Stock Car Pro Series

Stock Car Pro Series
CategoryTouring car racing
Stock car racing
CountryBrazil
Inaugural season1979
Drivers38 (2023)
Teams16 (2023)
ConstructorsChevrolet
Toyota
Tyre suppliersHankook
Drivers' championGabriel Casagrande
Teams' championEurofarma RC
Official websitewww.stockproseries.com.br
Current season
Stock Car Brazil, 2006

Stock Car Pro Series, formerly known as Stock Car Brasil, is a touring car auto racing series based in Brazil organized by Vicar. It is considered the major Brazilian and South American motorsports series.[1] Starting in 1979 with Chevrolet as the only constructor, the series has also seen other constructors joining in and leaving such as Mitsubishi, Peugeot and Volkswagen, currently the only other besides Chevrolet is Toyota. The series is composed of 12 rounds, with the most important race, the Corrida do Milhão (English: The Million Race) being worth double points and has a prize pool of R$1 million. The competition has seen many internationally famous drivers in its ranks, such as Rubens Barrichello, Felipe Massa, Jacques Villeneuve, Lucas di Grassi, Nelson Piquet Jr., Ricardo Zonta, Tony Kanaan and António Félix da Costa.

There's also the Stock Series, formerly known as Stock Car Light, serving as the access category to the Pro Series.[2]

History

1970s

The series was created in 1979 as an alternative to the former Division 1 championship that competed with Chevrolet Opala and Ford Maverick. The dominance of Chevrolet over Ford models was causing a lack of public interest and sponsors. General Motors then created a new category, with a name reminiscent of the famous NASCAR with standardized performance and components for all competitors. The first race was run on 22 April 1979 at the Autódromo Internacional de Tarumã, Rio Grande do Sul with 19 cars competing, all of them being 6-cylinder Chevrolet Opalas. The pole position was held by José Carlos Palhares, and the race was won by Affonso Giaffone.

1980s

Chevrolet Opala 1987–1989

This decade saw the emergence of several rivalries between drivers. In 1982 two races were held for the first time at the Autodromo do Estoril, Portugal.

The first major change in the Stock Car standard occurred in 1987. With the support of General Motors, a fairing designed and built by coachbuilder Caio was adopted, which was adapted to the Opala's chassis. The car exhibited improved aerodynamics and performance. Safety equipment become more sophisticated.

1990s

Chevrolet Opala 1990–1993
Chevrolet Omega 1994–1999

In 1990 General Motors renewed its interest in the category and built a prototype intended to replace the Caio/Hidroplas model.

In 1991 new rules were established and the races were disputed in double rounds on the weekends, with two drivers per car, but the series continued to lose ground with the public, sponsors and television networks to other championships with many manufacturers involved, such as Campeonato Brasileiro de Marcas e Pilotos that included the involvement of Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford and Volkswagen, as well as the always popular Formula racing championships.

In 1994 the championship returned to the old rules and Chevrolet announced that the Chevrolet Omega would be introduced as the new standard model. As part of a marketing strategy and in order to reduce costs, the tickets were free and the races were now held in double rounds sponsored by Brazilian Formula Chevrolet in an event called Chevrolet Challenger. This decade marked a dominant era for Ingo Hoffmann with eight titles, three in partnership with Ângelo Giombell. His only serious challenges came from Paulo Gomes in 1995 and Chico Serra in 1999.

2000s

Stock Car in 2007; Chassis used in 2000 until 2008

From 2000 on, General Motors departed the series' management and Vicar Promoções Desportivas, owned by former racing driver Carlos Col, took over the organization. This ushered in a period of modernization and improved security as the category started to use a tubular chassis designated JL G-09. The project engineer was Edgardo Fernandez, who did something similar for the Argentina category Top Race V6, inspired by both NASCAR and the DTM. The chassis was built by Zeca Giaffone's JL Racing.

In 2003 the category replaced the Chevrolet 6-cylinder engine used with modifications since 1979 with a Chevrolet V8 imported from the United States by JL Racing, similar to the engines used by the NASCAR Busch Series. Despite not managing the series anymore, General Motors still participated in the series with the Vectra.

