Karola Ruth Westheimer (née Siegel; June 4, 1928 – July 12, 2024), better known as Dr. Ruth, was a German and American sex therapist and talk show host.
Westheimer was born in Germany to a Jewish family. As the Nazis came to power, her parents sent the 10-year-old girl to a school in Switzerland for safety while they remained behind because of her elderly grandmother.[1] Both were killed in concentration camps. After World War II, she emigrated to British-controlled Mandatory Palestine. At 4 feet 7 inches (140 cm) tall and 17 years of age, she joined the Haganah, and was trained as a sniper.[2] On her 20th birthday, she was wounded in action by an exploding shell during mortar fire on Jerusalem during the 1947–1949 Israeli War of Independence, and almost lost both feet.
Two years later, Westheimer moved to Paris, France, where she studied psychology at the Sorbonne. Immigrating to the United States in 1956, she worked as a maid to put herself through graduate school, earned a Master of Arts in sociology from The New School in 1959, and earned a doctorate at age 42 from Teachers College, Columbia University, in 1970. Over the next decade, she taught at a number of universities and had a private sex therapy practice.
Westheimer's media career began in 1980 with the radio call-in show Sexually Speaking, which continued until 1990. In 1983 it was the top-rated radio show in the country's largest radio market. She then launched a television show, The Dr. Ruth Show, which by 1985 attracted two million viewers a week. She became known for giving serious advice while being candid, but also warm, cheerful, funny, and respectful, and for her tag phrase: "Get some". In 1984 The New York Times noted that she had risen "from obscurity to almost instant stardom."[3][4] She hosted several series on the Lifetime Channel and other cable television networks from 1984 to 1993. She became a household name and major cultural figure, appeared on several network TV shows, co-starred in a movie with Gérard Depardieu, appeared on the cover of People, sang on a Tom Chapin album, appeared in several commercials, and hosted Playboy videos. She was the author of 45 books on sex and sexuality.
I come from Nazi Germany. And the one thing I've learned is that you must stand up for what you believe.[5]
Westheimer was born Karola Ruth Siegel, in the small village of Wiesenfeld (now part of Karlstadt am Main), in Germany.[6][7] She was the only child of Orthodox Jews, Irma (née Hanauer), a housekeeper, and Julius Siegel, a notions wholesaler and son of the family for whom Irma worked.[8] From the age of one, she lived in an apartment in Frankfurt with her parents and her paternal grandmother, Selma, who was a widow.[9][10] She was given an early grounding in Judaism by her father, who took her regularly to the synagogue in the Nordend district of Frankfurt, where they lived.[11]
Her father, 38 years old at the time, was taken away by the Nazis, who sent him to the Dachau concentration camp a week after Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass", when Nazis burned down 10,000 Jewish stores as well as Jewish homes and synagogues, in November 1938.[12][13][14] She cried while her father was taken away by Gestapo men who loaded him on a truck, while her grandmother handed the Nazis money, pleading, "Take good care of my son."[11][15][12]
Switzerland
Westheimer's mother and grandmother decided that Nazi Germany was too dangerous for her, due to the growing Nazi violence. Therefore, a few weeks later, in January 1939, they sent her on the Kindertransport, an organized Jewish children's rescue train to Switzerland, though she desperately did not want to leave.[11][16] Ruth, then aged 10, was never hugged again as a child.[17]
She arrived at an orphanage of a Jewish charity in Heiden, Switzerland, as one of 300 Jewish children, some as young as six years of age.[9][18] By the end of World War II, nearly all of them were orphans, as their parents never made it out of Germany and were murdered by the Nazis.[18] In the orphanage she was given cleaning responsibilities and took on the role of a caregiver and mother-like figure to the younger children.[11] She remained at the orphanage for six years.[10] Girls at the orphanage were not allowed to take classes at the local school. However, a boy at the school secretly loaned her his textbooks at night so she could read them in secret and continue her education.[15][19]
While at the Swiss orphanage, Westheimer corresponded with her mother and grandmother via letters. Their letters ceased in 1941,[7][12] when her parents and her paternal grandmother were deported to Łódź Ghetto on 20 October 1941.[20] There, her father and his mother died in 1942.[21][22] Before learning about this later in her life, she had believed that her father was murdered in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942.[23] There is no information about the specific circumstances of her mother's death. In the database at the Yad Vashem World Holocaust Remembrance Center, Westheimer's mother is categorized as verschollen, or "disappeared/murdered".[23] In addition to Westheimer's parents, all of her other relatives lost their lives during the Holocaust.[5]
For many years, she lived with an "irrational guilt"; she thought that if she had stayed in Germany, she could have saved her parents. Later, she said the guilt had been replaced by an admiration for her parents' sacrifice in sending her to safety, saying: "I would not have the courage to send my own children away like that."[7]
