Scratch is a high-level, block-based visual programming language and website aimed primarily at children as an educational tool, with a target audience of ages 8 to 16.[8] Users on the site can create projects on the website using a block-like interface. Scratch was conceived and designed through collaborative National Science Foundation grants awarded to Mitchel Resnick and Yasmin Kafai.[9] Scratch is developed by the MIT Media Lab and has been translated into 70+ languages, being used in most parts of the world.[10] Scratch is taught and used in after-school centers, schools, and colleges, as well as other public knowledge institutions. As of 15 February 2023, community statistics on the language's official website show more than 123 million projects shared by over 103 million users, and more than 95 million monthly website visits.[10] Overall, over 1 billion total projects ever created (including unshared projects), exceeding their 1,000,000,000th project in April 2024.
Scratch takes its name from a technique used by disk jockeys called "scratching", where vinyl records are clipped together and manipulated on a turntable to produce different sound effects and music. Like scratching, the website lets users mix together different media (including graphics, sound, and other programs) in creative ways by creating and "remixing" projects, like video games, animations, music, and simulations.[11][12]
Scratch 3.0
User interface
A program to change the background and make a character speak
The Scratch interface is divided into three main sections: a stage area, block palette, and a coding area to place and arrange the blocks into scripts that can be run by pressing the green flag or clicking on the code itself. Users may also create their own code blocks, which will appear in the "My Blocks" section.
The stage area features the results (e.g., animations, turtle graphics, either in a small or normal size, with a full-screen option also available) and all sprites' thumbnails being listed in the bottom area. The stage uses x and y coordinates, with 0,0 being the stage center.[13]
With a sprite selected at the bottom of the staging area, blocks of code can be applied by dragging them from the block palette into the coding area. The Costumes tab allows users to change the look of the sprite with a vector and bitmap editor in order to create various effects, including animation.[13] The Sounds tab allows attaching sounds and music to a sprite.[14]
When creating sprites and also backgrounds, users can draw their own sprites manually,[13] choose a sprite from the library, or upload an image.[14]
The table below shows the categories of the programming blocks:
User-defined functions, accessible as blocks. They can have inputs and have the option to run without a screen refresh.
Extensions
Extra categories (e.g. Pen, Music) of blocks that can be added to a project at any time.
Offline editing
Four different scripts for the getting started built-in tutorial.
An offline "Desktop Editor" for Scratch 3.0 is available for Microsoft Windows 10 and above in the Microsoft Store, Apple's macOS, ChromeOS, and Android;[15] this allows the creation and playing of Scratch programs offline. The offline editor can also be downloaded in previous versions, such as Scratch 2.0 and Scratch 1.4 (an archive of older versions is found here).
Extensions
In Scratch, extensions add extra blocks and features that can be used in projects. In Scratch 2.0, the extensions were all hardware-based and Pen was a normal category. Software-based extensions were added in Scratch 3.0, such as text-to-speech voices, along with some new hardware-based extensions like the micro:bit. The extensions are listed below.
An example of the Scratch 3 Extensions Page.
Physical
LEGO Mindstorms EV3 – Control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego Mindstorms EV3
micro:bit – Use of a micro:bit to control projects
LEGO BOOST – Bring robotic creations to life
Go Direct Force & Acceleration – Sense pull, push, motion, and spin
Digital
Many of the digital extensions in Scratch 3.0 used to be regular block categories that were moved to the extensions section to reduce clutter. These include:
Music – Play digital instruments (drums, trumpets, violins, pianos, and more). Previously part of the Sound category.
Pen – Draw on the Stage with a variety of thicknesses and color. Previously a normal block category.
Video Sensing – Detect motion with the camera. Previously in the Sensing category.
New digital extensions have also been added in collaborations with commercial companies. These include:
Text to Speech – Converts words in a text into voice output (variety of voices, supplied by Amazon)
Translate – Uses Google Translate to translate text from one language into a variety of other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, Greek, Norwegian, and Japanese
Makey Makey – Options for better key pressing and press multiple keys in order. You can grab a join block if you want more control on the extension.
A paper published in 2019 by NYU argues and illustrates, for coding music with Scratch, "that the music and sound blocks as currently implemented in Scratch may limit and frustrate meaningful music-making for children, the core user base for Scratch."[16]
Scratch Lab
The Scratch Lab[17] displays experiments from the Scratch Team, intended to explore whether new features may be added to the full website in the future. Experimental features currently under development include:
Video Sprites – Fill sprites with live video.
