: Source Comics Revealed and Credited". Comics Alliance. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
  48. ^ a b "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 170 (August. 1994), p. 5.
  49. ^ Leifeld's New Mutants No. 93 (September 1990), p. 5, vs. Byrne's Fantastic Four No. 247 (October 1982), p. 21
  50. ^ Leifeld's New Mutants No. 100 (Marvel Comics, April 1991) vs. Miller's Ronin No. 1 (DC Comics, 1983).
  51. ^ Mack's New Avengers No. 39 (Marvel Comics, May 2008) vs. Hughes' earlier work.
  52. ^ Mack quoted in "To Swipe or Not to Swipe", Comic Geek Speak website (February 26, 2008).
  53. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 146 (November 1991), p. 14.
  54. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 167 (April 1994), pp. 4–6.
  55. ^ a b ""Man in the House", Young Romance #101 (August-September 1959)". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  56. ^ a b ""Take Me Back", All for Love #16 (October-November 1959)". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  57. ^ "Swipe File", The Comics Journal No. 198 (August 1997), p. 4.

References

Read other articles:

Jeremy Lin

American basketball player (born 1988) This article is about the basketball player. For the Olympic swimmer, see Jeremy Linn. For the wrestler, see Jeremy Lynn. For the footballer, see Jeremy Lim. JLin redirects here. For the electronic musician, see Jlin. Jeremy LinLin in 2017No. 7 – New Taipei KingsPositionPoint guard / shooting guardLeagueP. League+Personal informationBorn (1988-08-23) August 23, 1988 (age 35)Torrance, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanTaiwanese[1]&...

 

Catalaanse Atlas

Eerste paneel: Kosmografie De Catalaanse Wereldatlas is een in 1375 door Abraham Cresques (1325–1387) en zijn zoon Jehoeda (1350–1427) ontworpen wereldatlas. Deze grote en rijk geïllustreerde atlas in de stijl van de portolanen vormt een hoogtepunt in de middeleeuwse cartografie. De bekende wereld van de Atlantische Oceaan tot China wordt op acht panelen uitgebeeld. De Cresques' maakten als een van de eersten gebruik van de door Marco Polo (1254-1324) en andere reizigers vergaarde kennis...

 

Challenger de Drummondville

Tennis tournamentChallenger Banque Nationale de Drummondville 2023 Challenger Banque Nationale de DrummondvilleATP Challenger TourFounded2006; 17 years ago (2006)LocationDrummondville, Quebec, CanadaVenueTennis intérieur René-VerrierCategoryATP Challenger TourSurfaceHard (indoor)Draw32S (24Q) / 16D (0Q)Prize moneyUS$75,000WebsiteOfficial website The Challenger de Drummondville, currently sponsored as Challenger Banque Nationale de Drummondville, is a professional tenn...

 

Diving at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's 10 metre platform

Diving competition Men's 10 metre platform at the 2022 Asian GamesVenueHangzhou Olympic Sports Expo CenterDate4 OctoberCompetitors13 from 10 nationsMedalists  Yang Hao   China Bai Yuming   China Rikuto Tamai   Japan← 20182026 → Diving at the2022 Asian Games1 m springboardmenwomen3 m springboardmenwomen10 m platformmenwomenSynchro 3 m springboardmenwomenSynchro 10 m platformmenwomenvte Main article: Diving a...

 

بورصة موسكو

بورصة موسكو النوع سوق الأوراق المالية[1]،  وشركة،  وشركة عمومية محدودة،  وعمل تجاري  الدولة روسيا  المقر الرئيسي موسكو[2]  تاريخ التأسيس 2011  العملات روبل روسي موقع ويب الموقع الرسمي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   بورصة موسكو أكبر مجموعة لتداول الأوراق ال

 

Kunlun Nu

Woodblock print of the Kunlun slave Mole (left) and his master Cui (right) from the 17th century. Kunlun Nu (Chinese: 崑崙奴, The Kunlun Slave or The Negrito Slave) is a wuxia romance written by Pei Xing (裴铏, 825–880) during the Tang dynasty. The hero of the tale is a Negrito slave who uses his extraordinary physical abilities to save his master's lover from a court official's harem. Plot It takes place during the Dali reign era (766-80) of Emperor Daizong of Tang and follows the...

 

Ernesto Montagne Markholz

Peruvian politician and military officer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Montagne and the second or maternal family name is Markholz. Ernesto Montagne Markholz Ernesto Montagne Markholz (May 3, 1885[1] – August 27, 1954) was a Peruvian military officer, diplomat, and politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Lieutenant Colonel Luis Sánchez Cerro (1930–1931). In the second government of Óscar R. Benavides, he served as Ministe...

 

List of moths of Sierra Leone

Location of Sierra Leone There are about 760 known moth species of Sierra Leone. The moths (mostly nocturnal) and butterflies (mostly diurnal) together make up the taxonomic order Lepidoptera. This is a list of moth species which have been recorded in Sierra Leone. Adelidae Nemophora parvella (Walker, 1863) Anomoeotidae Anomoeotes leucolena Holland, 1893 Anomoeotes tenellula Holland, 1893 Anomoeotes triangularis Jordan, 1907 Arctiidae Acantharctia mundata (Walker, 1865) Afraloa bifurca (Walke...

 

Perdarahan subkonjungtiva

Perdarahan subkonjungtiva adalah perdarahan yang berasal dari pembuluh darah kecil di konjungtiva atau lapisan mata yang transparan. Kondisi ini menghasilkan bercak merah yang terlihat di bagian putih mata[1]. Pada umumnya, hanya sedikit atau tidak ada rasa sakit dan tidak mempengaruhi penglihatan. Biasanya hanya terjadi pada salah satu mata[2][3]. Penyebab alami karena batuk, muntah, mengangkat beban berat, mengejan saat buang air besar atau saat melahirkan. Kondisi t...