Israel
After World War II ended, Westheimer decided to immigrate to British-controlled Mandatory Palestine at 16 years of age.[24][11]After she immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in September 1945, at the age of 17, she joined Kibbutz Ramat David and worked in agriculture. Told her name was too German, she changed her name from Karola to her middle name, Ruth and went by Ruth K. Siegel, retaining Karola as her middle initial in case her parents came looking for her.[25] She "first had sexual intercourse on a starry night, in a haystack, without contraception."[26][24][23] She later told The New York Times that "I am not happy about that, but I know much better now and so does everyone who listens to my radio program."[27] Next, she lived on Moshav Nahalal, and then, she lived on Kibbutz Yagur.[26] She then moved to Jerusalem in 1948 to study early childhood education.[14][26]
Though I am only 4 feet 7 inches tall, with a gun in my hand I am the equal of a soldier who's 6 feet 7 — and perhaps even at a slight advantage, as I make a smaller target.
Westheimer joined the Haganah Jewish Zionist underground paramilitary organization (later, the Israel Defense Forces) in Jerusalem.[29][28][30] Because of her diminutive height of 4 feet 7 inches (140 cm), she was trained as a scout and sniper.[27][30][31] Of this experience, she said, "I never killed anybody, but I know how to throw hand grenades and shoot."[32] She became an ace sniper, and learned to assemble a rifle in the dark.[27][14] When she was 90 years old, she demonstrated that she was still able to put together a Sten gun with her eyes closed.[33]
In 1948, on her 20th birthday, Westheimer was seriously wounded in action by an exploding shell during a mortar fire attack on Jerusalem during the 1947–1949 Palestine war; the explosion killed two girls who were right next to her.[34][30][26] Temporarily paralyzed and with two injured feet (one missing a top portion), she spent months in a recuperative ward before walking again.[35][36][37] In 2018 she said that she still visited Israel every year, and felt that it was her real home, and the following year said that she was and is a Zionist.[26][38]
France
In 1950, at the age of 22, Westheimer married and moved to France with her first husband, David Bar-Haim, an Israeli soldier who had been accepted to medical school in Paris.[11][39][25] There, she studied psychology under psychologist Jean Piaget at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne), and earned an undergraduate degree despite not having had a high school education[40][41][42] and supported herself by teaching kindergarten.[39] She then taught psychology at the Sorbonne.[42][43] Her first marriage ended as Bar-Heim eventually gave up his studies and decided to return to Israel while Westheimer remained in Paris to continue her studies. They divorced in 1955.[25]
United States
In 1956, using a 5,000 German marksrestitution cheque paid by the German government to children whose education was disrupted by the Holocaust, she immigrated to the United States with her French boyfriend, Dan Bommer, settling in Washington Heights, Manhattan. They married and had a daughter, Miriam, but soon divorced.[39][25][44][45][46] She worked as a maid, initially for 75 cents an hour and later for one dollar an hour (equal to $11.21 today) to put herself through graduate school.[47][48][49]
Described as "Grandma Freud" and the "Sister Wendy of Sexuality", Westheimer helped revolutionize talk about sex and sexuality on radio and television, advocating for speaking openly about sexual issues.[63] She fielded questions ranging from women who did not have orgasms, to the best time of day to have sex (the morning), to men with premature ejaculations, to foreplay, to oral sex, to sexual fantasies ("embrace them"; "If you want to believe that a whole football team is in bed with you, that's fine"), to masturbation, to erections, to sexual positions, to the G-spot.[62][64][65] She stressed that: "anything that two consenting adults do in the privacy of their bedroom or kitchen floor is all right with me".[61][66] Asked a question as to having sex with an animal, she responded: "I'm not a veterinarian."[67] She spoke out against engaging in any sexual activity under pressure, and against pedophilia.[62] She educated her listeners about sexually transmitted diseases,[68][69][61] and spoke out strongly in favor of having sex, in favor of contraception being used, in favor of the availability of abortion as an aid for contraception failures, in favor of sex within relationships rather than one-night stands, in favor of funding for Planned Parenthood, and in favor of research on AIDS. She became known for giving serious advice while being candid and funny, but warm, cheerful, and respectful; and for her tag phrase: "Get some."[61][70][71] Journalist Joyce Wadler described her as a "world class charmer".[72]
One journalist described her voice as "a cross between Henry Kissinger and Minnie Mouse".[73] She was noted for having "an accent only a psychologist could love", one that was "dripping chicken soup."[63][42][74]
In 1984 The New York Times noted that on radio the 55-year-old had risen "from obscurity to almost instant stardom."[75] Journalist Jeannette Catsoulis wrote later in The New York Times, "It's hard to explain how revolutionary her humor, candor and sexual explicitness seemed for the time."[76]
1980–1989
When it comes to sex, the most important six inches are the ones between the ears.
