Path 15

Path 15 near Winters
PG&E 500 kV line about to cross Interstate 80 as it leaves the Vaca-Dixon substation located just north of I-80 near Vacaville. The 230 kV line (smaller tower to the right) crosses I-80 as well after leaving the substation. This section of the transmission line between the Table Mountain Substation (near Oroville) and the Tesla Substation (near Tracy) is one of the two PG&E 500 kV lines. The lines often run together (see below map), but in this area they are split apart. The other 500 kV line crosses I-80 east of Davis.

Path 15 is an 84-mile (135 km) portion[1] of the north–south power transmission corridor in California, U.S. It forms a part of the Pacific AC Intertie and the California-Oregon Transmission Project. Path 15 is part of The Western Electricity Coordinating Council's links of electrical intertie paths in the western United States.

Path 15, along with the Pacific DC Intertie running far to the east, forms an important transmission interconnection with the hydroelectric plants to the north and the fossil fuel plants to the south. Most of the three AC 500 kV lines were built by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) south of Tesla substation.

Path 15 consists of three lines at 500 kV and four lines at 230 kV. The 500 kV lines connect Los Banos to Gates and Los Banos to Midway. All four 230 kV lines have Gates at one end with the other ends at Panoche, Gregg, and McCall.[2]

There are only two connecting PG&E lines north of Tracy substation that connect Path 15 to Path 66 at the Round Mountain substation. The third line between Los Banos and Gates substation, south of Tracy, is operated by the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA), a division of the United States Department of Energy. This line was constructed away from the other two lines and is often out of sight. Most of the time the lines are in California's Sierra foothills and the Central Valley, but there are some PG&E lines that come from power plants along the shores of the Pacific Ocean and cross the California Coast Ranges and connect with the intertie. The Diablo Canyon Power Plant and the Moss Landing Power Plant are two examples.[3][4]

The route

Path 15 across O'Neill Forebay
Path 15 can be seen on the left of this map, south of San Francisco

The route is generally 3 to 7 miles (4.8 to 11.3 km) west of Interstate 5 from the Los Banos substation, west of Los Banos, to the Midway substation, near Buttonwillow.[5][6]

Connecting lines to Path 15 – Round Mountain to Los Banos substation

The two connecting PG&E power lines start at Round Mountain substation at Round Mountain. The parallel PacifiCorp and PG&E lines north of Round Mountain are considered to be Path 66, not Path 15. These connecting lines to Path 15 will consist of two 500 kV lines until south of Tracy. Heading south, the lines run through the foothills of the northern Sierra Nevada mountains towards the Table Mountain Substation (39°33′26.57″N 121°38′40.23″W / 39.5573806°N 121.6445083°W / 39.5573806; -121.6445083) northwest of Oroville. The lines head southeast from Table Mountain Substation; near the Sutter Buttes the two lines separate. One line heads almost due south, passing to the west of Sacramento and east of Davis. The other line continues southwest for some distance and then turns south and enters the Vaca-Dixon Substation along Interstate 505. The Vaca-Dixon substation (38°24′8.33″N 121°55′14.75″W / 38.4023139°N 121.9207639°W / 38.4023139; -121.9207639) was the world's largest substation at the time of its inauguration in 1922.[7] Just north of the Sacramento River and the city of Antioch the two lines rejoin and head in a south-southeasterly direction. The two PG&E lines span across both the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers on massive pylons along with the lone 500 kV Western Area Power Administration Path 66 line. Western's Path 66 line then turns east and runs parallel to the two PG&E lines to the west as all three lines head southeast. Both PG&E lines run to the west of the Clifton Court Forebay and cross Interstate 580 before entering the Tesla substation west of Tracy.[3][4]

Leaving the Tesla Substation (37°42′33.52″N 121°33′48″W / 37.7093111°N 121.56333°W / 37.7093111; -121.56333) one PG&E line heads southwest and two parallel PG&E lines continue in a south-southeasterly direction along the eastern foothills of the Diablo Range and the western edge of the San Joaquin Valley. Only one of the two parallel lines heading southeast connects with Path 15, since one line serves as a connector to WAPA's Tracy Substation. This connector line abruptly turns north when a rare, tall dual-circuit WAPA line meets the two PG&E lines. The same dual-circuit line carries the third 500 kV line that joins the lone southeastward PG&E line. South of this point is where the 500 kV transmission system consists of three lines, not two. Despite being located in the eastern foothills of the Diablo Range, the two eastern lines cross a body of water - the O'Neill Forebay of the massive San Luis Reservoir (just to the east of the San Luis Dam) on several artificial islands.[3][4]

