Stutthof trials

Stutthof trials

Female guards of the Stutthof concentration camp at a trial in Gdańsk between April 25 and May 31, 1946. First row (from left): Elisabeth Becker, Gerda Steinhoff, Wanda Klaff. Second row: Johann Pauls, Erna Beilhardt, Jenny-Wanda Barkmann

The Stutthof trials were a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II.^[1] None of the Stutthof commandants were ever tried in Poland. SS-Sturmbannführer Max Pauly was put on trial by a British military court in Germany but not for the crimes committed at Stutthof; only as the commandant of the Neuengamme concentration camp in Hamburg. Nevertheless, Pauly was executed in 1946.^[2]

The first Polish war crimes tribunal was convened at Gdańsk, Poland, from April 25, 1946 to May 31, 1946. The next three trials took place at the same court in October 8–31, 1947, November 5–10, and in November 19–29 of that year. The fifth trial was held before the court in Toruń in 1949. The sixth and the last Stutthof trial in Poland took place in 1953 also in Gdańsk. In total, of the approximately 2,000 SS men and women who ran the entire camp complex, 72 SS officers and six female overseers were punished.^[2]

First Stutthof trial

During the first trial held at Gdańsk from April 25, 1946, to May 31, 1946, the joint Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court tried and convicted of crimes against humanity a group of thirteen ex-officials and overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp in Sztutowo and its Bromberg-Ost subcamp for women located in the city of Bydgoszcz.^[2] The accused were arraigned before the court and all found guilty. Twelve were sentenced to death, including the commander of the guards Johann Pauls, while the remainder were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. The death sentences were carried out on July 4, 1946 at the Biskupia Górka in Gdańsk, by short-drop hanging.

The commandant of the Stutthof and Neuengamme concentration camps SS-Sturmbannführer Max Pauly was sentenced to death in Germany at about the same time.^[2] Pauly was tried by the British for war crimes with thirteen others in the Curio Haus in Hamburg which was located in the British occupied sector of Germany. The trial lasted from March 18, 1946 to May 13, 1946. He was found guilty and sentenced to death with 11 other defendants. He was executed by long-drop hanging by Albert Pierrepoint in Hamelin Prison on October 8, 1946. The second commandant SS-Sturmbannführer Paul-Werner Hoppe (August 1942 - January 1945) was apprehended in 1953 in West Germany and later sentenced to nine years imprisonment.

The execution of guards of the Stutthof concentration camp on Biskupia Górka Hill near Gdańsk on July 4, 1946. In the foreground were the female guards sentenced to hang: Barkmann, Paradies, Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff (left to right)

The execution of Steinhoff, Pauls and three kapos July 4, 1946

Verdicts in the first Stutthof trial

1. Johann Pauls, SS Oberscharführer: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
2. Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, SS Aufseherin: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
3. Elisabeth Becker, SS Aufseherin: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
4. Wanda Klaff, SS Aufseherin: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
5. Ewa Paradies, SS Aufseherin Death, executed: July 4, 1946
6. Gerda Steinhoff, SS Blockleiterin: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
7. Erna Beilhardt, SS Aufseherin: 5 years imprisonment
8. Tadeusz Kopczynski, (Kapo): Death, executed: July 4, 1946
9. Waclaw Kozlowski, Kapo: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
10. Jozef Reiter, Kapo: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
11. Fanciszek Szopinski, Kapo: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
12. Kazimierz Kowalski, Kapo: 3 years imprisonment
13. Jan Brajt, Kapo: Death, executed: July 4, 1946
14. Aleksy Duzdal, Kapo: Not guilty
15. Jan Preiss, Kapo: Not guilty
16. Marian Zielkowski, Kapo: Died of a heart attack in prison, August 25, 1945

Second Stutthof trial

The second trial was held from October 8, 1947, to October 31, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Arraigned 24 ex-officials and guards of the Stutthof concentration camp were judged and found guilty. Ten were sentenced to death.^[2]

Verdicts in the second trial

At trial, 1947, Gdańsk. Left to right: Hans Rach, Fritz Peters, Albert Paulitz [de], Ewald Foth [de], and Theodor Traugott Meyer [de]