Westheimer's media career began in 1980 when she was 52 years old, and her radio show, Sexually Speaking, debuted on WYNY-FM in New York City. In it, she answered questions called in by listeners, and the show became nationally syndicated.[44][11][78] She was offered the opportunity after she gave a lecture to New York broadcasters about the need for sex education programming to help deal with issues of contraception and unwanted pregnancies. Betty Elam, the community affairs manager at WYNY, was impressed with her talk and offered Westheimer $25 per week to make Sexually Speaking, which started as a 15-minute show airing every Sunday at midnight, which was historically a dead time.[79][80]
By 1981, as the show attracted 250,000 listeners every week despite the network not doing any promotion for it—growing simply by word of mouth—it was extended to be one hour long on Sunday nights, starting at 10 pm.[80][44][65] It was soon picked up by 90 stations across the United States, and it ran for a decade.[9][65] The show broke taboos of the time against speaking publicly and explicitly about sex.[81]The New York Times described it as one of the station's "oddest shows", and among its biggest draws.[82][61] A New York University professor of human sexuality made listening to her show a class assignment.[61] When the station offered a "Dr. Ruth T-shirt" ("Sex on Sunday? You Bet!"), it received 3,500 orders.[61][83]
By 1982, her show was WYNY's top-rated phone-in talk show.[84] Singer Pattie Brooks recorded a song as an ode to her, "Dr. Ruth," with a trendy, dance-rock tinged, high pressure beat.[85][86][87]
By 1983 her show was the top-rated radio show in the country's largest radio market.[88] In 1984 NBC Radio began syndicating the radio program nationwide—it was now heard in 93 markets.[49] She went on to produce her radio show until 1990.[89]
In 1984, Westheimer began hosting several television programs on the Lifetime TV network, and one in syndication. Her first show was Good Sex! With Dr. Ruth Westheimer, airing for a half hour at 10 pm on weeknights. She ended each show by reminding her audience: "Have good sex!"[90]
The show was expanded in 1985 to a full hour, and its name was changed to The Dr. Ruth Show. During each of her live shows, 3,000 callers tried to get through, and the show attracted an average of 450,000 viewers a night, double the audience previously watching at that hour, and attracted more viewers than any other show on Lifetime; that number rose to two million homes a week.[90][49][91] In April 1985 she appeared on the cover of People.[62] That year she also appeared as an actress in the French romantic comedy film Une Femme ou Deux (One Woman or Two), starring Gérard Depardieu and Sigourney Weaver, playing the part of a wealthy philanthropist.[92]
Dr. Ruth's Game of Good Sex was released in 1985.[93][94] A Baltimore distributor said: "I'm going to have to compare this to Trivial Pursuit. The orders overshadow anything we've had in our company's 100-year history."[83]Dr. Ruth's Computer Game of Good Sex was a hit, released in 1986 for the Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and Apple II.[95][96][97]
In 1987, she began a separate half-hour syndicated series on many broadcast stations called Ask Dr. Ruth, which was co-hosted by Larry Angelo. Westheimer's friend Eleanor Bergstein, the writer of the 1987 romantic drama dance film Dirty Dancing, attempted to cast her to play Mrs. Schumacher in the film (with Joel Grey as her husband).[98][99] She backed out when she learned the character is a thief.[100][101][61]
She appeared on a TV Guide cover in 1988. Dr. Ruth returned to the Lifetime network in 1988 with The All New Dr. Ruth Show. That was followed in 1989 by two teen advice shows called What's Up, Dr. Ruth?, and a call-in show, You're on the Air with Dr. Ruth in 1990.[102] That year she also appeared in an episode of the television series Tall Tales & Legends as the "Mysterious Stranger."