The lone southwestward 500 kV PG&E line crosses the Diablo Ridge, rising to 808 m (2,650 feet) near Mount Hamilton.[8] The same line then heads into the Metcalf substation near San Jose and the Metcalf Energy Center. Leaving Metcalf substation, the line crosses the southern Santa Cruz Mountains with a 230 kV line and enters the large Moss Landing Power Plant substation in Moss Landing. The same line then heads east to rejoin the parallel PG&E lines at the Los Banos substation, effectively forming a 500 kV loop.[3][4]

Path 15–Los Banos to Midway substation

A silhouette of Path 15 with C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) in the night sky. This image was taken near the Little Panoche Reservoir along County Route J1 in western Fresno County.
The Los Banos substation.

South of the Los Banos substation (37°3′7.69″N 121°1′10.37″W / 37.0521361°N 121.0195472°W / 37.0521361; -121.0195472) the three 500kV lines (two PG&E and one WAPA) continue to head southeast, with the lone WAPA line running to the west of the two parallel PG&E lines. The lines regroup as they enter the Gates Substation near Coalinga. The Los Banos-Gates third 500 kV line is the only WAPA-built section of 500 kV line in Path 15 and the third WAPA 500 kV line is also the only line with triple-bundle conductors in Path 15.[3][4][9]

Exiting the Gates substation (36°8′28″N 120°7′37″W / 36.14111°N 120.12694°W / 36.14111; -120.12694), two parallel PG&E lines continue heading southeastward and one line heads southwest with a 230 kV line. This 500 kV line once again crosses the Diablo Range as it heads towards the Pacific Ocean. The line crosses Highway 101 in Atascadero and Highway 1 near Morro Bay. After crossing some rugged coastal hills, the line enters the Diablo Canyon Power Plant substation. Due to the massive amount of power generated by the plant, a second 500 kV line was built alongside the first, as the parallel lines head east to form another 500 kV loop. These parallel lines cross Highway 101 north of Pismo Beach and traverse over some southern coastal mountains. After reaching a height of over 1,200 m or 3,937 feet,[8] the two parallel lines head down the arid foothills of the southern San Joaquin Valley and split up. The two lines rejoin just before entering the Midway Substation (35°24′23.68″N 119°27′7.99″W / 35.4065778°N 119.4522194°W / 35.4065778; -119.4522194) near Buttonwillow. The other two eastern lines also head into the same substation from the north. Southern California Edison's (SCE) two Path 26 lines connect to PG&E's grid at the Midway Substation. A PG&E line heading southeast from Midway substation is the third line of Path 26, not Path 15. Eventually, this line is replaced with SCE towers.[3][4]

Substations

From north to south:

Connecting power lines

  • Round Mountain
  • Table Mountain
  • Vaca-Dixon
  • Tesla
  • Metcalf
  • Moss Landing
  • Diablo Canyon

Path 15

  • Los Banos, the substation is approximately 9 miles (14 km) west of Los Banos
  • Gates, located about 13 miles (21 km) east of Coalinga
  • Midway, one mile (1.6 km) east of Buttonwillow

Western Area Power Administration's third line north of Tracy

Rare dual-circuit 500 kV tower (right) (operated by WAPA) and smaller dual-circuit 230 kV tower (left) (operated by Modesto Irrigation District), crossing I-580.

WAPA's 500 kV line starts at the Captain Jack substation (42°4′38.06″N 121°23′25.47″W / 42.0772389°N 121.3904083°W / 42.0772389; -121.3904083) well to the northeast of Round Mountain. This is the Western Area Power Administration's (WAPA) Path 66 transmission line. It also heads southwest across the Modoc Plateau and crosses Interstate 5 near Cottonwood (north of Red Bluff). West of Cottonwood the line turns south and enters an electrical substation near Olinda. At Olinda, lines carrying power from Shasta Dam and other nearby United States Bureau of Reclamation facilities connect with the line. This is the end of Path 66, but WAPA's 500 kV line continues from Olinda Substation along the western edge of the Sacramento Valley.[10] Near Antioch the line runs parallel with the two PG&E lines. All three lines cross both the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers on very large pylons. The WAPA line turns away from the PG&E lines and heads for another large substation near Tracy. South of Tracy Substation (37°47′51″N 121°34′51″W / 37.79750°N 121.58083°W / 37.79750; -121.58083), it continues as a large, dual-circuit 500 kV line that connects with the PG&E lines as they leave Tesla Substation.[3]