Face Sensing – Make animated costumes and games that interact with your face.
Animated Text – Bring words to life with colours, fonts, and animations.
Community of users
A Scratch programming workshop
Scratch is used in many different settings: schools, museums, libraries, community centers, and homes.[18][19][11] Scratch is designed primarily for users aged 8–16, but it is used by all ages and has a sizeable adult user base as of 2009.[8][20] This wide outreach has created many surrounding communities, both physical and digital.[10] In April 2020, the Tiobe ranking of the world's programming languages included Scratch in the top 20. According to Tiobe, there are 50 million projects written in Scratch, and every month one million new projects are added.[21]
Educational users
Scratch is used as the introductory language because the creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learned can be applied to other programming languages such as Python and Java.
Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create animations, text, stories, music, art, and more. There are already many programs that students can use to learn topics in math, history, and even photography. Scratch allows teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments with animations that help visualize difficult concepts. Within the social sciences, instructors can create quizzes, games, and tutorials with interactive elements. Using Scratch allows young people to understand the logic of programming and how to creatively build and collaborate.[22]
Scratch is taught to more than 800 schools and 70 colleges of the DAV organization in India and across the world.[23][24]
In higher education, Scratch is used in the first week of Harvard University's CS50 introductory computer science course.[25][26]
Online community
"Jumper", an example of a game created with Scratch 2.0"Shadow", an example of a game created with Scratch 3.0
Users of Scratch are called "Scratchers". Scratchers have the capability to share their projects and receive feedback. Projects can be uploaded directly from the development environment to the Scratch website and any member of the community can view and download the full source code to study or to remix into new projects.[27][28] Scratchers can also create project studios, comment, favorite, and "love" others' projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range from games and animations to practical tools. Additionally, to encourage the creation and sharing amongst users, the website frequently establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges.[29]
The MIT Scratch Team works to ensure that this community maintains a friendly and respectful environment for all people.[30][31]
Educators have their own online community called ScratchEd, developed and supported by the Harvard Graduate School of Education. In this community, Scratch educators share stories, exchange resources, and ask questions.[32]
Scratch Wiki
The Scratch Wiki is a support resource for Scratch and information about its website, history, and phenomena surrounding it. Although supported by the Scratch Team (the developers of Scratch), it is primarily written by Scratch users (Scratchers) and is hosted independently of the main Scratch website.[33] There are other wikis in languages besides English available on the Scratch Wiki base domain.
Roles
Roles are displayed as a label under a user's username on profile pages and on forum posts. To prevent vandalism, new accounts have the "New Scratcher" role, as opposed by the usual "Scratcher" role. Some restrictions are imposed onto New Scratcher accounts, including the inability to use cloud data and a minimum 30 second cooldown period between posting comments.[34] After a period of time of interacting and creating projects, an account will be eligible to gain the Scratcher role.[35]
Official moderators and developers of Scratch are labeled as part of the "Scratch Team" and usually have an asterisk at the end of their username.[36] The site also has special types of accounts for Students and Educators to use Scratch in the classroom.[37]
The source code for the project editor in all three major versions, as well as a majority of the current website, is hosted publicly on GitHub across various repositores.[40] Scratch 3.0 is JavaScript-based, 2.0 is programmed in ActionScript,[4] and the 1.x versions were based on Squeak, which itself is based on Smalltalk-80.[41]
2.0 had an experimental JavaScript-based interpreter that was being developed in parallel with the ActionScript version.[42]
On 13 May 2014, a year after the release of Scratch 2.0, it was announced by a developer on the Scratch Forums that 2.0 would become open source.[45]
Events
Scratch Educators can gather in person at Scratch Educator Meetups. At these gatherings, Scratch Educators learn from each other and share ideas and strategies that support computational creativity.[46]
An annual "Scratch Week", formerly known as "Scratch Day", is declared in May each year. Community members are encouraged to host an event on or around this day, large or small, that celebrates Scratch. These events are held worldwide, and a listing can be found on the Scratch Day website. Scratch Week is a series focusing on Scratch activities on the Scratch website.[47]
Every April Fools' Day, the Scratch Team will play pranks on users and add Easter eggs, one example being that all event blocks in projects turn into cat versions of the same blocks.