In 1990, Westheimer starred in an ABC sitcom pilot, Dr. Ruth's House, which aired as a one-time special in June of that year. [108][109] ABC did not move forward in turning the pilot into a series.
In 1993, Westheimer and Israeli TV host Arad Nir hosted a talk show in Hebrew titled Min Tochnit, on the newly opened Israeli Channel 2. The show was similar to her U.S. Sexually Speaking show. The name of the show, Min Tochnit, is a play on words: literally "Kind of a program", but "Min" (מין) in Hebrew also means "sex" and "gender".[110] 1993 and 1994 saw the publication of "Dr. Ruth's Good Sex Night-to-Night Calendar."[111]
In 1994, she appeared in a computer game, an interactive CD-ROM adaptation of Dr. Ruth's Encyclopedia of Sex released for Windows and a Philips CD-i.[112][113][114]
In 1995, she hosted a series of Playboy instructional videos entitled "Making Love". She also wrote a column distributed both nationally and internationally by the King Features Syndicate.[5][59] In 1996, she co-authored Heavenly Sex, on Judaism and sex, in which she wrote: "The great rabbi Simeon ben-Halafta called the penis the great peacemaker of the home."[5] She referred to the Book of Ruth as encouraging single women to initiate sex (providing the relationship leads to marriage), cited a Talmudic mandate that an unemployed man must make love to his wife every day, and mentioned the writings of a 12th-century rabbi who suggested that couples use different positions while having sex.[5]
In 2000, she appeared on Grammy Award winner Tom Chapin's album This Pretty Planet, in the song "Two Kinds of Seagulls", in which she and Chapin sing in a duet of various animals that reproduce sexually.[125] "It takes two to tingle" says the song.[126] That year, she also made a TV commercial for Entenmann's Raspberry Danish Twist.[127]
Between 2001 and 2007, Westheimer made regular appearances on the PBS children's television series Between the Lions as "Dr. Ruth Wordheimer" in a spoof of her therapist role, in which she helps anxious readers and spellers overcome their fear of long words. In 2002, she received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children, for Timeless Tales and Music of Our Time.[128] In 2003–04, she made 10 appearances as a panelist on the game show Hollywood Squares.
Speaking of the Holocaust in 2021, Westheimer said: "We must keep saying to the young people, 'Think of these words — never again! Never again!' All of this must never happen again."[13]
Westheimer was an accomplished ethnographer. Her studies in this field included the Ethiopian Jews, Papua New Guinea's Trobriand Islanders, and the Druze, a sect originating from Shia Islam now residing in Israel, Syria, and Lebanon. The latter were the subjects of her 2007 PBS documentary The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze, and a book of the same title.[140][141] She was also the Executive Producer for PBS documentaries Surviving Salvation and No Missing Link, Shifting Sands: Bedouin Women at the Crossroads, and The Unknown Face of Islam (on the Circassians).[111]
When I was looking for a job in the United States I was told to take speech lessons, but they were a dollar an hour—too expensive. Now, Debra Jo Rupp [who plays me in Becoming Dr. Ruth] had to take speech coaching to learn my accent! It's good to be Dr. Ruth!
