PROFILBARU.COM

Pomace in a bladder press. These are Chardonnay grapes left over after pressing.

Pomace (/ˈpʌməs/ PUM-əs), or marc (/ˈmɑːrk/; from French marc [maʁ]), is the solid remains of grapes, olives, or other fruit after pressing for juice or oil. It contains the skins, pulp, seeds, and stems of the fruit.

Grape pomace has traditionally been used to produce pomace brandy (such as grappa, orujo, törkölypálinka, zivania). Today, it is mostly used as fodder, as fertilizer, or for the extraction of bioactive compounds like polyphenols.^[1]

Name

The English word pomace derives from Medieval Latin pomaceum ("cider") and pomaceus ("pomaceous, appley"), from Classical Latin pomum ("fruit, apple").^[2] The word was originally used for cider and only later applied to the apple mash before or after pressing, via various cognate terms in northern French dialects, before being used for such byproducts more generally.^[2]

History

The ancient Greeks and Romans used grape pomace to create an inferior class of wine given to slaves and laborers. The grapes were first pressed twice and the resulting pomace was then soaked in water for another day and pressed a third time and fermented. The resulting liquid produced a thin, weak, and thirst-quenching wine with an alcohol content around 3 or 4%, now known as piquette in English and French and as graspia or vin piccolo in Italian.^[3] Piquette was also widely available during the Middle Ages. As medieval wines were not usually fermented to dryness, medieval piquette retained a degree of residual sugar.

Pomace from various sources—particularly fish and castor beans—was also used in the early modern period for fertilizer.^[2]

Olive pomace

Olive pomace, the byproduct of olive oil extraction, was widely used throughout classical antiquity as an alternative fuel source to wood and charcoal.^[4] Use of olive pomace peaked in the Roman era, when, due to urban growth and proto-industrial activity, markets for imported olive pomace developed.^[4] Olive pomace may be sun-dried or made into charcoal for use as fuel.^[4]

Uses

Apple pomace is often used to produce pectin and can be used to make ciderkin, a weak cider, as well as white cider, a strong and colourless alcoholic drink.^[5]

Distilling

Grape pomace is used to produce pomace brandy and piquette. Most wine-producing cultures began making some type of pomace brandy after the principles of distillation were understood.

Winemaking

Pomace in winemaking differs, depending upon whether white wine or red wine is being produced.

In red wine production, pomace is produced after the free run juice (the juice created before pressing by the weight of gravity) is poured off, leaving behind dark blackish-red pomace consisting of grape skins and stems. The color of red wine is derived from skin contact during the maceration period, which sometimes includes partial fermentation. The resulting pomace is more alcoholic and tannic than pomace produced from white wine production. Pomace from the Italian wine Amarone is macerated in Valpolicella wine to produce Ripasso.^{[citation needed]}

In white wine production, grapes are separated from their skins, then pressed to obtain juice. The skin pomace is a pale, greenish-brown color, and contains residual sugars and tannins. This pomace is used in brandy production.^[6]

Other uses

Grape pomace from wineries in the Barossa Valley, South Australia. Top, white grape pomace; bottom, red grape pomace.

Pomace is produced in large quantities in wine production, making its disposal an important environmental consideration. Some wineries use the material as fertilizer, while others are selling it to biogas companies for renewable energy. As envisioned, pomace would be introduced into anaerobic digesters that contain microorganisms that aid in its decomposition and produce methane gas that could be burnt to generate power.^[7]

Specific polyphenols in red wine pomace may be beneficial for dental hygiene. A study conducted at the Eastman Dental Center found that these polyphenols interfere with Streptococcus mutans, the bacterium in the mouth that causes tooth decay. Professor Hyun Koo, the lead researcher of the study, hoped as of 2008 to isolate these polyphenols to produce new mouthwashes that will help protect against cavities.^[8]

Grape pomace is also used in the oil and gas industry as a lost circulation material in oil-based drilling muds due to the pomace being fibrous and tannin-rich.