Nine SS men and the Kapo Nikolaysen were executed on October 28, 1948:^[3]

1. Kurt Dietrich, SS Unterscharführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
2. Karl Eggert, SS Rottenführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
3. Theodor Meyer, SS Hauptsturmführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
4. Ewald Foth, SS Oberscharführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
5. Albert Paulitz, SS Oberscharführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
6. Fritz Peters, SS Unterscharführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
7. Hans Rach, SS Oberscharführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
8. Paul Wellnitz, SS Rottenführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
9. Karl Zurell, SS Rottenführer: Death, executed: October 28, 1948
10. Erich Thun, SS Unterscharführer: Life imprisonment
11. Wilhelm Vogler, SS Hauptsturmführer: 15 years imprisonment
12. Eduard Zerlin, SS Unterscharführer: 12 years imprisonment
13. Oskar Gottchau, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
14. Adolf Grams, SS Rottenführer: 10 years imprisonment
15. Emil Wenzel, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
16. Werner Wöllnitz, SS Rottenführer: 10 years imprisonment
17. Johannes Görtz, SS Unterscharführer: 8 years imprisonment
18. Karl Reger, SS Scharführer: 8 years imprisonment
19. Martin Stage, SS Scharführer: 8 years imprisonment
20. Adalbert Wolter, SS Unterscharführer: 8 years imprisonment
21. Josef Wennhardt, SS Scharführer: 8 years imprisonment
22. Hugo Ziehm, SS Scharführer: 3 years imprisonment
23. Walter Englert, SS Scharführer: 3 years imprisonment
24. Alfred Nikolaysen, Kapo: Death, executed: October 28, 1948

Third Stutthof trial

The third trial was held from November 5, 1947, to November 10, 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Arraigned 20 ex-officials and guards were judged; nineteen were found guilty, and one was acquitted.^[2][4]

Verdicts in the third trial

1. Karl Meinck, SS Obersturmführer: 12 years imprisonment
2. Gustav Eberle, SS Hauptscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
3. Erich Jassen, SS Hauptscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
4. Adolf Klaffke, SS Oberscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
5. Otto Schneider, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
6. Otto Welke, SS Sturmscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
7. Willy Witt, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
8. Alfred Tissler, SS Rottenführer: 5 years imprisonment
9. Johann Lichtner, SS Hauptscharführer: 5 years imprisonment
10. Ernst Thulke, SS Rottenführer: 5 years imprisonment
11. Heinz Löwen, SS Scharführer: 5 years imprisonment
12. Erich Stampniok, SS Unterscharführer: 5 years imprisonment
13. Hans Möhrke, SS Sturmscharführer: 4 years imprisonment
14. Harry Müller, SS Unterscharführer: 4 years imprisonment
15. Richard Timm, SS Hauptscharführer: 4 years imprisonment
16. Nikolaus Dirnberger, SS Scharführer: 4 years imprisonment
17. Friedrich Tessmer, SS Scharführer: 4 years imprisonment
18. Johann Sporer, SS Unterscharführer: 4 years imprisonment
19. Nikolai Klawan, SS Scharführer: 3 years imprisonment
20. Hans Tolksdorf, SS Oberscharführer: Not guilty

Fourth Stutthof trial

The fourth trial was also held before a Polish Special Criminal Court, from November 19, 1947, to November 29, 1947. Arraigned 27 ex-officials and guards were judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted.^[2][4]