In 2019, the documentary Ask Dr. Ruth directed by Ryan White was in theaters, and was made available on Hulu, as she approached her 90th birthday.[147][148] it won a 4th Critics' Choice Documentary Award in 2019 as "Most Compelling Living Subject of a Documentary," and was a 19th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards nominee in 2019 for "Best Documentary."[149][150] Having previously avoided discussing her early years and how the Holocaust affected her family and herself, Westheimer believed that current events made it necessary for her to "stand up and be counted". She said that seeing child refugees being separated from their parents upset her, because her own story was reflected in what they were going through.[151]
Westheimer was married three times, the first time to Israeli soldier and medical student David Bar-Heim for five years, and the second time briefly to Dan Bommer, with whom she had her daughter, Miriam, who later took the last name of her stepfather.[25][37][54] She said each of her marriages played an important role in her relationship advice, but after two divorces it was her third marriage, at age 32 to fellow Holocaust survivor Manfred 'Fred' Westheimer, that was the "real marriage".[44][81][32] She met Fred on a ski tow in the Catskills.[5] Fred, too, had escaped Nazi Germany.[165] When Diane Sawyer, interviewing the couple for the TV show 60 Minutes asked her husband about their sex life, he answered, "The shoemaker's children have no shoes."[12] Their marriage lasted 36 years, until his death in 1997.[54]
She had two children: Dr. Miriam Yael Westheimer, an educator, author, and chief program officer of HIPPY International, which develops early childhood education and literacy programs,[166] and who lived in Israel for six years and later married Joel Henry Einleger, and Joel Westheimer, a professor at the University of Ottawa; she had four grandchildren.[32][60][167] She said: "I was so short – 4 feet 7 inches – that I couldn't believe that anything could grow inside of me."[168]
Westheimer spoke English, German, French, and Hebrew.[2]
In December 2014, Westheimer was a guest at a wedding in the Bronx. The groom, Rabbi Benjamin Goldschmidt, was the great-grandson of the woman who had helped rescue Westheimer from Nazi Germany.[169]
Among her concerns in the 21st century was loneliness of people.[69] In 2023, Gov. Kathy Hochul of New York appointed Westheimer as the inaugural "Loneliness Ambassador".[170]
In her final years, Westheimer lived in the cluttered three-bedroom apartment on 190th Street "in Washington Heights where she raised her two children and became famous, in that order".[171][172] She stayed there, she said in 1995, to be near the two synagogues of which she was a member (one of which is the Reform synagogue the Hebrew Tabernacle Congregation of Washington Heights, and the other of which is Conservative Synagogue Adath Israel of Riverdale; she was also a member of the Orthodox synagogue Ohav Shalom until it closed), the YMHA of Washington Heights and Inwood of which she was president for 11 years, and a "still sizable community of German Jewish World War II refugees".[45][173][174] She explained: "Because of my experience with the Holocaust, I don't like to lose friends."[5]
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Mark, Jonathan (1996). Heavenly Sex: Sexuality in the Jewish Tradition. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN978-0-8264-0904-1.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Yagoda, Ben (1997). The Value of Family: A Blueprint for the 21st Century. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN978-0-446-67336-5.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2000). The Art of Arousal: A Celebration of Erotic Art Throughout History. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. ISBN978-1-56833-167-6.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2000). Dr. Ruth's Guide to College Life: The Savvy Student's Handbook. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. ISBN978-1-56833-171-3.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2000). Encyclopedia of Sex (2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN978-0-8264-1240-9.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2000). Sex For Dummies (Miniature Editions for Dummies). Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN978-0-7624-0750-7.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2001). All in a Lifetime: An Autobiography. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN978-0-446-67761-5.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2001). Rekindling Romance for Dummies – Conversation Cards. Canoga Park, Cal.: Hungry Mind, Inc. ISBN978-1-890760-53-3.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2001). Romance For Dummies (Miniature Editions). Philadelphia: Running Press. ISBN978-0-7624-1244-0.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2001). Who Am I? Where Did I Come From?. New York: Golden Books. ISBN978-0-307-10618-6.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Leh, Pierre A. (2003). Conquering the Rapids of Life: Making the Most of Midlife Opportunities. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN978-1-58979-012-4.
Westheimer, Ruth K. (2003). Musically Speaking: A Life Through Song (Personal Takes). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-0-8122-3746-7.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Leh, Pierre A. (2005). 52 lecciones para comunicar amor : sugerencias, poesía y consejos para conectarse con el ser amado. Translated by María de la Luz Broissin Fernández (Spanish ed.). Selector, México: Selector. ISBN978-9706438317.
Westheimer, Ruth; Sedan, Gil (2007). The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze. New York: Lantern Books. ISBN978-1-59056-102-7.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Kaplan, Steven (2013). Surviving Salvation: The Ethiopian Jewish Family in Transition (Kindle ed.). Sanger, Cal.: The Write Thought, Inc. ASINB00CYP81YG.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Lehu, Pierre A. (2015). Lebe mit Lust und Liebe: Meine Ratschläge für ein erfülltes Leben (German ed.). Freiburg, Germany: Verlag Herder. ISBN978-3-451-34818-1.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Lehu, Pierre A. (2018). Roller Coaster Grandma: The Amazing Story of Dr. Ruth. Springfield, New Jersey: Apples & Honey Press. ISBN978-1-68115-532-6.
Westheimer, Ruth K.; Lehu, Pierre A.; Gilbert, Allison (2024). The Joy of Connections: 100 Ways to Beat Loneliness and Live a Happier and More Meaningful Life. New York: Rodale Books. ISBN978-0-59373-622-7.
