The regular script[a] is the newest of the major Chinese script styles, emerging during the Three Kingdoms period c. 230 CE, and stylistically mature by the 7th century. It is the most common style used in modern text. In its traditional form it is the third-most common in publishing after the Ming and Gothic types used exclusively in print.[1]
History
The Xuanhe Calligraphy Manual (宣和書譜) credits Wang Cizhong [zh] with creating the regular script, based on the clerical script of the early Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE). It became popular during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms periods,[2] with Zhong Yao (c. 151 – 230 CE),[3] a calligrapher in the state of Cao Wei (220–266), being credited as its first master, known as the father of regular script. His famous works include the Xuanshi biao (宣示表), Jianjizhi biao (薦季直表), and Liming biao (力命表). Palaeographer Qiu Xigui[2] describes the script in Xuanshi biao as:
...clearly emerging from the womb of early period semi-cursive script. If one were to write the tidily written variety of early period semi-cursive script in a more dignified fashion and were to use consistently the pause technique [(頓; dùn)], used to reinforce the beginning or ending of a stroke when ending horizontal strokes, a practice which already appears in early period semi-cursive script, and further were to make use of right-falling strokes with thick feet, the result would be a style of calligraphy like that in the "Xuān shì biǎo".
However, very few wrote in this script at the time other than a few literati; most continued writing in the neo-clerical script, or a hybrid form of semi-cursive and neo-clerical.[2] The regular script did not become dominant until the 5th century during the early Northern and Southern period (420–589); there was a variety of the regular script which emerged from neo-clerical as well as regular scripts[4] known as 'Wei regular' (魏楷; Wèikǎi) or 'Wei stele' (魏碑; Wèibēi). Thus, the regular script is descended both from the early semi-cursive style as well as from the neo-clerical script.
The script is considered to have become stylistically mature during the Tang dynasty (618–907), with the most famous and oft-imitated calligraphers of that period being the early Tang's Four Great Calligraphers (初唐四大家): Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang, and Xue Ji, as well as the tandem of Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan.
During the Northern Song (960–1127), Emperor Huizong created an iconic style known as 'slender gold' (瘦金體; shòujīntǐ).[5] During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) also became known for his own calligraphic style for the regular script, called Zhaoti (趙體).
92 rules governing the fundamental structure of regular script were established during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912); the calligrapher Huang Ziyuan [zh] wrote a guidebook illustrating these rules, with four characters provided as an example for each.
Characteristics
The Eight Principles of Yong encapsulate varieties of most strokes that appear in the regular script.[6] Regular script characters with dimensions larger than 5 cm (2 in) are usually classified as 'large' (大楷; dàkǎi); those smaller than 2 cm (0.8 in) are usually classified as 'small' (小楷; xiǎokǎi), and those in between are 'medium' (中楷; zhōngkǎi).[7]
Notable works written in regular script include the Northern and Southern-era Records of Yao Boduo Sculpturing (姚伯多造像記) and Tablet of General Guangwu (廣武將軍碑), the Sui-era Tablet of Longzang Temple (龍藏寺碑), Tombstone Record of Sui Xiaoci (蘇孝慈墓誌), and Tombstone Record of Beauty Tong (董美人墓誌), and the Tang-era Sweet Spring at Jiucheng Palace (九成宮醴泉銘).
Derivative styles
Fangsong typefaces are based on a printed style which developed during the Song dynasty (970–1279)
The most common printed typeface styles, Ming and sans-serif, are based on Fangsong
Japanese textbook typefaces (教科書体; kyōkashotai) are based on regular script, but modified so that they appear to be written with a pencil or pen. They also follow the jōyō kanji character forms.
The bopomofo semi-syllabograms are nearly always written using regular script strokes.
Xuanshi Biao by Zhong Yao, written during the early transition from clerical script to regular script
Sheng Jiao Xu by Chu Suiliang,[b] an example of regular script
Notes
^Regular script is referred to by several related names in Chinese, including 楷書; 楷书; kǎishū, 正楷; zhèngkǎi, 真書; 真书; zhēnshū, 楷體; 楷体; kǎitǐ, and 正書; 正书; zhèngshū. It is sometimes called block script,[8]standard script, or square style in English.
Gao, James Zheng (2009), Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949), Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, ISBN978-0-810-84930-3
Li, Wendan (2009), Chinese Writing and Calligraphy, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, ISBN978-0-8248-3364-0
Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭) (2000) [1988], Chinese Writing, translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, ISBN978-1-55729-071-7
![Sheng Jiao Xu by Chu Suiliang,[b] an example of regular script](File:Sheng_jiao_xu.jpg)