Ramadan

This article is about the month-long fasting event. For the Islamic calendar month, see Ramadan (calendar month). For other uses, see Ramadan (disambiguation).

Ramadan
رَمَضَان
From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan; Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran; community iftar meal in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tarawih prayers in a mosque in West Sumatra, Indonesia; foods served at a traditional iftar meal; Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem; zakat donation boxes in Taipei, Taiwan.
Observed byMuslims
TypeIslamic
CelebrationsCommunity iftars and prayers
Observances
BeginsAt the last night of the month of Sha'ban[1]
EndsAt the last night of the month of Ramadan[1]
DateVariable (follows the Islamic lunar calendar)[2][3]
2024 date11/12 March – 9/10 April[a]
FrequencyAnnual (lunar calendar)
Related to

Ramadan[b] (Arabic: رَمَضَان, romanized: Ramaḍān [ra.ma.dˤaːn];[c] also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar,[10] observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.[11] A commemoration of Muhammad's first revelation,[12] the annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam[13] and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next.[14][15]

Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (fard) for all adult Muslims who are not acutely or chronically ill, travelling, elderly, breastfeeding, diabetic, pregnant, or menstruating.[16] The predawn meal is referred to as suhur, and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called iftar.[17][18] Although rulings (fatawa) have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca,[19] it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which night can be distinguished from day.[20][21][22]

The spiritual rewards (thawab) of fasting are believed to be multiplied during Ramadan.[23] Accordingly, during the hours of fasting, Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also tobacco products, sexual relations, and sinful behavior,[24][25] devoting themselves instead to prayer and study of the Quran.[26][27]

Etymology

The word Ramadan derives from the Arabic root R-M-Ḍ ([ر-م-ض] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |link= (help)) "scorching heat",[28] which is the Classical Arabic verb "ramiḍa ([رَمِضَ] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |link= (help))" meaning "become intensely hot – become burning; become scorching; be blazing; be glowing".

Ramadan is thought of as one of the names of God in Islam by some, and as such it is reported in many hadiths that it is prohibited to say only "Ramadan" in reference to the calendar month and that it is necessary to say "month of Ramadan", as reported in Sunni,[29][30][31][32][33][34] Shia[35][36][37][38][39][40] and Zaydi[41] sources. However, the report has been graded by others as Mawḍūʻ (fabricated)[42] and inauthentic.[29]

In the Persian language, the Arabic letter [[[ض]]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |link= (help) (Ḍād) is pronounced as /z/. The Muslim communities in some countries with historical Persian influence, such as Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, India, Pakistan and Turkey, use the word Ramazan or Ramzan. The word Romzan is used in Bangladesh.

History

Chapter 2, Verse 185 in Arabic

Ramadan is the month on which the Quran was revealed as a guide for humanity with clear proofs of guidance and the standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺. So whoever is present this month, let them fast. But whoever is ill or on a journey, then ˹let them fast˺ an equal number of days ˹after Ramaḍân˺. Allah intends ease for you, not hardship, so that you may complete the prescribed period and proclaim the greatness of Allah for guiding you, and perhaps you will be grateful.

— Surah Al-Baqara 2:185

Muslims hold that all scripture was revealed during Ramadan, the scrolls of Abraham, Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and Quran having been handed down on the first, sixth, twelfth, thirteenth (in some sources, eighteenth)[43] and twenty-fourth Ramadans,[year needed] respectively.[44][self-published source] Muhammad is said to have received his first quranic revelation on Laylat al-Qadr, one of five odd-numbered nights that fall during the last ten days of Ramadan.[45]

Although Muslims were first commanded to fast in the second year of Hijra (624 CE),[44] they believe that the practice of fasting is not in fact an innovation of monotheism[46] but rather has always been necessary for believers to attain fear of God (taqwa).[47][Quran 2:183] They point to the fact that the pre-Islamic pagans of Mecca fasted on the tenth day of Muharram to expiate sin and avoid drought.[48][self-published source] Philip Jenkins argues that the observance of Ramadan fasting grew out of "the strict Lenten discipline of the Syrian Churches," a postulation corroborated by other scholars, including theologian Paul-Gordon Chandler,[49][50] but disputed by some Muslim academics.[51] The Quran itself emphasizes that the fast it prescribes had already been prescribed to earlier biblical communities (2:183), even though an explicit intertext for this pre-Islamic practice does not exist.[52]

Important dates

The first and last dates of Ramadan are determined by the lunar Islamic calendar.[3]

Beginning

Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038; including an error on the ante-penultimate line. This table is based on an unspecified variant of the Islamic calendar and that, according to local practices, there can be differences of one (or even two) days.