Issues

2006 study proposing the 84-mile long, 500 kV line between Los Banos and Gates, which was eventually built. In the above illustration from 2006, only two of the eventual three lines are shown.
Other power lines that follow Path 15

From Tesla substation to Midway substation, a set of 230 kV lines follows the main 500 kV lines. The dual-circuit 230 kV power lines run to the east of the 500 kV lines. Most of these lines were built by PG&E.[3][9]

Power transmission capacity

Path 15 can transmit 2,000-3,265 MW of electrical power from north to south. The capacity for south to north power transmission is 4,800-5,400 MW.[9]

Parallelism of Interstate 5 (south of Tesla substation)

In the section south of Tracy, the eastern two lines form an infrastructure corridor along with an aqueduct and Interstate 5 and provide some artificial scenery to look at, especially when they do not run in the hills west of Interstate 5. The eastern parallel PG&E lines cross Interstate 5 twice.[3]

Environmental impacts

The northern part of this electrical transmission corridor (including Path 66) is visible from space and Google Earth as lines of bare, treeless ground. This is because the power lines here run through forests of conifer trees which appear dark-green from space.[3] The utility companies here have logged and sometimes clear-cut the land to create a right-of-way for the power lines due to the fact that a wildfire could start when an electrical arc occurs between the lines and a tree if they come close enough to each other.[11]

Differences in tower design

Like Western Area Power Administration's 500 kV line, the tower design for the entire transmission system is not the same, although the difference is not as dramatic as on the WAPA line. For the PG&E line, the differences are subtle and from a casual, far away view, it looks like the towers are all the same for the entire power line. It seems to be south of the Table Mountain substation, the tower legs spread apart from the tower bridge (upper section of tower) down to the tower base and there are four guy lines for tower stability. In contrast, the towers to the north of Table Mountain have thinner legs and look like thin sticks from far away. The weaker tower legs have two additional guy lines for stability. As for the tower bridge, the towers south of Table Mountain have five X's in between the tower legs. The towers north of Table Mountain have only four X's. In addition, the tower arms on either side of the towers have smaller steel bars inside for added strength. In the northern towers, they are positioned like equilateral triangles, but south of Table Mountain, they are shaped like right triangles.[3][original research?] See below for a visual comparison.

Visual reference

History

This entire project was built in the 1970s and 1980s in order to provide California and the Southwest with excess hydropower from the Pacific Northwest without actually having to construct any new power plants. During the cold Pacific Northwest winters, power is sent north due to heater use. This transfer reverses in the hot, dry summers, when many people in the South run air conditioners.[12] In order to do this the maximum south-to-north transmission capacity is 5,400 MW for most parts,[9] but between Los Banos substation and Gates substation, there were only two 500 kV lines. The capacity at this electricity bottleneck was only 3,900 MW, and this was identified in the 1990s as a trouble spot, but no one acted upon it.[2] This bottleneck was one of the leading causes of the California electricity crisis in 2000–2001. To remedy this problem, WAPA along with several utilities built a third 500 kV line between these two substations to eliminate this transmission constraint and raise the maximum south-to-north transmission capacity to 5,400 MW.[2] The project was completed under budget and on time on December 21, 2004.[13] California's governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger attended the commissioning ceremony at California-ISO's control center in Folsom.[13]

References

  1. ^ "Path 15". Western Area Power Administration. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  2. ^ a b c "Path 15 Upgrade Project Fact Sheet" (PDF). Western Area Power Administration. June 1, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2013. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Route descriptions and tower designs are based on Google Earth images.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "California Transmission Lines". Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  5. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dept. of the Interior (June 13, 2003). "Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Proposed Path 15 Transmission Line Project, Merced and Fresno Counties, California" (PDF). p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2013. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  6. ^ Allen, Polly; Cross, Michelle (October 1, 2014). "From Midway Steam Plant to Midway Substation" (PDF). Retrieved January 5, 2020. Presentation that includes historical photographs and documents of the Midway Station site.
  7. ^ Bowen, Jerry (December 1999). "Time Line A Century and a Half of Solano County Life". The Solano Historian Sesquicentennial Issue. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  8. ^ a b Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates.
  9. ^ a b c d "Paths 11-20". Western Electricity Coordinating Council. 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ "Paths 61-70". Western Electricity Coordinating Council. 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ "Trees and Power Lines". Western Area Power Administration. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  12. ^ "Pacific Intertie:The California Connection on the Electron Superhighway" (PDF). Northwest Power Planning Council. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  13. ^ a b "Administrator joins Gov. Schwarzenegger to commission Path 15". Western Area Power Administration. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20.