In 2005 Mitsubishi entered the series with the Mitsubishi Lancer, marking the first time in the series' history in which Chevrolet was not the sole manufacturer competing. 30 October of that same year marked the first race held in Argentina at Autódromo Juan y Oscar Gálvez, alongside the TC 2000 category. Attendance was 70,000. Giuliano Losacco was the winner, with Mateus Greipel second and Luciano Burti coming in third.

In 2006, Volkswagen entered in the series with the Bora and the championship adopted a point system similar to the one used in NASCAR, as well as a new system with 16 teams and 32 drivers. At the end of the season, the 10 best drivers were automatically qualified to run the 4 final races, called Super Final, similar to the Chase for the Sprint Cup.

The 2007 season marked the largest amount of manufacturers competing in the category, with the entrance of Peugeot and the 307 Sedan. The season had the presence of Chevrolet, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, and Volkswagen. Volkswagen announced it was withdrawing from the category in 2008, with two-time champion Mitsubishi doing the same one year later in 2009. In 2008, the championship changed from Pirelli tires to Goodyear.[3][4]

2010s

Alceu Feldmann on Campo Grande Speedway with the Chevrolet Vectra, in 2011
Luciano Burti on Campo Grande Speedway with the Peugeot 408, in 2011

In 2010 the category started using ethanol as fuel and engines with electronic injection.

In 2011, Peugeot re-entered the championship announced with the 408 sedan model, replacing the 307.[5][6] In 2012, Chevrolet introduced the Chevrolet Sonic as its competing model, replacing the Vectra.[7] 2012 was also the last season in which Goodyear supplied tires, with Pirelli returning as the sole tire supplier in the championship from 2013 onward.[8] The category announced changes in the championship for the 2012 season, dropping the Super Final system. The scoring system was also changed, with the top twenty drivers in each race being awarded points.

For the 2016 season, General Motors announced the Chevrolet Cruze as the replacement for the Sonic.[9] In 2017, Peugeot announced its withdrawal from the championship, leaving Chevrolet as the sole automaker to compete in the series, making it a one-make championship, with all drivers using Cruze models.[10]

2020s

Toyota Corolla of Gianluca Petecof in 2023
Chevrolet Cruze of Daniel Serra in 2024

In 2020, Toyota Gazoo Racing entered alongside Chevrolet, fielding a regulation version of their Toyota Corolla, which received a facelift in 2021.[11][12] The season also saw a return to a monocoque chassis, replacing the tubular chassis used since 2000. On 12 December 2022, Vicar and Pirelli announced that they would not be renewing their contract and that from 2023 onward, Stock Car, Stock Series, and the F4 Brazil Championship will be supplied exclusively by Hankook.[13][14]

In 2025, the series will switch to a Crossover SUV-based formula.[15] A decision based on Brazilian passenger vehicle sales, the Chevrolet Tracker and Toyota Corolla Cross will replace the existing cars whilst Mitsubishi will return to the category with the Eclipse Cross.[16][17]

Support races

Created in 1992, the Brazilian Formula Chevrolet was the Series' main support category. It used the same chassis as Formula Opel until 1994, subsequently switching to a Techspeed chassis until 2002, which was the same year the category was retired.

The Stock Car Light second tier was created in 1993, and reformulated in 2008 to become the Copa Vicar. After a merger with Pick-up Racing Brasil, the Copa Chevrolet Montana was established and standardized around the Chevrolet Montana model. Pick-up Racing Brasil was a category created in 2001 but only became part of the Stock Car Brasil programme until 2006.

The Stock Car Jr. third tier was created in 2006. It was intended for young and amateur drivers moving from Kart racing. In 2010 the category was replaced with the Mini Challenge Brasil. After three seasons it was cancelled.

Manufacturer representation

Make 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
United States Chevrolet Opala Caio Hidroplas Opala Prototype Omega Vectra Astra Vectra Sonic Cruze Tracker
Japan Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Eclipse Cross
France Peugeot 307 408
Germany Volkswagen Bora
Japan Toyota Corolla Corolla Cross

Scoring systems

Prior 2012

Pos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Race 25 20 16 14 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2012–2013

Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Standard 22 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Final Round 44 40 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

2014–2015

Points were awarded for each race at an event, to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race, up to a maximum of 48 points per event.

