Northern Michigan, also known as Northern Lower Michigan (known colloquially to residents of more southerly parts of the state and summer residents from cities such as Detroit as "Up North"), is a region of the U.S. state of Michigan. A popular tourist destination, it is home to several small- to medium-sized cities, extensive state and national forests, lakes and rivers, and a large portion of Great Lakes shoreline. The region has a significant seasonal population much like other regions that depend on tourism as their main industry. Northern Lower Michigan is distinct from the more northerly Upper Peninsula and Isle Royale, which are also located in "northern" Michigan. In the northernmost 21 counties in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the total population of the region is 506,658 people.[A]
Pre-colonial era: itinerant Native American tribes
Map showing the approximate location of major tribes and settlements around 1648[1]
Map of Iroquois expansion during Beaver Wars 1638–1711. Through the lucrative fur trade, the Iroquois gained European weapons, giving them an advantage against tribes in the Great Lakes region, whose lands they took over.
For thousands of years before the French and English set up colonies in the region, Northern Michigan was inhabited by Native American cultures and succeeding tribes. Northern Michigan was the southern extent of the area scholars believed occupied by prehistoric inhabitants known as the Laurel complex. They were part of the Hopewell Indian exchange system, which is named after a prehistoric tribe that existed in the Great Lakes region.[2]
According to Menominee tradition, this tribe's original homeland was farther north, near present-day Sault Ste. Marie and Michilimackinac. At some period before European contact (probably around 1600), they were forced southwest to the Menominee River by arrival of the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi from the east.[3]Odawa history written by Andrew Blackbird records that Emmet County was thickly populated by a race of Indians that they called the Mush-co-desh, which means "the prairie tribe". The Mush-co-desh had an agrarian society and were said to have "shaped the land by making the woodland into prairie as they abandoned their old worn out gardens which formed grassy plains". Ottawa tradition claims that they slaughtered from forty to fifty thousand Mush-co-desh and drove the rest from the land after the Mush-co-desh insulted an Ottawa war party. At this same time, the areas surrounding the Straits of Mackinac, was home to the Michinemackinawgo.[4] They were a race of natives of small stature that were nearly wiped out by the Iroquois in the 1640s during the Beaver Wars. The remnants of this race were taken in by the Ojibwe and still exist today amongst the Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians.[5]
In the historic period, the Anishinaabe/Algonquian-speaking peoples known as the Ojibwe, Odawa and Potawatomi, formed a loose confederation which they called the Council of Three Fires. They inhabited areas surrounding the Straits of Mackinac, the upper and lower peninsulas of Michigan, and the northern islands and shoreline of Canada along Lake Huron.
French and English colonial eras: fur trade and exploration based at the Straits
Much of New France's "Pays d'en Haut" (Upper Country) remained unexplored in the mid-1600s; Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville's 1650 map was the first to show all five Great Lakes.[6]
Initial colonial influence on Natives: French exploration and Beaver Wars
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established Quebec as part of New France. He sent coureur des bois such as Étienne Brûlé into the woods to establish relations with the Indians. Around 1615 or 1616, Champlain traveled to Georgian Bay via the French River and met Ottawa and Huron Indians on the south end near Penetanguishene.[7][8][9][10] The French established the North American fur trade with Indian tribes. In the decades that followed, French explorers and missionaries continued to explore the "Upper Country" of New France that included the Upper Great Lakes. In 1634, Jean Nicolet passed through the straits of Mackinac on the way to Wisconsin.[11] While France colonized the interior lands along the St. Lawrence River, the Dutch and English began colonizing the East Coast of North America, setting up fur trade and arming the Iroquois along the east and southeast of the Great Lakes. Competition for trade and pelts resulted in the brutal Beaver Wars. The Iroquois pushed west into the Great Lakes territory, displacing the tribes who had settled there before. As a result of an Iroquois attack and dispersal of the Huron from Southern Ontario in 1649, the Huron sought refuge with the Ojibwe at Michilimackinac where eventually a Jesuit mission was established for their care.[12]
Jesuit Mission at St. Ignace (1671–1696)
After taking refuge at Michilimackinac during the Beaver Wars, many Wyandot (Huron) migrated to the areas of Detroit, Windsor, and northern Ohio in the early 18th century.[13]
Father Henri Nouvel was "Superior of the Otawa missions",[15] Nouvel served in this position from 1672 to 1680 (with a two-year break in 1678–1679), and again from 1688 to 1695.[16] Under Nouvel, a new chapel was built in approximately 1674. By 1683 the mission was so successful and prosperous that three priests, Fathers Nicholas Potier, Enjalran, and Pierre Bailloquet, were assigned there.[14] The establishment of a French garrison at St. Ignace in 1679 disrupted relations between the French and the local population, as the soldiers were less educated and amiable than the missionaries.
1680s: Fortification (Fort de Buade) at St. Ignace
1690s: Cadillac at Fort de Buade; St. Ignace Fort and Mission later abandoned
In the 1690s, commander Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac used Fort de Buade as a base of operations to explore and map the Great Lakes. Cadillac left St. Ignace in 1697 and the Jesuits vacated their residence and church by 1705.[17]
The Beaver Wars ended when the Great Peace of Montreal was signed in 1701 in Montreal by the French and 39 Indian chiefs including Kondiaronk (the chief of the Mackinaw-area Huron). When Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac left the area in 1701 to found Detroit, taking many of the St. Ignace residents with him, the importance of the mission declined dramatically.[14]
Early 1700s: Fort Michilimackinac established as a New France outpost
Map of French and British North American possessions in the early 18th century. After ceding Hudson's Bay to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht, France built forts such as Fort Michilimackinac to protect the New France fur trade from the British Hudson's Bay Company.