Verdicts in the fourth trial

1. Willi Buth, SS Hauptscharführer: Death, executed: January 10, 1949
2. Albert Weckmüller, SS Hauptsturmführer: 15 years imprisonment
3. Rudolf Berg, SS Scharführer: 10 years imprisonment
4. Fritz Glawe, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
5. Horst Köpke, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
6. Emil Lascheit, SS Sturmscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
7. Kurt Reduhn, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
8. Josef Stahl, SS Unterscharführer: 10 years imprisonment
9. Waldemar Henke, SS Obersturmführer: 5 years imprisonment
10. Gustav Kautz, SS Unterscharführer: 5 years imprisonment
11. Hermann Link, SS Scharführer: 5 years imprisonment
12. Erich Mertens, SS Oberscharführer: 5 years imprisonment
13. Martin Pentz, SS Scharführer: 5 years imprisonment
14. Johann Pfister, SS Rottenführer: 5 years imprisonment
15. Johannes Wall, SS Sturmscharführer: 5 years imprisonment
16. Richard Akolt, SS Rottenführer: 3 years imprisonment
17. Anton Kniffke, SS Scharführer: 3 years imprisonment
18. Christof Schwarz, SS Hauptsturmführer: 3 years imprisonment
19. Gustav Brodowski, SS Rottenführer: 7 months' imprisonment
20. Walter Ringewald, SS Oberscharfuhrer: 7 months' imprisonment
21. Richard Wohlfeil, SS Hauptscharführer: 7 months' imprisonment
22. Johann Wrobel, SS Oberscharführer: 7 months' imprisonment
23. Ernst Knappert, SS Rottenführer: 7 months' imprisonment
24. Bernard Eckermann, SS Oberscharführer: 7 months' imprisonment
25. Leopold Baumgartner, SS Oberscharführer: 7 months' imprisonment
26. Emil Paul, SS Unterscharführer: 7 months' imprisonment
27. Franz Spillmann, Kapo: Not guilty

Fifth and sixth trials

The last two trials in Poland concerning two Stutthof concentration camp officials took place four years apart. In 1949, SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Jacobi, the commandant of Stutthof subcamps forming Baukommando Weichsel or OT Thorn (Organisation Todt Thorn) for women digging anti-tank ditches,^[5] was tried before the criminal court in Toruń and sentenced to three years in prison.^[2]

In 1953 the court in Gdańsk tried SS-man Bielawa (SS Rottenführer Paul Bielawa, a prisoner guard from the 3rd company in Stutthof between 1941–45)^[1] and sentenced him to twelve years.^[2] SS-Rottenführer Emil Strehlau was sentenced by the court in Torun (Wloclawek) on April 23, 1948, to death for war crimes. He was executed November 8 in Wloclawek.^[6][7]

Later trials

In mid-1950s, a number of Nazi concentration camp commandants were sentenced to jail for supervising the murder of Jewish prisoners in gas chambers between 1942–1944, including Otto Knott [pl], Otto Haupt [pl] and Bernard Lüdtke [pl].

In 2017, the prosecution of two former Stutthof camp guards from Borken and Wuppertal commenced.^[8] The Wuppertal accused denied the allegations and declared that he was not present during the killings, and did not notice anything about it.^[9]

In November 2018, Johann Rehbogen from Borken was tried in court for serving at Stutthof camp from June 1942 to September 1944.^[10] In December 2018, the trial was suspended, since the convict had to be hospitalized for serious heart and kidney problems.^[11] On February 25, 2019, it was announced that the trial is unlikely to be restarted due to the poor health conditions of the defendant.^[12]

In October 2019, Bruno Dey from Hamburg was accused of contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. However, he was tried in a juvenile court due to being about 17 at that time.^[13] In July 2020, he was convicted of 5,232 counts of accessory to murder by the Hamburg state court, and was also convicted of one count of accessory to attempted murder.^[14]

In 2021, Irmgard Furchner, a German former concentration camp secretary and stenographer at Stutthof who worked for camp commandant Paul-Werner Hoppe,^[15] was charged with 11,412 counts of accessory to murder and 18 additional counts of accessory to attempted murder,^[16][17][18] On December 20, 2022 she was found guilty and sentenced to a suspended jail term of two years.^[19][20] On 20 August 2024, the German Federal Court of Justice would reject Furchner's appeal and uphold her conviction.^[21][22]