Points format Position
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Dual race 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Feature races 24 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Sprint races 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Final race 48 40 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
  • Dual Race: Used for the first round with Wildcard drivers.
  • Feature races: Used for the first race of each event and the Stock Car Million race.
  • Sprint races: Used for the second race of each event, with partially reversed (top ten) grid.
  • Final race: Used for the last round of the season with double points.

2016

Points are awarded for each race at an event to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race, up to a maximum of 60 points per event.

Points format Position
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Dual race 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Feature races 30 25 22 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 3 1
Sprint races 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Final race 60 50 44 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 10 6 2
  • Dual Race: Used for the first round with Wildcard drivers.
  • Feature races: Used for the first race of each event and the Stock Car Million race.
  • Sprint races: Used for the second race of each event, with partially reversed (top ten) grid.
  • Final race: Used for the last round of the season with double points.

2017

Points are awarded for each race at an event to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race.

Points format Position
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Feature races 30 26 23 21 19 17 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Sprint races 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Million race 30 25 22 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 5 3 1
Final race 60 52 46 42 38 34 30 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
  • Feature races: Used for the first race of each event.
  • Sprint races: Used for the second race of each event, with partially reversed (top ten) grid.
  • Million Race: Used for One Million dollars race.
  • Final race: Used for the last round of the season with double points.

2018

Points are awarded for each race at an event to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race.

Points format Position
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th
Feature races 30 26 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 4 3 2 1
First race/Sprint races 20 17 14 12 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Million race 35 30 25 21 18 15 13 11 9 7 5 4 3 2 1
Final race 60 52 44 38 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 8 6 4 2
  • Feature races: Used for the first race of each event.
  • First race/Sprint races: Used the first round with wildcards drivers and for the second race of each event, with partially reversed (top ten) grid .
  • Million Race: Used for One Million dollars race.
  • Final race: Used for the last round of the season with double points.

2019–2023

Points are awarded for each race at an event to the driver/s of a car that completed at least 75% of the race distance and was running at the completion of the race.

Points format Position
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
Feature races 30 26 22 19 17 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Sprint races 24 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Final race 60 52 44 38 34 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
  • Feature races Used for the first race of each event.
  • Sprint races:The second race of each event, with partially reversed (top ten) grid.
  • Final race: Used for the last round of the season with double points.

Since 2024

Points format Position
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Pole
Sprint Race 55 50 46 42 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Main Race 80 74 69 64 59 55 51 47 43 40 37 34 31 28 25 22 19 17 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Speed records

Bueno after running on the Bonneville Salt Flats
Year Driver Car Local Speed
1991 Fábio Sotto Mayor Chevrolet Opala Rodovia Rio-Santos 303 km/h / 188 mph
2010 Cacá Bueno Chevrolet Vectra JL G-09 Bonneville Salt Flats[18] 345 km/h / 214 mph

Drivers

Notable drivers

Ingo Hoffmann, 12-time champion
  • Affonso Giaffone Jr. (1979–1980s) – The winner of the first race in 1979, and the champion of the 1981 season. The father of Affonso Giaffone, a former IndyCar Series driver.
  • Paulo Gomes (1979–2003/2007) – The winner of the first season in 1979, also 4-time champion.
  • Chico Serra (1999–2009) – 3-time champion (1999, 2000 and 2001)
  • Ingo Hoffmann (1979–2008) – 12-time champion (1980, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2002) and the driver with the most series wins overall with 77. He competed from 1979 to 2008.
  • Cacá Bueno (2002–) – 5-time Champion: (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012). Runner-up: 2003, 2004 and 2005. He is the son of the sports commentator Galvão Bueno.
  • Daniel Serra (2007–) – 3-time champion (2017, 2018 and 2019), 2-time 24 Hours of Le Mans GTE Pro class winner (2017 and 2019) and son of Chico Serra.

Former Formula One drivers

Currently in the series
Formerly in the series

Champions

All champions are Brazilian-registered.