Because the hilāl, or crescent moon, typically occurs approximately one day after the new moon, Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan;[53] however, many Muslims prefer to confirm the opening of Ramadan by direct visual observation of the crescent.[54]

Laylat al-Qadr

Main article: Night of Power

The Laylat al-Qadr (Arabic: لیلة القدر) or "Night of Power" is the night that Muslims believe the Quran was first sent down to the world, and Muhammad received his first quranic revelation from it. The night is considered to be the holiest night of the year.[55][56] It is generally believed to have occurred on an odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan; the Dawoodi Bohra believe that Laylat al-Qadr was the twenty-third night of Ramadan.[57][58]

Eid

Main articles: Eid al-Fitr and Eid prayers

The holiday of Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر), which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal,[59] the next lunar month, is declared after a crescent new moon has been sighted or after completion of thirty days of fasting if no sighting of the moon is possible. Eid celebrates the return to a more natural disposition (fitra) of eating, drinking, and marital intimacy.[60]

Religious practices

Azim Azimzade. Ramadan of the poor people. 1938

The common practice is to fast from dawn to sunset. The pre-dawn meal before the fast is called the suhur, while the meal at sunset that breaks the fast is called iftar.[61]

Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their self-discipline, motivated by hadith:[62][63] "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains."[64]

Fasting

Main article: Fasting during Ramadan

Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, self-improvement, and heightened devotion and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam. The fast (sawm) begins at dawn and ends at sunset. In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking, Muslims abstain from sexual relations[3] and sinful speech and behaviour during Ramadan. Fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities, and to cleanse the soul by freeing it from harmful impurities. Muslims believe that Ramadan teaches them to practice self-discipline, self-control,[65] sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate, thus encouraging actions of generosity and compulsory charity (zakat).[66]

Exemptions from fasting include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill, pregnant, or breastfeeding.[61] Those unable to fast are obligated to make up the missed days later.[67]

Suhur

Main article: Suhur
Iftar at the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

Each day before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the suhur. After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the first prayer of the day, Fajr.[68][69]

Iftar

Main article: Iftar
Picture of some of the dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria
Some dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria

At sunset, families break the fast with the iftar, traditionally opening the meal by eating dates to commemorate Muhammad's practice of breaking the fast with three dates.[70][71] They then adjourn for Maghrib, the fourth of the five required daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.[72]

Social gatherings, many times in buffet style, are frequent at iftar. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, particularly those made only during Ramadan.[example needed] Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.[73]

In the Middle East, iftar consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers; one or more main dishes; and rich desserts, with dessert considered the most important aspect of the meal.[74] Typical main dishes include lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, and roasted chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. Desserts may include lokma, baklava or knafeh.[75]

Over time, the practice of iftar has evolved into banquets that may accommodate hundreds or even thousands of diners.[76] The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, the largest mosque in the UAE, feeds up to thirty thousand people every night.[77] Some twelve thousand people attend iftar at the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad.[citation needed]

Iftar served for people fasting in the Imam Reza shrine

Charity

Main articles: Zakat and Sadaqah
Men praying during Ramadan at the Shrine of Ali or "Blue Mosque" in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Zakat, often translated as "the poor-rate", is the fixed percentage of income a believer is required to give to the poor; the practice is obligatory as one of the pillars of Islam. Muslims believe that good deeds are rewarded more handsomely during Ramadan than at any other time of the year; consequently, many Muslims donate a larger portion – or even all – of their yearly zakat during this month.[78]

Nightly prayers

Main article: Tarawih

Tarawih (Arabic: تراويح) are extra nightly prayers performed during the month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.[79]

Recitation of the Quran

Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran, which comprises thirty juz' (sections), over the thirty days of Ramadan. Some Muslims incorporate a recitation of one juz' into each of the thirty tarawih sessions observed during the month.[citation needed]

Cultural practices

A Kebab seller from Chwakbazar Iftar Market in Old Dhaka. The Chowk Bazaar neighborhood of Old Dhaka is famous for its century-old Iftar Bazar.