History
In the early 2000s, the MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten group (LLK) was developing visual programming languages targeted towards children.[48] In 2003, Mitchel Resnick, Yasmin Kafai, and John Maeda were awarded a National Science Foundation grant for the development of a new programming environment for children to express themselves with code.[9] The LLK, led by Mitchel Resnick, in partnership with Yasmin Kafai's team at UCLA worked closely with Computer Clubhouses in Boston and Los Angeles to develop Scratch, grounding its design in the practices and social dynamics of these after-school youth centers.[9] It started as a basic programming language, with no labeled categories and no green flag.[49] Similar to AgentSheets[50] Scratch employed concepts of Tactile Programming later known as blocks-based programming. Scratch was made with the intention to teach kids to program.[49]
The philosophy of Scratch encourages the sharing, reuse, and combination of code, as indicated by the team slogan, "Imagine, Program, Share".[51] Users can make their own projects, or they may choose to "remix" someone else's project. Projects created and remixed with Scratch are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.[52] Scratch automatically gives credit to the user who created the original project and program in the top part of the project page.[11]
Scratch was developed based on ongoing interaction with youth and staff at Computer Clubhouses. The use of Scratch at Computer Clubhouses served as a model for other after-school centers demonstrating how informal learning settings can support the development of technological fluency.[53]
Scratch 2.0 was released on 9 May 2013.[13] The update changed the look of the site and included both an online project editor and an offline editor.[54] Custom blocks could now be defined within projects, along with several other improvements.[55] The Scratch 2.0 Offline editor could be downloaded for Windows, Mac, and Linux directly from Scratch's website, although support for Linux was later dropped. The unofficial mobile version had to be downloaded from the Scratch forums.[56][57]
The Scratch website's homepage
Scratch 3.0 was first announced by the Scratch Team in 2016. Several public alpha versions were released between then and January 2018, after which the pre-beta "Preview" versions were released.[58] A beta version of Scratch 3.0 was released on 1 August 2018.[59] for use on most browsers; with the notable exception of Internet Explorer.[60]
Scratch 3.0, the first 3.x release version, was released on 2 January 2019.[61]
On 28 June 2023,[62] the header and links on the Scratch Website changed from blue to purple, and new optional high-contrast block colors were introduced, to make the site easier for colorblind people to read and use.[63]
In Scratch 1.4, an *.sb file was the file format used to store projects.[65]
An *.sb file is divided into four sections:
"header", this 10-byte header contains the ASCII string "ScratchV02" in versions higher than Scratch 1.2, and "ScratchV01" in Scratch 1.2 and below
"infoSize", encodes the length of the project's infoObjects. A 4-byte long, 32-bit, big-Endian integer.
"infoObjects", a dictionary-format data section. It contains: "thumbnail", a thumbnail of the project's stage; "author", the username of the project's creator; "comment", the Project Notes; "history", the save and upload log; "scratch-version", the version of Scratch used to save the file;
"contents", an object table with the Stage as the root.[66] All objects in the program are stored here as references.[67]
Scratch 2.0 uses the *.sb2 file format. These are zip files containing a .json file as well as the contents of the Scratch project including sounds (stored as .wav) and images (stored as .png).[68] Each filetype, excluding the project.json, is stored as a number, starting at 0 and counting up with each additional file. The image file labeled "0.png" is always a 480x360 white image, but "0.wav" will still be the earliest non-deleted file.
The ScratchX experimental version of Scratch used the .sbx file format.[69]
Scratch 3.0 uses the *.sb3 format, which is very similar to *.sb2, one difference being the sound.[70]
Older versions
Although the main Scratch website now runs only the current version (Scratch 3.0), the offline editors for Scratch 2.0 (and the earlier Scratch 1.4) are still available for download[71] and can be used to create and run games locally.[72] It is still possible to upload projects from the Scratch 2.0 launcher, which are immediately converted into Scratch 3.0 when uploaded to the main site.[73] There is also an offline version of Scratch 3.0.