Season Driver Car Team Tyres
1979 Minas Gerais Paulo Gomes Chevrolet Opala Coca-Cola Brasil/Polwax P
1980 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Opala Equipe Johnson P
1981 São Paulo (state) Affonso Giaffone Jr. Chevrolet Opala Giaffone Motorsport P
1982 Goiás Olímpio Alencar Junior Chevrolet Opala Spinelli Racing P
1983 Minas Gerais Paulo Gomes Chevrolet Opala Coca-Cola Brasil/Polwax P
1984 Minas Gerais Paulo Gomes Chevrolet Opala Team Metalpó P
1985 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Opala JF-Irmãos Giustino P
1986 Goiás Marcos Gracia Chevrolet Opala Havoline-Texaco P
1987 São Paulo (state) Zeca Giaffone Chevrolet Opala Giaffone Motorsport P
1988 São Paulo (state) Fábio Sotto Mayor Chevrolet Opala Castrol Racing P
1989 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Opala JF-Teba/Cofap P
1990 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Opala Castrol Racing P
1991 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann
Ângelo Giombelli 		Chevrolet Opala Castrol Racing P
1992 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann
Ângelo Giombelli 		Chevrolet Opala Castrol Racing P
1993 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann
Ângelo Giombelli 		Chevrolet Opala Castrol Racing P
1994 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Omega Castrol Racing P
1995 Minas Gerais Paulo Gomes Chevrolet Omega JF-Freio Vargas P
1996 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Omega Castrol-Action Power P
1997 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Omega Castrol-Action Power P
1998 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Omega Castrol-Action Power P
1999 São Paulo (state) Chico Serra Chevrolet Omega WB-Texaco P
2000 São Paulo (state) Chico Serra Chevrolet Vectra WB-Texaco P
2001 São Paulo (state) Chico Serra Chevrolet Vectra WB-Texaco P
2002 São Paulo (state) Ingo Hoffmann Chevrolet Vectra JF-Filipaper Racing P
2003 Paraná (state) David Muffato Chevrolet Vectra Repsol-Boettger P
2004 São Paulo (state) Giuliano Losacco Chevrolet Astra ItuPetro RC P
2005 São Paulo (state) Giuliano Losacco Chevrolet Astra Medley-A.Mattheis P
2006 Rio de Janeiro (state) Cacá Bueno Mitsubishi Lancer Eurofarma RC P
2007 Rio de Janeiro (state) Cacá Bueno Mitsubishi Lancer Eurofarma RC P
2008 São Paulo (state) Ricardo Maurício Peugeot 307 Medley-WA Mattheis G
2009 Rio de Janeiro (state) Cacá Bueno Peugeot 307 Red Bull Racing G
2010 São Paulo (state) Max Wilson Chevrolet Vectra Eurofarma RC G
2011 Rio de Janeiro (state) Cacá Bueno Peugeot 408 Red Bull Racing G
2012 Rio de Janeiro (state) Cacá Bueno Chevrolet Sonic Red Bull Racing G
2013 São Paulo (state) Ricardo Maurício Chevrolet Sonic Eurofarma RC P
2014 São Paulo (state) Rubens Barrichello Chevrolet Sonic Full Time Sports P
2015 São Paulo (state) Marcos Gomes Peugeot 408 Voxx Racing P
2016 Pará Felipe Fraga Peugeot 408 Voxx Racing P
2017 São Paulo (state) Daniel Serra Chevrolet Cruze Eurofarma RC P
2018 São Paulo (state) Daniel Serra Chevrolet Cruze Eurofarma RC P
2019 São Paulo (state) Daniel Serra Chevrolet Cruze Eurofarma RC P
2020 São Paulo (state) Ricardo Maurício Chevrolet Cruze Eurofarma RC P
2021 Paraná (state) Gabriel Casagrande Chevrolet Cruze A.Mattheis Vogel P
2022 São Paulo (state) Rubens Barrichello Toyota Corolla Full Time Sports P
2023 Paraná (state) Gabriel Casagrande Chevrolet Cruze A.Mattheis Vogel H
2024 Paraná (state) Gabriel Casagrande Chevrolet Cruze A.Mattheis Vogel H

Circuits

Races are held mostly on road courses, although a race was held on a street circuit in Salvador for the first time in 2009. The tracks for the 2024 season are:

Former circuits include:

Fatal accidents

There have been five fatal accidents:

Video games

The first official video game was Game Stock Car in 2011, with a followup title Stock Car Extreme launched in 2013. Both were developed by Reiza Studios.[24]

In 2014, Both the Peugeot 408 and a non-licensed version of the Chevrolet Sonic called "ADC Presteza" were present in the Category A Touring Cars class of Grid Autosport[25][26]..