Filmography
Electric Dreams (1984); science fiction romantic comedy; cast as herself as talk show host[178]
^Thompson, Kathleen (March 1, 2009). "Ruth Westheimer". Jewish Women's Archive. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
^ abcdefghDudar, Helen (January 10, 1988). "What She Did For Love". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^Arolsen Archives: Deportation from Frankfurt/Main to Lodz, 1941/10/20, Reference Code 8229601
^Das Bundesarchiv, Memorial Book, Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933 - 1945: Siegel, Julius Arnold (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/en960828 : accessed 21 August 2024)
^ abcMichael Fox (April 3, 2015). "Ruth Westheimer". Jewish Independent. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^ abcEmblen, Frank (March 18, 1984). "New Jersey Guide – Ole! Ole!". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^Kaufman, Joanne (November 29, 2013). "Dr. Ruth Westheimer: Her Bedrooms Are Off Limits". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2015. 'I wanted it badly because of the view,' said the radio and television sex therapist and author who's known simply as Dr. Ruth (the honorific comes courtesy of her Ph.D. in education).
^ abcdRahel Musleah (January 5, 2015). "Ruth Westheimer". Hadassah Magazine. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
^ abLilly Gelman (February 20, 2020). "Gen Z Meets Dr. Ruth". Moment. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
^Kleinfield, N. r. (November 28, 1981). "Sounds of Success at WYNY". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ abGeist, William E. (December 1, 1985). "MERCHANDISING DR. RUTH". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
^Alexander, Ron (July 16, 1982). "The Evening Hours". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ abBedell Smith, Sally (January 30, 1985). "Phones Have Viewers Talking Back". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^Kleinfield, N. r. (December 1, 1985). "Toys the Big Kids Are Buying". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^Wolf, Michelle Andrea; Kielwasser, Aldred P. (1991). Gay People, Sex, and the Media. New York City; London: The Haworth Press. p. 142. ISBN0-86656-936-7. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
^Cation, Sara (April 30, 2013). "Inside design: Nate Berkus". Style at Home. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ abKepler, Adam W. (September 8, 2013). "Footnotes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^Brawarsky, Sandee (December 21, 2014). "Vows Taking Their Sweet Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
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Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. Alice in WonderlandBerkas:AliceInWonderland1999BerdasarkanAlice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glassoleh Lewis CarrollSkenarioPeter BarnesSutradaraNick WillingPemeranTina MajorinoMiranda RichardsonMartin ShortWhoopi GoldbergSimon Russ...
This article is about an area of London, England. For other places with the same name, see Connaught Place. Building in Connaught Place. Blue plaque for Lord Randolph Churchill. Connaught Place is an area in the Bayswater area of the City of Westminster (a London Borough). The nearest London Underground station to Connaught Place is Marble Arch which is a few minutes to the East near Marble Arch[1] walking past the site of the Tyburn Tree. Located at the edge of Hyde Park, Connaught P...
PausAleksander IVAwal masa kepausan12 Desember 1254Akhir masa kepausan25 Mei 1261PendahuluInosensius IVPenerusUrbanus IVInformasi pribadiNama lahirRinaldo ContiLahir±1199Anagni, ItaliaMeninggal25 Mei 1261Viterbo, Italia Aleksander IV, nama lahir Rinaldo Conti (Anagni, Italia, ±1199 – Viterbo, Italia, 25 Mei 1261), adalah Paus Gereja Katolik Roma sejak 12 Desember 1254 sampai 25 Mei 1261. lbs Paus Gereja Katolik Daftar paus grafik masa jabatan orang kudus Nama Paus Abdikasi Paus Paus emeri...
Arcen GamesTypeLLCIndustryVideo gamesFounded2009HeadquartersUnited StatesKey peopleChris McElligott ParkPablo VegaKeith LaMotheDaniette ShinkleProductsAI War: Fleet CommandTidalisA Valley Without Wind 1&2Shattered HavenSkyward CollapseBionic DuesThe Last FederationStars Beyond ReachStarward RogueIn Case of Emergency, Release RaptorAI War 2Number of employees1 (2019)[1]3 (2016)[2][3]6 (2015)[4]2 (2009)[5]Websitewww.arcengames.com Arcen Games is a sma...