In some Islamic countries, lights (fanous) are strung up in public squares and across city streets,[80][81][82] a tradition believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate, where the rule of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah was acclaimed by people holding lanterns.[83]

On the island of Java, many believers bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual known as Padusan.[84] The city of Semarang marks the beginning of Ramadan with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the warak ngendog, a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the Buraq.[85] In the Chinese-influenced capital city of Jakarta, firecrackers are widely used to celebrate Ramadan, although they are officially illegal.[86] Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a one-month bonus known as Tunjangan Hari Raya.[87] Certain kinds of food are especially popular during Ramadan, such as large beef or buffalo in Aceh and snails in Central Java.[88] The iftar meal is announced every evening by striking the bedug, a giant drum, in the mosque.[89]

Common greetings during Ramadan include Ramadan mubarak and Ramadan kareem, which mean (have a) "blessed Ramadan" and "generous Ramadan" respectively.[90]

During Ramadan in the Middle East, a mesaharati beats a drum across a neighbourhood to wake people up to eat the suhoor meal.[91] Similarly in Southeast Asia, the kentongan slit drum is used for the same purpose.[92]

Ramadan attracts significant increases in television viewership, as the usual prime time hours coincide with the iftar, and are commonly extended into the late-night hours to coincide with the suhur. Broadcasters in the Arab world traditionally premiere serial dramas known as musalsal during Ramadan; they are similar in style to Latin American telenovelas, and are typically around 30 episodes in length so that they run over the length of the month.[93][94][95] Advertisers in the region have considered Ramadan to be comparable to the Super Bowl on U.S. television in terms of impact and importance; the cost of a 30-second commercial in peak time during Ramadan is usually more than double than normal.[96][97]

Observance rates

According to a 2012 Pew Research Centre study, there was widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93 percent across the thirty-nine countries and territories studied.[98] Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims include Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Horn of Africa and most of Sub-Saharan Africa.[98] Percentages are lower in Central Asia and Southeast Europe.[98]

Laws

In some Muslim countries, eating in public during daylight hours in Ramadan is a crime.[99][100][101] The sale of alcohol becomes prohibited during Ramadan in Egypt.[102] The penalty for publicly eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan can result in fines or incarceration in the countries of Kuwait,[103][104] Saudi Arabia,[105][106][107] Morocco,[108][109] Algeria[110] and Malaysia.[111] In the United Arab Emirates, the punishment is community service.[112]

In some countries, on the contrary, the observance of Ramadan has been restricted by governments. In the USSR, the practice of Ramadan was suppressed by officials.[113][114] In Albania, Ramadan festivities were banned during the communist period.[115] However, many Albanians continued to fast secretly during this period.[116]

China is reported to have banned Ramadan fasting for officials, students, and teachers in Xinjiang since 2012.[117][118][119] Radio Free Asia alleged that residents in Kashgar Prefecture were encouraged to report those who fasted to the authorities.[120] The ban has been denied by Chinese diplomats[121] and Muslim associations in Xinjiang.[122] Antara News,[123] Daily Times,[124] and Pakistan Today have also brought up accounts of residents in Xinjiang fasting.[125] According to a 2024 visit to Xinjiang by a reporter from the British magazine The Economist, many Uyghurs do not fast during Ramadan because, according to locals, "the Chinese government guarantees freedom of religion".[126]

Some countries impose modified work schedules. In the UAE, employees may work no more than six hours per day and thirty-six hours per week. Qatar, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait have similar laws.[127]