See also

• Nuremberg trials of the 23 most important leaders of the Third Reich, 1945–1946
• Dachau trials held within the walls of the former Dachau concentration camp, 1945–1948
• Sobibór trial held in Hagen, Germany in 1965, concerning the Sobibór extermination camp
• Belzec trial before the 1st Munich District Court in the mid-1960s, eight SS-men of the Bełżec extermination camp
• Majdanek trials, the longest Nazi war crimes trial in history, spanning over 30 years
• Chełmno trials of the Chełmno extermination camp personnel, held in Poland and in Germany. The cases were decided almost twenty years apart

References

1. Bogdan Chrzanowski, Andrzej Gąsiorowski (Zeszyty Muzeum, 5), Załoga obozu Stutthof (Staff of Stutthof concentration camp) Archived November 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (PDF file, direct download 9.14 MB) p. 189 (13/40 in PDF). Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie. Zaklad Narodowy Imienia Ossolinskich, Wrocław, Warszawa, Krakow 1984. PL ISSN 0137-5377.
2. Janina Grabowska (January 22, 2009). "Odpowiedzialność za zbrodnie popełnione w Stutthofie. Procesy" [Responsibility for the Atrocities Committed at Stutthof. The trials.]. KL Stutthof, Monografia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
3. "KARA ŚMIERCI W GDAŃSKU 1945–1987 – Encyklopedia Gdańska". www.gedanopedia.pl. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
4. Nunca Mas (2007), Campo de Concentracion Stutthof, Polonia (Concentration Camp Stutthof, Poland). Archived November 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine History of the Camp. Subcamps. Trials. Women of the SS. Additional documents. (in Spanish)
5. Marian Rochniński, Jan Ruciński, Tragiczny los żydowskich więźniarek z Baukomando Weichsel (The Tragic Fate of Women Prisoners of Baukomando Weichsel) Tygodnik Katolicki "Niedziela" 47/2007.
6. IPN Warsawa
7. Lista osob Straconych w wiezieniach Polskich w latach 1944 – 1956 , IPN, 1990
8. "KZ-Wachmann muss mit Anklage rechnen". Westfälische Nachrichten (in German). October 16, 2017. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
9. "Ermittlungen gegen früheren KZ-Wachmann aus Wuppertal". WDR (in German). January 22, 2017. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017.
10. "Holocaust trial: Germany tries former SS guard at Stutthof camp". BBC News. November 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
11. "German court suspends trial of ex-SS death camp guard". The Local.de. December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
12. "Prozess gegen früheren SS-Wachmann steht vor dem Aus". Spiegel (in German). February 25, 2019. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
13. "Holocaust trial: Former Stutthof guard on trial in Germany". BBC News. October 17, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
14. Rising, David. "Former Concentration Camp Guard Convicted in Germany". Time. AP. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
15. "Nazi Stutthof camp secretary flees as German trial starts". BBC. September 30, 2021. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
16. Connolly, Kate (October 19, 2021). "Former Nazi camp secretary goes on trial over murders of 11,000 people". the Guardian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
17. "Nazi Stutthof camp secretary flees as German trial starts". BBC News. September 30, 2021. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
18. Jüttner, Julia (September 30, 2021). "Itzehoe: Ehemalige KZ-Sekretärin vor Prozessbeginn geflohen". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
19. "Imrgard Furchner: Nazi typist guilty of complicity in 10,505 murders". BBC News. December 20, 2022. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
20. "97-year-old former Nazi secretary sentenced for involvement in more than 10,000 murders". CNN. December 20, 2022. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
21. von Richtfofen, Luisa (August 20, 2024). "German court upholds ex-Nazi camp secretary conviction". Duetsche Welle. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
22. "Court upholds 99-year-old Nazi camp worker's murder conviction". Reuters. August 20, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.

• Several authors, Monografia KL Stutthof (KL Stutthof monograph) (Internet Archive). Organization, Prisoners, Subcamps, Extermination, Responsibility. Contributing writers: Bogdan Chrzanowski, Konrad Ciechanowski, Danuta Drywa, Ewa Ferenc, Andrzej Gąsiorowski, Mirosław Gliński, Janina Grabowska, Elżbieta Grot, Marek Orski, and Krzysztof Steyer. (in Polish)

External links

• Media related to Execution of concentration camp guards at Biskupia Gorka at Wikimedia Commons