37°03′11″N 121°01′19″W / 37.05306°N 121.02194°W / 37.05306; -121.02194

Read other articles:

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Tetropium velutinum Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Tetropium Spesies: Tetropium velutinum Tetropium velutinum adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong fam...

 

Artikel atau bagian dari artikel ini menggunakan gaya bahasa naratif yang tidak sesuai dengan Wikipedia sehingga menurunkan kualitas artikel ini.Bantulah Wikipedia memperbaikinya. Setelah dirapikan, tolong hapus pesan ini. Sumber referensi dari artikel ini belum dipastikan dan mungkin isinya tidak benar. Mohon periksa, kembangkan artikel ini, dan tambahkan sumber yang benar pada bagian yang diperlukan. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Kyai HajiMuhammad Hasyi...

 

Campeonato Asiático de Airgun 2018Datos generalesSede Kuwait KuwaitRecinto Complejo de tiro olímpico Sheikh Sabah Al-AhmadFecha de inicio 2 de noviembreFecha de cierre 12 de noviembre [editar datos en Wikidata] El Campeonato Asiático de Airgun de 2018 se llevó a cabo en el Complejo Olímpico de Tiro Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad en la ciudad de Kuwait, Kuwait, entre el 2 y el 12 de noviembre de 2018.[1]​ Resumen de medallas Masculino Evento Pistola de aire comprimido de 10 m ...

У мене є мрія — термін, який має кілька значень. Ця сторінка значень містить посилання на статті про кожне з них.Якщо ви потрапили сюди за внутрішнім посиланням, будь ласка, поверніться та виправте його так, щоб воно вказувало безпосередньо на потрібну статтю.@ пошук посила

 

St. Salvator Die römisch-katholische Wallfahrtskirche St. Salvator (Heiligenstadt) liegt in dem gleichnamigen Ortsteil des niederbayerischen Marktes Gangkofen (Heiligenstadt 2). Die Nebenkirche der Pfarrei Gangkofen gehört zum Dekanat Eggenfelden des Bistums Regensburg. Nach dem Salvator-Patrozinium wurden mit Vorliebe Kirchen zwischen dem 13. und 14. Jahrhundert geweiht; in dieser Zeit dürfte auch diese Kirche entstanden sein. Geschichte Laut der Stiftungsurkunde der Deutschordenskommende...

 

Anacostia Estación del Metro de WashingtonUbicaciónCoordenadas 38°51′44″N 76°59′43″O / 38.862111111111, -76.995305555556Dirección 1101 Howard Road SELocalidad Washington D. C. 20020Datos de la estaciónCódigo F06Inauguración 28 de diciembre de 1991[1]​Pasajeros 2.696 millones (2010)[2]​Servicios Conexiones WMATA Metrobus (90, 94, A2, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A42, A46, A48, B2, P1, P2, P6, P18, U2, W2, W3, W4, W6, W8, W14)N.º de andenes 1 plataforma centr...

  Bromus bromoideus Estado de conservación Extinto en libertad (UICN 2.3)[1]​TaxonomíaReino: PlantaeDivisión: MagnoliophytaClase: LiliopsidaOrden: PoalesFamilia: PoaceaeSubfamilia: PooideaeTribu: BromeaeGénero: BromusEspecie: B. bromoideus(Lej.) Crép.[editar datos en Wikidata] Bromus bromoideus, es una especie herbácea perenne perteneciente a la familia de las gramíneas (Poaceae). Vista de la planta Descripción Se creía extinta desde 1930 hasta que las semil...

 

ساشا بارون كوهين (بالإنجليزية: Sacha Noam Baron Cohen)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 13 أكتوبر 1971 (العمر 52 سنة)هامرسميث، لندن، إنجلترا الجنسية  المملكة المتحدة الديانة يهودي عضو في نقابة الكتاب الأمريكية الغربية  الزوجة آيسلا فيشر أقرباء سيمون بارون-كوين (ابن العم أو الخال)  الحي...

 

Économie de l'Ouganda Paysage urbain en Ouganda. Monnaie Shilling ougandais Année fiscale Année calendaire Organisations internationales OMC, UA Statistiques Produit intérieur brut (parité nominale) 42,18 milliards $ (2009) Croissance du PIB 4 % (2009) PIB par habitant en PPA 1 300 $ (2008) PIB par secteur agriculture : 22,2 % (2009)industrie : 25,1 % (2009)services : 52,8 % (2009) Inflation (IPC) 12,6 % (2009) Pop. sous le seuil de pauvre...