Health effects

There are various health effects of fasting in Ramadan. Ramadan fasting is considered safe for healthy individuals; it may pose risks for individuals with certain pre-existing conditions. Most Islamic scholars hold that fasting is not required for those who are ill. Additionally, the elderly and pre-pubertal children are exempt from fasting.[128] Pregnant or lactating women are also exempt from fasting during Ramadan.[129] There are known health risks involved in pregnant women who fast, which include the potential of induced labour and gestational diabetes.[130][131][132][133][134]

There are some health benefits of fasting in Ramadan including increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance.[135] It has also been shown that there is a significant improvement in 10 years coronary heart disease risk score and other cardiovascular risk factors such as lipids profile, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI and waist circumference in subjects with a previous history of cardiovascular disease.[136] The fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss, but weight can return afterwards.[137]

In many cultures, it is associated with heavy food and water intake during Suhur and Iftar times, which may do more harm than good.[138] Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting.[139]

The education departments of Berlin and the United Kingdom have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.[140][141]

A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate (GFR <60 ml/min) or severe kidney disease but was not injurious to renal transplant patients with good function or most stone-forming patients.[142]

Conversion of Hijri years 1343 to 1500 to the Gregorian calendar, with first days of al-Muharram (brown), Ramadan (grey) and Shawwal (black) bolded, and Eid al-Adha dotted – in the SVG file, hover over a spot to show its dates and a line to show the month

A study on 55 professional Algerian soccer players showed that performance during Ramadan declined significantly for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low 2 weeks after the conclusion of Ramadan.[143]

Ramadan in polar regions

Main article: Islamic views on fasting in the polar regions

The length of the dawn to sunset time varies in different parts of the world according to summer or winter solstices of the Sun. Most Muslims fast for eleven to sixteen hours during Ramadan. However, in polar regions, the period between dawn and sunset may exceed twenty-two hours in summer. For example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim, Norway, fasted almost twenty-two hours, while Muslims in Sydney, Australia, fasted for only about eleven hours. In areas characterized by continuous night or day, some Muslims follow the fasting schedule observed in the nearest city that experiences sunrise and sunset, while others follow Mecca time.[20][21][22]

Ramadan in Earth orbit

As sunrise and sunset occur sixteen times each a day in low-Earth orbit, Muslim astronauts in space schedule religious practices around the time zone of the last place on Earth they were on. For example, this means an astronaut from Malaysia launching from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida would center their fast according to sunrise and sunset times in Cape Canaveral, in Florida's Eastern Time. This includes times for daily prayers, as well as sunset and sunrise for Ramadan.[144][145]