Mesoamerican religion Mesoamerican religion is a group of indigenous religions of Mesoamerica that were prevalent in the pre-Columbian era. Two of the most widely known examples of Mesoamerican religion are the Aztec religion and the Mayan religion. Cosmology Religious calendar from the Codex Féjervary-Mayer (Codex Pochteca). (Lacambalam 2014)Main article: Mesoamerican cosmovision The cosmological view in Mesoamerica is strongly connected to the Mesoamerican gods and the spiritual world. The...
This sports biography does not cite any sources containing significant coverage. Please help improve this article by adding citations to sources containing significant coverage. Sports biographies without significant coverage violate the requirement for such articles and may be deleted.Find sources: football – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Peruvian footballer (born 1948)...
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Nadapdap. Keduanya merupakan marga yang berbeda tanpa hubungan kekerabatan. NababanTambak Ompu Domiraja Nababan di Tipang, Baktiraja, Humbang Hasundutan.Aksara Batakᯉᯅᯅᯉ᯲Nama margaNababanGelarBorsak MangatasiSilsilahJarakgenerasi denganSiraja Batak1Si Raja Batak2Raja Isumbaon3Tuan Sori Mangaraja4Tuan Sorba Di Banua (Raja Nai Suanon)5Si Raja Sumba6Toga Sihombing7NababanNama lengkaptokohBorsak Mangatasi NababanNama anakSiantar JuluKekerabatanInduk margaSihom...
Katimus adalah camilan khas Sunda yang terbuat dari campuran singkong parut, kelapa parut dan gula merah (gula aren atau gula kelapa) yang dibentuk lonjong, lalu dibungkus dengan daun pisang dan dikukus.[1] Makanan ini biasanya disuguhkan di acara tahlilan, mauludan dan sebagainya. Di daerah Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, makanan ini dikenal dengan nama lemet. Di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, timus adalah penganan yang terbuat dari ubi jalar dan digoreng. Sementara masyarakat Sunda dan Bet...
Church in ItalySan GiulioThe front side of the church of San Giulio.45°36′19″N 8°53′29″E / 45.6053912°N 8.8915002°E / 45.6053912; 8.8915002CountryItalyDenominationCatholicWeekly attendance452 per week in averageWebsitewww.comunitapastoralecastellanza.itHistoryFormer name(s)Church of the Holy FamilyStatusChurchFoundedFebruary 1924 (1924-02)DedicatedMarch 1924 (1924-03)ArchitectureFunctional statusActiveStyleRomanesque, LombardGroundbreaki...
2016 studio album by Caper ClownsThe Buca BusStudio album by Caper ClownsReleasedSeptember 30, 2016Genre indie pop indie rock LabelGateway MusicProducerHenrik KroghCaper Clowns chronology Type Your Text Here(2015) The Buca Bus(2016) A Salty Taste to the Lake(2018) The Buca Bus is the debut studio album by Danish indie pop band Caper Clowns, released September 30, 2016. The album was well-received and was voted the 16th best album from 2016 on Danish radio show Madsen on DR P4. The lea...
CDP in Pima County, Arizona CDP in Arizona, United StatesCorona de Tucson, ArizonaCDPCorona de Tucson and Santa Rita foothillsLocation in Pima County and the state of ArizonaCorona de TucsonLocation within ArizonaShow map of ArizonaCorona de TucsonLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 31°57′28″N 110°46′2″W / 31.95778°N 110.76722°W / 31.95778; -110.76722Country United StatesState ArizonaCountyPimaArea[1]...
2017 film by Carlos and Jason Sanchez AllureTheatrical release posterDirected by Carlos Sanchez Jason Sanchez Written by Carlos Sanchez Jason Sanchez Produced by Luc Déry Kim McCraw Starring Evan Rachel Wood Julia Sarah Stone Denis O'Hare CinematographySara MisharaEdited by Jesse Riviere Elisabeth Olga Tremblay Music byOlivier AlaryProductioncompanymicro_scopeDistributed byLes Films ChristalRelease dates 10 September 2017 (2017-09-10) (TIFF) 6 April 2018 (20...
American television series The WuzzlesCreated byFred WolfVoices of Jo Anne Worley Henry Gibson Bill Scott Brian Cummings Kathleen Helppie-Shipley Alan Oppenheimer Narrated byStan FrebergOpening themeThe Wuzzles performed by Stephen GeyerEnding themeThe Wuzzles (instrumental)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes13ProductionRunning time22–26 minutesProduction companies Walt Disney Pictures Television Division Walt Disney Pictures Television Anima...