Oregon land fraud scandal

The Oregon land fraud scandal of the early 20th century involved U.S. government land grants in the U.S. state of Oregon being illegally obtained with the assistance of public officials. Most of Oregon's U.S. congressional delegation received indictments in the case: U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell and U.S. Representatives John N. Williamson and Binger Hermann, with Senator Charles William Fulton singularly uninvolved.

Background

In 1870, the Oregon and United States governments granted the Oregon and California Railroad 3.7 million acres (15,000 km²) of land to build a line, from Portland south to California. The land, which was granted in a checkerboard pattern along both sides of the railroad's right of way, was then sold to settlers in parcels of 160 acres (64.7 ha) at the extremely low price of $2.50 an acre ($100 in 2023^[1]) to encourage people to settle along the line, in order to foster development.^[2] In 1915, 2.4 million acres (9,700 km²) of the original lands were reclaimed by the federal government and are today managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management.^[2]

Fraud

Since much of the land was unfit for development, it did not attract many settlers. However, the land was very rich in timber, which meant that timber companies would pay much more than $2.50 an acre.^[3] To circumvent the requirements of the land grant, Edward Harriman, president of the Southern Pacific Railroad — which then owned the O&C — hired former surveyor Stephen A. Douglas Puter to round up people from saloons in Portland's waterfront district, escort them to the land office, have them register for an O&C parcel as a settler, and then transfer it to Puter's men. The accumulated parcels were then sold in large blocks to the highest bidder for timber harvest.^[4]^[5]

Exposure

Harriman eventually had a dispute with Puter and fired him. Later, when a lumber company bookkeeper exposed the scheme to an Oregonian reporter, Puter turned on his former boss, testified against him, and wrote a scathing exposé about the scheme, while imprisoned. The exposé would become chapters one through 25 of Looters of the Public Domain, (with an additional six chapters written by journalist Horace Stevens).^[4]

These looters of the public domain—working with crooked federal and state officials—through rascality and fraud, gained title to thousands of acres of valuable, publicly-owned timber lands, and at minimum prices.

—Governor Oswald West.^[6]

Indictments

Initially, more than 1,000 indictments were issued in the case. U.S. District Attorney Francis J. Heney narrowed down the list to the 35 most egregious offenders, including U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell, and U.S. Representatives John N. Williamson and Binger Hermann.^[4]

Mitchell

Heney charged that Mitchell had illegally used his position to aid a client in the acquisition of patents to fraudulent land claims. Mitchell's law partner and personal secretary both testified against him and, on July 3, 1905, the jury found him guilty. He was sentenced to six months in prison and a $1,000 fine. Mitchell appealed, but before the appeal could be heard, he died from complications associated with a tooth extraction.^[7]

Mitchell was convicted under Rev. Stat. §1782 (enacted 1864) which prohibited Senators and other officials from engaging in compensated representation in matters in which the United States was interested.^[8] The year before, in an unrelated case, under the same statute, Senator Joseph R. Burton of Kansas had become the first U.S. Senator convicted of a crime.^[9]

Williamson

Williamson's trial also resulted in conviction for subornation of perjury in 1905. The prosecution argued that the three defendants had attempted to illegally obtain land claims under the Timber and Stone Act. Williamson appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court, which overturned the verdict, in 1908, because of apparent jury tampering and witness intimidation.^[10]

Hermann

In 1907, Hermann was found not guilty of destroying public documents. His second trial for collusion with the actual land fraud was postponed until 1910, and ended in a hung jury; Heney declined to refile charges.^[11]

Hall

Heney also prosecuted John Hicklin Hall, who was the U.S. Attorney originally charged with investigating the case, but who had been fired, in 1905, by President Theodore Roosevelt for not aggressively pursuing the investigation. Heney charged Hall with failure to prosecute fraudulent land companies and for using knowledge of the fraudulent activities for his own political advantage; a jury convicted Hall in 1908.^[12] Hall was later pardoned by President William Howard Taft.^[13]

References

^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Oregon and California Railroad". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ Tallmadge, Alice (Summer 2007). "In the Red". Forest Magazine. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Terry, John (October 14, 2007). "Rail scam tainted lots of officials". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon.
^ Miller, Joseph S (2006). Saving Oregon's Golden Goose: Political Drama on the O&C Lands. Portland, Oregon: Inkwater Press. ISBN 978-1-59299-212-6. partially read into the Congressional Record by Gordon Smith, 2007-02-12; see 110th Cong., vol. 153, no. 1, 2007, pp. S1837-S1838.
^ "Oregon History: The Oregon System". Oregon Blue Book. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
^ "Land Fraud Trial of Senator John Mitchell". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ "Verdict of Guilty a Blow to Mitchell" (PDF). The New York Times. July 5, 1905. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ United States Senate Historical Office About Expulsion.
^ "Williamson-Gesner Fraud". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ "Shadows in Public Life". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ Greenberg, Gerald S. (2000). Historical Encyclopedia of U.S. Independent Counsel Investigations. Greenwood Press. pp. 164–166. ISBN 978-0-313-30735-5.
^ "List of Politicians Who Were Pardoned". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved June 27, 2007.

External links

Puter, Stephen A. Douglas, and Horace Stevens (1908), Looters of the Public Domain, Portland, Oregon: Portland Printing House
Crouch, Jeffrey. "The Law: Presidential Misuse of the Pardon Power". Presidential Studies Quarterly , December 2008, Vol. 38, No. 4 (December 2008),

pp. 722-734.

Messing, John, "Public Lands, Politics, and Progressives: The Oregon Land Fraud Trials, 1903-1910," Pacific Historical Review--Vol. 35, No. 1 (Feb., 1966), pp. 35–66. Published by: University of California Press, DOI: 10.2307/3636627
Tatom, Oliver. "Oregon Land Fraud Trials (1904-1910)". The Oregon Encyclopedia.
O'Callaghan, Jerry. The Disposition of the Public Domain in Oregon, doctoral dissertation (Stanford University), 1951.
O'Callaghan, Jerry A. 1952. Senator Mitchell and the Oregon land frauds. The Pacific Historical Review. University of California Press 21: 255-261