Employment during Ramadan

Muslims continue to work during Ramadan;[146][147] however, in some countries, such as Oman and Lebanon, working hours are shortened.[148][149] It is often recommended that working Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the potential for the observance to impact performance at work.[150] The extent to which Ramadan observers are protected by religious accommodation varies by country. Policies putting them at a disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with discrimination claims in the United Kingdom and the United States.[151][152][153] An Arab News article reported that Saudi Arabian businesses were unhappy with shorter working hours during Ramadan, some reporting a decline in productivity of 35–50%.[154] The Saudi businesses proposed awarding salary bonuses in order to incentivize longer hours.[155] Despite the reduction in productivity, merchants can enjoy higher profit margins in Ramadan due to increase in demand.[156]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The start and end dates on the Gregorian calendar depend on the moon sighting location.[4][5] see Ramadan (calendar month) § Timing for details.
  2. ^ English: /ˌræməˈdɑːn/, also US: /ˌrɑːm-, ˈræmədɑːn, ˈrɑːm-/,[6][7][8] UK: /ˈræmədæn/[9]
  3. ^ According to Arabic phonology, it can be realized as [rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramaˈdˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn], depending on the region.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Clark, Malcolm (2003). Islam For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7645-5503-9.
  2. ^ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b c "Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28". aljazeera.com/. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  4. ^ Hijri Calendar Ramadan 1445 at IslamicFinder.org. Retrieved 5 April 2024;
  5. ^ Mahima Sharma. "Ramadan 2024 Date and fasting rituals." Times of India. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  6. ^ "Ramadan". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  7. ^ "Ramadan". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  8. ^ "Ramadan". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  9. ^ "Ramadan". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020.
  10. ^ BBC – Religions Archived 28 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 25 July 2012
  11. ^ "Ramadan: Fasting and Traditions". Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  12. ^ "Ramadan 2020: Date, importance, wishes, quotes, messages, and pictures". India Today. 23 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Schools – Religions". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  14. ^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad (28 January 2009). "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  15. ^ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  16. ^ Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
  17. ^ Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – p. 24
  18. ^ Dubai – p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010
  19. ^ "Ramadan in the Farthest North". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  20. ^ a b See article "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World" -Huffpost.com /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
  21. ^ a b See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish" https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish Archived 7 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ a b Kassam, Ashifa (3 July 2016). "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  23. ^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  24. ^ Smith, Jane I. (2010). Islam in America. Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-14710-1. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  25. ^ Hotaling, Edward (2003). Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future. Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8156-0766-3. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  26. ^ Abu Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  27. ^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  28. ^ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  29. ^ a b Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakr. Sunnan al-Kubra (in Arabic). Vol. 4. p. Book 11, Ch. 6, No. 7904. قال رسولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: 'لا تَقولوا «رَمَضَانُ»، فإِنَّ رَمَضانَ اسمٌ مِن أسماءِ اللَّهِ، ولَكِن قولوا «شَهرُ رَمَضانَ».' وهَكَذا رَواه الحارِثُ بنُ عبدِ اللَّهِ الخازِنُ عن أبي مَعشَرٍ. وأبو مَعشَرٍ هو نَجيحٌ السِّندِىُّ، ضَعَّفَه يَحيَى بنُ مَعين
  30. ^ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. Tafsir al-Tabari (in Arabic). Vol. 3. p. 187. أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ أَنْ يُقَالُ «رَمَضَانَ»، وَيَقُولُ: لَعَلَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، لَٰكِنَّ نَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»
  31. ^ Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din. Tafsir al-Kabir (in Arabic). Vol. 5. p. 251. عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» وَ«ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» وَ«ذَهَبَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ.
  32. ^ Ibn Abu Hatim, Abdul Rahman. Tafsir Ibn Abu Hatim (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 310, Nu. 1648. لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»
  33. ^ Al-Dimashqi, Tamam. Fawa'id al-Tamam (in Arabic). Vol. 1. p. 104, Nu. 241. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا يَقُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ «صُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَ«قُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَلَا «صَنَعْتُ فِي رَمَضَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعِظَامِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» كَمَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ
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Thuốc kích dục

Thuốc kích dục là một chất làm tăng ham muốn tình dục, khoái cảm tình dục hoặc hành vi tình dục.[1][2][3] Các chất kích dục từ nhiều loại thực vật, gia vị, thực phẩm và hóa chất tổng hợp.[1] Do đó, chúng có thể được phân loại theo tính chất hóa học của chúng (tức là các chất tự nhiên và không tự nhiên).[4] Thuốc kích dục tự nhiên như rượu được ph

 

Jacques II dari Bourbon

Penggambaran kaca patri abad ke-15 Ratu Giovanna II dari Napoli dan suaminya, Comte La Marche Jacques II dari Bourbon-La Marche (1370 – 1438 di Besançon) merupakan putra pertama Jean I dari Bourbon-La Marche[1] dan Catherine dari Vendôme. Pernikahan dan keturunan Pada 1406 di Pamplona, ia menikahi Beatrix d'Évreux, putri Carlos III dari Navarra dan Leonor dari Trastámara.[2] Pasangan ini memiliki tiga anak: Isabel (1408 – stl. 1445), seorang biarawati di Besançon Mar�...

