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	Peninsula and Oriental line steamer Maloja
History
United Kingdom
Name	SS Maloja
Owner	P&O Steam Navigation Co
Port of registry	Belfast
Route	Tilbury – Bombay
Builder	Harland and Wolff Ltd, Belfast
Yard number	414
Launched	17 December 1910
Completed	7 September 1911
Fate	Mined off Dover, 27 February 1916
General characteristics
Class and type	P&O M-class passenger liner
Tonnage	12,431 GRT
Length	550.4 ft (167.8 m)
Beam	62.9 ft (19.2 m)
Depth	34.4 ft (10.5 m)
Installed power	1,164 NHP
Propulsion	2 quadruple expansion engines;; twin screw;
Speed	19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Capacity	670 passengers
Crew	301 (British officers & Lascar crew)
Armament	Defensively Equipped Merchant Ship

SS Maloja was an M-class passenger steamship of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. She was completed in 1911 and worked a regular route between Great Britain and India. In 1916 in the First World War she was sunk by a mine in the English Channel off Dover with the loss of 155 lives.

Building

Maloja was one of P&O's ten M-class passenger liners,^[2]^[4] the first of which had been RMS Moldavia which was completed in 1903. Harland and Wolff Ltd built Maloja, completing her in 1911.^[2] She had twin screws driven by twin quadruple expansion engines that were rated at 1,164 NHP and gave her a speed of 19 knots (35 km/h).^[2] She had capacity for 670 passengers^[3] plus a quantity of cargo. Decorative plaster work and panelling in the dining room was carried out by H.H. Martyn & Co.^[5]

Loss

At 1500 hrs Saturday 26 February 1916^[6] Maloja sailed from Tilbury for Bombay carrying 122 passengers (less than a fifth of her capacity) and a general cargo.^[3] Her passengers were a mixture of military and government personnel, and civilians including women and children.^[6] Following normal P&O practice, her complement of 301 comprised British officers and Lascar crew.^[7]

On the morning of Sunday 27 February Maloja approached the Strait of Dover at full speed and overtook a Canadian collier, Empress of Fort William.^[3] Under wartime conditions each ship would have to be examined by a patrol boat before being allowed to proceed.^[6]

The German Type UC I submarine SM UC-6 had recently mined the strait.^[1] At about 1030 hrs Maloja was about 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) off Dover^[1] when her starboard quarter^[6] struck one of UC-6's mines. There was a large explosion, and the bulkheads of the second saloon were blown in. Empress of Fort William was still in sight and immediately went full ahead to assist, but while still 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) astern the collier also struck one of UC-6's mines and began to sink.^[6]

As a precaution against enemy attack, Maloja was steaming with her lifeboats already swung out on their davits so that they could be lowered more quickly.^[6] Her Master, Captain C.D. Irving, RNR, immediately had her engines stopped and then put astern to stop her so that her boats could be lowered.^[6] She also sounded her whistle as a signal to prepare to abandon ship.^[6]

Irving then tried to order her engines be stopped again for the ship to be evacuated, but flooding in her engine room prevented the engines from being stopped and she started to make way astern^[6] at about 8 to 9 knots (15 to 17 km/h).^[2] She also developed a list to starboard^[6] which steepened to 75 degrees.^[2] Passengers started to board the starboard lifeboats^[6] but the ship's speed and list prevented all but three or four of them from being launched.^[8]

Small vessels headed to assist her including the Port of Dover tugs Lady Brassey and Lady Crundall, trawlers, dredgers^[8] and a destroyer.^[6] As Maloja steamed astern and unable to stop, the rescue vessels were unable to get alongside to take off survivors. A heavy sea was running and the hundreds who crowded her decks could only don a cork lifejacket, jump overboard and try to swim clear.^[8] A number of her rafts either were launched or floated clear, and some of her survivors managed to board them.^[8] Maloja sank 24 minutes after being mined,^[8] followed by Empress of Fort William which sank about 40 minutes after being mined.

Many of the deaths were from hypothermia, either in the water or after being rescued.^[6] Most of the people who survived were recovered from the water.^[8] Several survivors, including Captain Irving,^[9]^[10] had been immersed for half an hour.^[6] The Second Officer, Lieutenant C Vincent, was in the water for an hour but survived.^[6] The small vessels taking part in the rescue took many of the survivors to the hospital ships Dieppe and St David.^[8] Others were brought ashore and Royal Navy ambulances took them to the Lord Warden Hotel.^[8] Survivors were later taken by special train to London Victoria.^[9]^[10]

At about 1130 hrs vessels started to bring bodies ashore.^[8] The chief constable of Kent took charge of the dead and designated the Market Hall below Dover Museum as a temporary mortuary.^[8] 45 bodies were recovered^[8] but about another 100 people were unaccounted for.

Monuments

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Approximate position of Maloja's wreck off the coast of Kent

13 of the dead are buried in the St Mary the Virgin New Cemetery, Dover.^[7] They include three servicemen, four women, and four children aged 3, 5, 6 and 8.^[7]

The servicemen were given Commonwealth war graves. As well as the three buried at Dover, one is buried at Horsham and another at Portsmouth.^[7]

Many of the 155 dead^[2] were Lascars.^[9]^[10] P&O erected a monument to 22 of them in St Mary's Cemetery.^[7]

Replacement ship

In 1923 P&O replaced the ship with a new, larger RMS Maloja. She survived the Second World War and was scrapped in 1954.

Wreck

Maloja's wreck lies in 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m) of water^[11] but was a navigation hazard, so in 1964 she was blown up.^[3] This left the wreck considerably dispersed and flattened, but what remains is substantial enough to have become a destination for wreck diving when underwater visibility is good enough.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Helgason, Guðmundur (1995–2013). "Maloja". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Allen, Tony; Lettens, Jan (10 March 2011). "SS Maloja [+1926]". The Wreck Site. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pocock, Michael W (2008). "Daily Event for February 27". Maritime Quest. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ Watson, Brian. "P&O 'M Class' Passenger ships". Benjidog Historical Research Resources. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ John Whitaker (1985). The Best. p. 235.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o "The Inquest 1916 – Second Lieutenant C. Vincent". SS Maloja. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "The Maloja Memorials". SS Maloja. 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2013.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "SS Maloja, A Terrible Sunday Morning Disaster – February 27th 1916". SS Maloja. 1916. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Maloja's Death-Roll Numbers 147". Auckland Star. National Library of New Zealand. 29 February 1916. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Loss of Maloja". The Argus. National Library of Australia. 29 February 1916. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Dover Shipwreck Sites – Over 400 to dive!". Mutiny Diving. 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.