A 2004 study conducted by Erciyes University in Turkey found that pomace can also act as a natural food preservative that interferes with E. coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus bacteria. Researchers pulverised the dried pomace from the white Turkish wine grape Emir Karasi and red Kalecik Karasi grapes; this was mixed with ethyl acetate, methanol or water and exposed to 14 different types of food bacteria. All 14 bacteria were inhibited to some degree by the pomace – depending on the grape variety and the concentration of the extract. The red wine Kalecik Karasi grape was the most effective; the researchers believed this was due to the higher concentration of polyphenols in red wine grape skins.^[9]

Oenocyanin, a natural red dye and food-coloring agent, is produced from grape pomace. Tartrates (potassium bitartrate, 'cream of tartar') and grape polyphenols can also be manufactured from grape pomace.^[6]

Apple pomace has long been a traditional feed for various kinds of livestock.^[10] The use of grape pomace as livestock feed is encouraged in order to reduce the release of grape processing residues in the environment, which can lead to serious pollution.^[11]

Apple pomace was used, in conjunction with whey, to flavor the first iteration of Fanta soft drink in Germany during World War II. This was done because wartime embargoes limited Coca-Cola of Germany's ability to import and manufacture the American beverage.

Apple pomace can also be milled in order to create apple flour, also known as apple pomace flour.

Pomace was once used as an ingredient in some paints, but today such use is limited to artisanal paints in such applications as fine arts or architectural restoration, whereas for industrial and commercial paints it is now superfluous petrochemically.

Legal regulations

Canada

According to the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, pomace can be a potable alcoholic distillate or a mixture of potable alcoholic distillates obtained by distilled skin and pulp of sound ripe fruit after removal of the fruit juice, wine or fruit wine. Pomace may contain caramel, fruit, botanical substances, flavoring and flavoring preparations. Pomace may be described on its label as "(name of the fruit) Pomace" or "(name of the fruit) Marc" if all of the skin and pulp of the fruit used to make the pomace originate from the particular fruit.^[12]

References

^ Aizpurua-Olaizola, Oier; Ormazabal, Markel; Vallejo, Asier; Olivares, Maitane; Navarro, Patricia; Etxebarria, Nestor; Usobiaga, Aresatz (2015-01-01). "Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Consecutive Extractions of Fatty Acids and Polyphenols from Vitis Vinifera Grape Wastes". Journal of Food Science. 80 (1): E101 – E107. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12715. ISSN 1750-3841. PMID 25471637.
^ ^a ^b ^c "pomace, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
^ Robinson, Jancis (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). p. 532.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rowan, Erica (October 2015). "Olive Oil Pressing Waste as a Fuel Source in Antiquity" (PDF). American Journal of Archaeology. 119 (4): 465–482.
^ "White Cider and street drinkers: Recommendations to reduce harm". Alcohol Concern. April 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
^ ^a ^b Robinson, Jancis, ed. (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 534–535. ISBN 978-0-19-860990-2.
^ "GrapeVine". Wine Spectator: 16. January 31 – February 29, 2008.
^ Thimothe, Joanne; Bonsi, Illeme A.; Padilla-Zakour, Olga I.; Koo, Hyun (12 December 2007). "Chemical characterization of red wine grape (Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against Streptococcus mutans". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (25): 10200–7. doi:10.1021/jf0722405. PMID 17999462 – via ResearchGate.
^ Gaffney, Jacob (September 23, 2004). "What a Waste! Grape Pomace Kills Food-Spoiling Bacteria". Wine Spectator.
^ Heuzé, V.; Tran, G.; Hassoun, P.; Lebas, F. (2017). "Apple pomace and culled apples". Feedipedia. INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
^ Heuzé, V.; Tran, G. (2017). "Grape pomace". Feedipedia. INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
^ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-07-19.