 

Torre de telecomunicações

Foram assinalados vários problemas nesta página ou se(c)ção: As fontes não cobrem todo o texto. Precisa ser formatada para o padrão wiki. Contém referências que necessitam de formatação. Antenas do transmissor VLF da Rugby Radio Station na Inglaterra A Tokyo Sky Tree em 2011, uma das torres mais altas do mundo Torres de telecomunicações são, tipicamente, estruturas altas concebidas para suportar antenas de telecomunicações e radiodifusão, incluindo televisão. Elas estão entr...

Utopian socialism

Political theory concerned with imagined socialist societies This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Utopian socialism – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Phalanstère, a type of building designed by Charles Fourier Part of a...

 

Santa Sofia, Capri

Roman Catholic church in Anacapri, Italy Chiesa di Santa Sofia Santa Sofia is a Roman catholic church located in the Piazza of Anacapri, on the island of Capri, Italy.[1] It dates to 1596 when it replaced Chiesa di Santa Maria di Costantinopoli as the parish church. Some of the building materials and fittings, such as the sacristy and oratorio, were originally in the Chiesa di San Carlo. The church chapels are dedicated to Sant'Antonio, Anacapri's patron saint, and the Madonna del Buo...

 

Christ Appearing to his Mother after his Resurrection

Painting by Titian Christ Appearing to his Mother after his Resurrection (Italian: Il Risorto appare alla Madre) is a 1554 oil on canvas painting by Titian.[1] He painted it whilst in Medole in Mantua, where he was staying with the archpriest of Assunzione della Vergine, the town's parish church, the church in which it still hangs.[2] It forms part of a series of works planned in his old age by the artist and it is his only altarpiece still in the province or city of Mantua. A...

Shadow and Bone

2012 fantasy novel by Leigh Bardugo For the television adaptation, see Shadow and Bone (TV series). Shadow and Bone First edition coverAuthorLeigh BardugoAudio read byLauren FortgangCover artistRich Deas[1]CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesShadow and Bone trilogy (Book 1)GenreFantasy, young-adult novelPublisherMacmillan PublishersPublication dateJune 5, 2012Media typePrint (hardcover and paperback), audiobook, e-bookPages358ISBN978-0-8050-9459-6Followed ...

 

Kristen Stewart

American actress (born 1990) Kristen StewartStewart at the 2023 Berlin International Film FestivalBornKristen Jaymes Stewart (1990-04-09) April 9, 1990 (age 33)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1999–presentAwardsFull listSignature Kristen Jaymes Stewart (born April 9, 1990) is an American actress. She has received various accolades, including a British Academy Film Award and a César Award, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe ...

 

The Sandman (comic book)

Comic series by Neil Gaiman For other uses, see Sandman (disambiguation). The SandmanCover of The Sandman No. 1 (January 1989) by Dave McKeanPublication informationPublisher DC Comics (1989–1993) Vertigo (1993–2020) DC Black Label (2020–present) ScheduleMonthlyGenre Dark fantasy Supernatural horror Superhero[1] Publication date The Sandman (January 1989–March 1996) The Sandman: The Dream Hunters (1999) The Sandman: Overture (October 2013–November 2015) No. of issues The Sand...

C. Howard Wilkins Jr.

Ambassador Wilkins in 1989 Calvin Howard Wilkins Jr. (February 19, 1938 – December 24, 2016) was an American businessman and political fundraiser who served as United States Ambassador to the Netherlands. Life and career Calvin Howard Wilkins Jr.[1] was born in Wichita, Kansas on February 19, 1938.[2] He graduated from Yale University in 1960 and began a business career.[3][4][5] In 1966 Wilkins bought the Pizza Hut franchise in Kentucky, and in less ...

 

托洛茨基主义国际组织列表

  关于各国托洛茨基主义政党和组织，请见「各国托洛茨基主义组织列表」。 系列条目托洛茨基主义 背景 马克思主义 列宁主义 十月革命 列夫·托洛茨基 第四国际 概念 反斯大林主义左翼 畸形的工人国家 堕落的工人国家 法国易帜 布尔什维克 列宁主义 不断革命论 革命 社会革命 过渡需求 統一戰線 世界革命 人物 詹姆斯·帕特里克·坎农 托尼·克里夫 皮埃尔·弗朗克 ...