Automobilista, released in 2016 and developed by Reiza Studios using the rFactor engine, featured the full 2015 and 2017 car grids and circuits.[27] Automobilista 2, released in 2020 using the Project CARS engine, adding the 2019 and 2020 cars and circuits.[28][29]

Racing simulator iRacing has included the Stock Car Pro Series cars in the game since 2022.[30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The last race in the full course of Interlagos was held in 1989.
  2. ^ The last race in the full course of Jacarepaguá was held in 2005.

References

  1. ^ Morais, Lucas (5 November 2020). "Você conhece a Stock Car Brasil?". Brasil123. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  2. ^ Cerveira, Ana Paula (11 January 2022). "Remodelada, Stock Series vira estágio obrigatório para acesso à Stock Car". Grande Prêmio (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Goodyear leva internautas para etapa da Stock Car". Exame (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 May 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  4. ^ "Goodyear oferece alta tecnologia à Stock Car para maior desempenho em pistas molhadas". Presskit (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Peugeot 408 vai estrear na Stock Car - Revista iCarros". iCarros (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  6. ^ Max, Júlio (22 February 2011). "Peugeot 408 ganha carroceria para a Stock Car". Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  7. ^ "Sonic Sedan é o novo carro de competição da Chevrolet na Stock Car". AUTOO (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 March 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  8. ^ "Pirelli fornecerá pneus para a Stock Car a partir de 2013". GZH (in Brazilian Portuguese). 20 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. ^ "Novo Chevrolet Cruze estreia no Brasil com a Stock Car". autoesporte (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Peugeot abandona a Stock Car". ISTOÉ DINHEIRO (in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 February 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  11. ^ "O primeiro teste com os novos Corolla e Cruze da Stock Car 2020". motorsport.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  12. ^ "Novo Toyota Corolla da Stock Car surge invocado e com V8 de até 550 cv". Quatro Rodas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Stock Car anuncia fim de parceria com Pirelli". motorsport.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  14. ^ "Stock Car: Hankook Tire é a nova fornecedora de pneus". motorsport.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  15. ^ "Stock Car com cara nova em 2025: categoria terá carros SUV na pista" (in Portuguese). Grupo Globo. 15 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Corrida de SUV? Stock Car aposta em Tracker e Corolla Cross para 2025" (in Portuguese). Forbes Brazil. 21 January 2024.
  17. ^ "Mitsubishi retorna à Stock Car após 16 anos com seu SUV" (in Portuguese). Motorshow. 19 April 2024.
  18. ^ Cacá Bueno estabelece novo recorde de velocidade da Stock Car: 345 km/h
  19. ^ a b c "Morte de Rafael é a quarta na Stock Car" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  20. ^ "Acidente mata Rafael Sperafico durante prova em Interlagos" (in Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  21. ^ "Piloto da Stock Car Light morre em acidente em São Paulo" (in Portuguese). UOL Esporte. 9 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  22. ^ "Rafael Sperafico loses his life". F1-Live.com. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  23. ^ Honorio, Rafael (3 April 2011). "Após acidente, Gustavo Sondermann tem morte cerebral confirmada". globoesporte.globo.com (in Portuguese). Organizações Globo. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  24. ^ "Stock Car Extreme on Steam". store.steampowered.com. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  25. ^ Watton, Neil (3 June 2014). "GRID: Autosport full car listing revealed". TheXboxHub. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  26. ^ Groenendijk, Ferry (26 June 2014). "GRID Autosport Car List". Video Games Blogger. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  27. ^ "IGCD.net: Vehicles/Cars list for Automobilista". www.igcd.net. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  28. ^ "IGCD.net: Vehicles/Cars list for Automobilista 2". www.igcd.net. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  29. ^ "The Automobilista 2 Track List". OnlineRaceDriver. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  30. ^ "Brazil's Stock Car Pro Series Cars Coming to iRacing in 2022". 13 October 2021.
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Grade I listed hotel in Newark and Sherwood, United Kingdom Thoresby HallThoresby HallShown in NottinghamshireGeneral informationTown or cityBudby, NottinghamshireCoordinates53°13′59″N 1°02′39″W / 53.233101°N 1.044147°W / 53.233101; -1.044147Current tenantsWarner Leisure HotelsThe Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum (Part of Courtyard)Construction started1864Completed1871ClientSydney Pierrepont, 3rd Earl ManversOwnerWarner Leisure HotelsLandlo...