Микола Степанович Киянченко Народження 22 вересня 1908(1908-09-22)ОбухівСмерть 14 жовтня 1992(1992-10-14) (84 роки)КиївПоховання Байкове кладовищеКраїна  СРСРПриналежність  Радянська арміяВид збройних сил  ВПС СРСРРід військ Винищувальна авіаціяОсвіта Качинське вище військов...

 

← 152 153 154 → ← 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 → Daftar angka — Bilangan bulat ← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Kardinalseratus lima puluh tigaOrdinalke-153(keseratus lima puluh tiga)Faktorisasi32· 17 Pembagi1, 3, 9, 17, 51, 153RomawiCLIIIBiner100110012Ternari122003Kuaternari21214Quinary11035Senary4136Oktal2318Duodesimal10912Heksadesimal9916Vigesimal7D20Basis 364936 153 (dibaca seratus lima puluh tiga) adalah sebuah angka dan sistem bilangan yang mewa...

 

My Sweet Little Village / Vesničko má střediskováPoster film asli (kiri: János Bán, Marián Labuda)Sutradara Jiří Menzel Produser Zbyněk Hloch Ditulis oleh Zdeněk Svěrák PemeranJános BánMarián LabudaRudolf HrušínskýPetr ČepekLibuše ŠafránkováJan HartlRudolf Hrušínský jr.Penata musikJiří ŠustSinematograferJaromír ŠofrDistributorÚstřední půjčovna filmůTanggal rilis 1985 (1985) Durasi98 menitNegara Cekoslowakia Bahasa Ceska My Sweet Little Village ...

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2023) المتحف البريطاني للعملات المعدنية والميداليات إحداثيات 51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W / 51.5195°N 0.1269°W / 51.5195; -0.1269  معلومات عامة الدولة المملكة المتحدة  معل...

 

This article is about the 1986 computer game. For the 1996 PlayStation game, see Gunship 2000. For the 2000 computer game, see Gunship! 1986 video gameGunshipX68000 cover artDeveloper(s)MicroProsePublisher(s)MicroProseDirector(s)Andy HollisDesigner(s)Arnold Hendrick Andy HollisProgrammer(s)Andy Hollis Sid Meier Gregg TavaresArtist(s)Kimberly Disney Michael O. Haire Michele MahanComposer(s)Ken LagacePlatform(s)Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, FM Towns, MS-DOS, MSX, PC-98, X68000, ZX...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Second maître. Second-maître Armée  Marine nationale Statut Officier marinier Abréviation SM Appellation « Second maître » ou « Chef » Code OTAN OR-5 Équivalence Sergent Quartier-maitre de 1re classe Maître modifier  Un second maitre timonier prend un relèvement avec une alidade. Le grade de second maître[a] est le premier grade du corps des officiers mariniers de la Marine française. Il correspond au grade de serge...

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Улица Розы Люксембург. УлицаРозы Люксембург Вид на север от улицы Куйбышева Общая информация Страна Россия Регион Свердловская область Город Екатеринбург Район Ленинский, Октябрьский Жилой район Центральный Протяжённо...

 

Chewy fruit-flavored candy/sweet StarburstCherry (red), lemon (yellow), strawberry (pink) and orange flavoured doodoo brown starburstsOwnerMarsProduced byThe Wrigley CompanyCountryUnited KingdomIntroduced1960; 63 years ago (1960)MarketsAsia, Canada, Europe, United StatesTaglineUnexplainably JuicyWebsitewww.mars.com/made-by-mars/mars-wrigley Starburst (originally known as Opal Fruits) is the brand name of a box-shaped, fruit-flavoured soft taffy candy manufactured by The...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Brookewood School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Private, all-female school in Montgomery County, United StatesBrookewood School for GirlsLocation10401 Armory AveKensington, Mar...

English painter For the Scottish cricketer, see William Wyld (cricketer). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (September 2009) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rat...

 

37°56′25″N 58°22′39″E / 37.940239°N 58.377504°E / 37.940239; 58.377504 The Grand Turkmen Hotel is a five-star hotel in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Built in 1995 as the Sheraton Grand Turkmen, it has 120 rooms on 6 floors, and is located close to the administrative centre of the city, 15 minutes from the airport. Nearby are the Central Bank of Turkmenistan, Parliament of Country (Mejlis), Cabinet of Ministers, ministries, establishments, museums and theatres, an...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!