 

Frank Madden (politician)

Irish-born Australian politician Sir Frank Madden11th Speaker of the Victorian Legislative AssemblyIn office29 June 1904 – October 1917Preceded byWilliam BeazleySucceeded byJohn MackeyMember of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Eastern SuburbsIn office1894–1904Preceded byDuncan GilliesSucceeded bySeat abolishedMember of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for BoroondaraIn office1904–1917Preceded bySeat establishedSucceeded byEdmund Greenwood Personal detailsBorn29 Novem...

 

Antihemorrhagic

Substance that stops bleeding An antihemorrhagic (British English: antihaemorrhagic) agent is a substance that promotes hemostasis (stops bleeding).[1] It may also be known as a hemostatic (also spelled haemostatic) agent.[2] Antihemorrhagic agents used in medicine have various mechanisms of action: Systemic drugs work by inhibiting fibrinolysis or promoting coagulation. Locally acting hemostatic agents work by causing vasoconstriction or promoting platelet aggregation. Medica...

 

George Meldrum

Tron Kirk as it appeared in 1700 George Meldrum (1634–1709) was a Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland who twice served as Moderator of the General Assembly, the highest position in the Scottish Church. He was one of the prominent Scottish Covenanters.[1] Life He was born in Aberdeen in 1634 the fourth son of Andrew Meldrum, a dyer and town baillie. He studied at Marischal College in Aberdeen and gained an MA in 1651. In 1653 he was elected Regent of the college (aged onl...

 

Thor

Hammer-wielding Germanic god associated with thunder For other uses, see Thor (disambiguation). Thor's Fight with the Giants (Tors strid med jättarna) by Mårten Eskil Winge (1872). Thor (from Old Norse: Þórr) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism. In Norse mythology, he is a hammer-wielding god associated with lightning, thunder, storms, sacred groves and trees, strength, the protection of humankind, hallowing, and fertility. Besides Old Norse Þórr, the deity occurs in Old English as ...

 

Foton

Foton Komposisi: Partikel dasar Kelompok: Gauge boson Interaksi: Elektromagnetik, Interaksi lemah, Gravitasi Simbol: γ Penggagas: Albert Einstein Massa: 0< 1×10−18 eV/c2 [1] Jangka hidup: Stabil[1] Muatan listrik: 0< 1×10−35 e[1] Spin: 1 Foton yang dipancarkan dalam berkas koheren laser Foton adalah partikel elementer dalam fenomena elektromagnetik. Biasanya foton dianggap sebagai pembawa radiasi elektromagnetik, seperti cahaya, gelombang radio, ...

 

Complete Mage

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Complete Mage – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Complete Mage AuthorSkip Williams, Penny Williams, Ari Marmell and Kolja Raven LiquetteGenreRole-playing gamePublisherWizards of the Co...

 

Liste des saints du XIIIe siècle

Cette liste concerne les saints et les bienheureux, reconnus comme tels par l'Église catholique, ayant vécu au XIIIe siècle. Années 1200 Année 1200 No. Image Nom Dates Informations 1. Saint Hugues d'Avalon 1140-1200 Religieux chartreux français, évêque de Lincoln Année 1201 No. Image Nom Dates Informations 1. Bienheureux Foulques de Neuilly † 1201 Prêtre français, prédicateur de la Quatrième Croisade Année 1202 No. Image Nom Dates Informations 1. Bienheureux Joachim de Fl...

 

إم آي إم-104 باتريوت

أم آي أم-104 باتريوت نظام باترويت تابع لسلاح الجو الألماني النوع نظام دفاع جوي صاروخي متنقل بلد الأصل  الولايات المتحدة فترة الاستخدام 1981 حتى الوقت الحاضر تاريخ الصنع المصمم رايثيون و(أر سي آيه) (RCA) صمم 1969 المصنع رايثيون صنع 1976 الكمية المصنوعة أكثر من 172 فئات أخرى باترويت، �...

 

Saga Rebellion

Saga RebellionPart of the Shizoku rebellions of the Meiji periodAn ukiyo-e of the Saga RebellionDate16 February 1874 – 9 April 1874LocationSaga PrefectureResult Government victory; rebellion crushedBelligerents Meiji Government Imperial Japanese Army Imperial Japanese Navy Rebels of former Saga DomainCommanders and leaders Ōkubo Toshimichi Prince Komatsu Akihito Shizuo Nozu Yamada Akiyoshi Etō Shinpei † Shima Yoshitake † Hisatake Asakura †Strength 906,679 Imperial soldiers (7 di...

 

MC Hammer discography

Discography of American rapper M.C. Hammer MC Hammer discographyStudio albums11Compilation albums5Singles48 The discography of MC Hammer (born Stanley Kirk Burrell), or simply Hammer, an American rapper, includes hit records U Can't Touch This, Pray and 2 Legit 2 Quit. Hammer is known for his flashy dance movements, choreography and Hammer pants. His superstar-status and entertaining showmanship made him a household name and hip hop icon.[1] Hammer has sold more than 50 million record...

 

Architektura starożytnego Rzymu

Ten artykuł od 2020-04 wymaga zweryfikowania podanych informacji.Należy podać wiarygodne źródła, najlepiej w formie przypisów bibliograficznych.Część lub nawet wszystkie informacje w artykule mogą być nieprawdziwe. Jako pozbawione źródeł mogą zostać zakwestionowane i usunięte.Sprawdź w źródłach: Encyklopedia PWN • Google Books • Google Scholar • Federacja Bibliotek Cyfrowych • BazHum • RCIN • Int...