Technology
The editor of Scratch 1.4 and below was written in Squeak, while its online project viewer was written in Java, and a player written in Adobe Flash was later added.[41][74] Scratch 2.0 relied on Adobe Flash for the online version, and Adobe AIR for the offline editor. These have fallen out of favor, and Adobe dropped support for them at the end of 2020.[75][76]
Interface
A script that lets the sprite say Hello, World! then stops the script in Scratch 2.0
In Scratch 2.0, the stage area is on the left side, with the programming blocks palette in the middle, and the coding area on the right. Extensions are in the "More Blocks" section of the palette.[20]
The web version of Scratch 2.0 introduced project autosaving.[77]: 23
The blocks palette in Scratch 2.0 is made of discrete sections that are not scrollable from one to the next; the table below shows the different sections:
Scratch 2.0 introduced the backpack, which can be used to transfer scripts, sprites, costumes, and sounds between projects.[77]: 14–15
1.4 sounds
Scratch 2.0 changed how sounds were imported, so many Scratch 1.4 sounds stopped working. (The project file was changed from *.sb to *.sb2).
Features
Scratch uses event-driven programming with multiple active objects called sprites.[13] Sprites can be drawn, as vector or bitmap graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is part of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources. Scratch 3.0 only supports one-dimensional arrays, known as "lists", and floating-point scalars and strings are supported but with limited string manipulation ability. There is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming style and the rather limited scope of the Scratch programming language.
Scratch 2.0 features
Scratch 2.0 does not treat procedures as first class structures and has limited file I/O options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol, an experimental extension feature that allows interaction between Scratch 2.0 and other programs.[78] The Extension protocol allows interfacing with hardware boards such as Lego Mindstorms[79] or Arduino.[80] Scratch 2.0 also has the following features:
Smart block switching
Two-column category menu
Reverse order of project controls
Display stage on left side
Square block inputs
Compact editor
Collapsing sprite properties
Scratch 2.0 themes
Snap! (Build Your Own Blocks)
A more advanced visual programming language inspired by Scratch is Snap!, featuring first class procedures (their mathematical foundations are also called lambda calculus), first-class lists (including lists of lists), and first-class truly object-oriented sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch.[81] Snap! (previously "BYOB") was developed by Jens Mönig[82][83] with documentation provided by Brian Harvey[84][85] from University of California, Berkeley and has been used to teach "The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students.[86] Both of them were members of the Scratch Team before designing "Snap!".[87][20]
ScratchJr
In July 2014, ScratchJr was released for iPad, and in 2016, ScratchJr for Android. Although heavily inspired by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnick, it is nonetheless a complete rewrite designed for younger children—targeting ages 5 through 7.[88]
Community-made modifications
Due to the open source nature of Scratch, numerous forks and browser extensions have been created by the community that aim to improve or modify the user experience. ScratchTools and Scratch Addons are some examples of open-sourced browser extensions that add many upgrades and new features to the Scratch website and editor.[89]
TurboWarp is a fork of the Scratch 3.0 editor that compiles the Scratch blocks into JavaScript code when a project is run, meaning projects can run up to 200x faster, with 60FPS option, results varying heavily depending on the project, and setting and add-ons.[90][91] TurboWarp can also export projects to standaloneHTML5, Bundle (macOS) and EXE files.[92]
Users can also create their own extensions for Scratch 3.0 using JavaScript.[93] Although the intention for Scratch 3.0 was to allow unofficial JavaScript extensions to be developed by users, it was abandoned due to moderation risks. As a result, the official site doesn't allow JavaScript extensions to be added, but several modifications of Scratch do.
Before 2.0, a number of Scratch forks[94][better source needed] were created using the source code of Scratch 1.4. These programs usually only included a few extra blocks not present in Scratch.[95][better source needed]
^Maloney, John; Burd, Leo; Kafai, Yasmin; Rusk, Natalie; Silverman, Brian; Resnick, Mitchel (29–30 January 2004). Scratch: A Sneak Preview. Second International Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing. Section 6: Project status and next steps. doi:10.1109/C5.2004.33 – via ResearchGate.
^Monroy-Hernandez, Andres; Hill, Benjamin Mako; Gonzalez-Rivero, Jazmin; Boyd, Danah (2011). "Computers Can't Give Credit: How Automatic Attribution Falls Short in an Online Remixing Community". Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '11). ACM. pp. 3421–30. arXiv:1507.01285. doi:10.1145/1978942.1979452. S2CID7494330.
^Hill, B.M; Monroy-Hernández, A.; Olson, K.R. (2010). "Responses to remixing on a social media sharing website". ICWSM 2010: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, May 23–26, 2010. Washington, D.C.: AAAI Press. arXiv:1507.01284. Bibcode:2015arXiv150701284M. ISBN978-1-57735-445-1. OCLC844857775.
^"Scratch Modification". Scratch Wiki. Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^"Blocks". Scratch Wiki. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