 

Nausea

Medical symptom or condition Not to be confused with malaise. For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). Medical conditionNauseaA 1681 painting depicting a person vomitingSpecialtyGastroenterology Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit.[1] While not painful, it can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the throat.[2] Over 30 definitions of ...

Luas

Light rail system in Dublin, Ireland This article is about the modern light rail system in Dublin. For the city's historic tram system, see Dublin tramways. LuasLuas tram in Dublin city centreOverviewLocaleDublin, IrelandTransit typeTram (or Light rail)Number of lines2 (Red and Green)Number of stations67Daily ridership114,500 passengers[1]Annual ridership48 million passengers[2] (2019)Websiteluas.iewww.luasfinglas.ie (extension)OperationBegan operation30 June 2004;...

 

Tenoko Station

Railway station in Iide, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tenoko Station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Tenoko Station手ノ子駅Tenoko Station in May 2013General informationLocation...

 

Palengke

Filipino permanent wet market This article is about public markets in the Philippines. For the pre–Columbian Maya archaeological site in Chiapas, Mexico, see Palenque. For other uses and related spellings, see Palenque (disambiguation). A typical public market, in Danao, Cebu, locally known as a palengke in the Philippines A palengke (Chavacano: palenque) is a permanent wet market in the Philippines (differentiated from periodic wet markets called talipapa).[1][2][3]...

Taunsa Barrage

Dam in Pakistan Taunsa Barrageتونسہ بیراجTaunsa Barrage at sunset30°30′46″N 70°50′57″E / 30.51278°N 70.84917°E / 30.51278; 70.84917WaterwayIndus RiverCountryPakistanStatePunjabMaintained byProject Management Office (PMO) for Punjab Barrages, Rehabilitation & Modernization ProjectsOperationconstruction began in 1952 – completed in 1958First built1958[1]Length4,346 feet (1,325 m)Discharge capacity Up to 1 million cusec R...

 

Joan Haanappel

Dutch figure skater Joan HaanappelJoan Haanappel in 1981Born (1940-11-13) 13 November 1940 (age 83)The Hague, NetherlandsFigure skating careerCountry NetherlandsRetired1960 Medal record Representing  Netherlands Figure skating: Ladies' singles European Championships 1960 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Ladies' singles 1959 Davos Ladies' singles 1958 Bratislava Ladies' singles Joan Haanappel (born 13 November 1940) is a Dutch former figure skater and sports presenter for NOS, AVRO, ZDF a...

 

Caroline Islands

Archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean, part of Micronesia and Palau For the island in Kiribati (Southern Line Islands), see Caroline Island. The Carolines redirects here. Not to be confused with Carolinas. Map of the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau is to the west of the map. Location of Caroline Islands Navigator Mau Piailug (1932–2010) of Satawal island, Micronesia Rai stones on Yap The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the w...

Roger Lindsay

Canadian accountant (died 2023) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Roger Lindsay – news · newspapers · books ...

 

Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)

For other uses, see Haathi Mere Saathi. 1971 Indian filmHaathi Mere SaathiDirected byM. A. ThirumugamScreenplay bySalim–JavedStory bySandow M. M. A. Chinnappa ThevarBased onDeiva Cheyal (1967)Produced bySandow M. M. A. Chinnappa ThevarStarringRajesh KhannaTanujaMadan PuriSujit KumarK. N. SinghCinematographyK. S. PrasadEdited byM. A. ThirumugamM. G. Balu RaoMusic byLaxmikant–PyarelalProductioncompanyDevar FilmsDistributed byDevar FilmsRelease date 28 May 1971 (1971-05-28) Co...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!