 

Glove

Covering worn on the hand For other uses, see Glove (disambiguation). GloveAssorted gloves (a museum collection)Typehand's protection A glove is a garment covering the hand, with separate sheaths or openings for each finger including the thumb.[1] Gloves protect and comfort hands against cold or heat, damage by friction, abrasion or chemicals, and disease; or in turn to provide a guard for what a bare hand should not touch. Gloves are made of materials including cloth, knitted or felt...

Ginsu

American brand of direct marketed knives The Wisdom of Ginsu, a book co-authored by Ed Valenti and Barry Becher. Ginsu (ギンす /ˈɡɪnsuː/, made-up word meant to evoke the idea of the katana[1][2]) is a brand of direct marketed knives. The brand is owned by the Douglas Quikut Division of Scott Fetzer, a Berkshire Hathaway Company. The brand was heavily promoted in the late 1970s and 1980s on U.S. television using infomercials characterized by hawker and hard sell pitch te...

 

Cosmopolis (film)

2012 filmCosmopolisTheatrical release posterDirected byDavid CronenbergScreenplay byDavid CronenbergBased onCosmopolisby Don DeLilloProduced by David Cronenberg Paulo Branco Renee Tab Martin Katz Starring Robert Pattinson Paul Giamatti Samantha Morton Sarah Gadon Mathieu Amalric Juliette Binoche Jay Baruchel Kevin Durand CinematographyPeter SuschitzkyEdited byRonald SandersMusic byHoward ShoreMetric[2][3]Productioncompanies Alfama Films[4] Prospero Pictures[4] ...

 

Lacanau

Lacanau La Canau Entidad subnacional Escudo Lacanau La CanauLocalización de Lacanau La Canau en Francia Coordenadas 44°58′45″N 1°04′46″O / 44.979166666667, -1.0794444444444Entidad Comuna de Francia • País  Francia • Región  Nueva Aquitania • Departamento Gironda • Distrito Distrito de Burdeos • Cantón Castelnau-de-Médoc • Mancomunidad Communauté de communes des Lacs MédocainsAlcalde Jean-Michel David(2001-200...

Stay (Oingo Boingo album)

1990 compilation album by Oingo Boingo StayCompilation album by Oingo BoingoReleased1990Genre New wave ska Length43:09LabelMCA RecordsCBS Records (Brazil)ProducerDanny Elfman , Steve Bartek and John AvilaOingo Boingo chronology Dark at the End of the Tunnel(1990) Stay(1990) Best O' Boingo(1991) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Stay Oingo...

 

山中尭之

この存命人物の記事には検証可能な出典が不足しています。信頼できる情報源の提供に協力をお願いします。存命人物に関する出典の無い、もしくは不完全な情報に基づいた論争の材料、特に潜在的に中傷・誹謗・名誉毀損あるいは有害となるものはすぐに除去する必要があります。出典検索?: 山中尭之 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii �...

 

أم قرن

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2023) أم القرن أم قرن قرية المنطقة السكنية أم القرن الإحداثيات 25°33′00″N 51°26′00″E / 25.55°N 51.433333333333°E / 25.55; 51.433333333333  تقسيم إداري  الدولة قطر  بلدية ا...

Моура, Уго

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Моура. Уго Моура Общая информация Полное имя Уго Моура Арруда да Силва Родился 3 января 1998(1998-01-03) (26 лет)Риу-Клару, Рио-де-Жанейро, Бразилия Гражданство Бразилия Рост 182 см Позиция полузащитник Информация о клубе Клуб Атлети�...

 

Ebenezer Parkes

British politician Parkes in 1895. Sir Edward Ebenezer Parkes (1848 – 29 June 1919)[1] was an English Liberal Unionist politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Central. Born in Tipton, Parkes was the son of an ironmaster. Joining his father's business, he became a prominent local businessman. He was appointed JP for Birmingham in 1892 and served on the city council for a number of years. When the Liberal Unionist John Albert Bright stood down at the 1895 gen...