The St. Ignace Mission remained open until 1705, when it was abandoned and burned by Father Étienne de Carheil.[18] It was reopened in 1712, and operated on the north shore of the Straits until 1741, when it was relocated to the south shore.[19] With the relocation of the mission, the exact location of Marquette's chapel was lost.[18]
Around 1715 (during the First Fox War), the French re-established a Northern Michigan military outpost at a new site on the northern tip of the lower peninsula and called it Fort Michilimackinac. This location became the new locus for fur and other trade, and mission work with the natives.
By 1745, the Odawa had created settlements down the coast of Lake Michigan into the Grand Traverse Bay area, with an approximate population between 1,550 and 3,000. This population varied with the seasons, as the tradition was to migrate inland to different camps (sometimes as far as to Illinois) depending upon the season.[20] Some Ojibwe bands also shared the Grand Traverse Bay region with the Odawa.[20]
In 1751, a Jesuit Mission to the Odawa was established in Manistee.[21]
1760s: Beginning of the British era
In the 1760s after defeating the French in the French and Indian War (and in the Seven Years' War in Europe), the British took control of the Straits of Mackinac and other French territory east of the Mississippi River. They encountered resistance from the Natives, who rose up in what was called Pontiac's War (1763–1766). On June 2, 1763 Ojibwe and Sauk warriors killed the majority of white residents at Fort Michilimackinac. Alexander Henry the elder, one of the survivors, was taken captive and transported to Beaver Island but was rescued by the OdawaWawatam. The British built the more substantial Fort Mackinac at the site in 1780.[22][23]
The success of rebels in the American Revolutionary War led to another change in parties in the region. Great Britain formally ceded Fort Mackinac at Mackinac Island to the newly independent United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, but the British Army refused to evacuate the posts on the Great Lakes until 1796. At that time, they transferred the forts at Detroit, Mackinac, and Niagara to the Americans. British and American forces contested the area again throughout the War of 1812. The boundary was not settled until 1828, when Fort Drummond, a British post on nearby Drummond Island, was evacuated.
1780s to 1830s: United States territorial acquisition, continued fur trade, and territorial disputes
The entire Straits area was officially acquired by the United States from the British through the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and settlement permitted by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. However, much of the British forces did not leave the Great Lakes area until after 1794, when Jay's Treaty established U.S. sovereignty over the Northwest Territory with Northern Michigan part of "Knox County".[24] Between 1795 and 1815 a system of Métis (descendants of indigenous women who married French (and later Scottish) fur trappers and traders) settlements and trading posts was established throughout Michigan, Wisconsin, and to a lesser extent in Illinois and Indiana. As late as 1829 the Métis were dominant in the economy of Wisconsin and influential in Northern Michigan[25] in part because they were able to work as intermediaries between natives and white fur traders. US settlement of the Michigan Territory (established in 1805) was punctuated by misunderstandings with Native Americans over land ownership. Meanwhile, in 1804, Mackinac Island was the center of the American fur trade.[26]Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard was one of many of John Jacob Astor's trappers and voyageurs[27] who plied the waters of the Great Lakes in Mackinaw boats and collected pelts to be sold in Europe.[28] As US Congress passed trade and intercourse acts to regulate trade with the natives, the Office of Indian Trade established a US Trading Post "factory" at Mackinaw that was in place until the War of 1812.[29][30] One of the first engagements of the War of 1812, the Siege of Fort Mackinac was conducted by British and Native American. They captured the island soon after the outbreak of war between Britain and the United States. Encouraged by the easy British victory, more Native Americans subsequently rallied to their support. Native American cooperation was an important factor in several British victories during the remainder of the war. For the rest of 1812 and 1813, the British hold on Mackinac was secure since they also held Detroit, the territorial capital, which the Americans would have to recapture before attacking Mackinac. After the September 1813 Battle of Lake Erie, the British abandoned Detroit leaving an opportunity for the Americans try to retake the waters of Northern Michigan. In July 1814, as Commander of Fort Mackinaw Robert McDouall was struggling to supply war efforts Siege of Prairie du Chien, Americans attacked Mackinaw in July 1814 during the Battle of Mackinac Island. The Americans failed to take over the post, and the British held Mackinac Island until the peace in 1815, after which it was re-occupied by the US.[31][32]
Mackinac Island continued to be a locus of trade for the American Fur Company and was the site where Army doctor William Beaumont became Post surgeon[33] in 1820[34] and began conducting his famous digestion experiments on 19-year-old Alexis St. Martin between 1822 and 1833.[35][36] Mackinac Island was also the site where Henry Schoolcraft located his US Indian Agent headquarters starting in 1833. Following the 1830 Indian Removal Act, Schoolcraft negotiated the 1836 Treaty of Washington which opened up the land north of Grand Rapids for unequivocal legal ownership and settlement of lands in Northern Michigan, with provision that land sales would provide some monetary means to fund skills training for the Natives to assimilate to "civilized" life.
Despite the presence of fur trade, US military and Indian offices, and various tradesmen, the settled population of Michilimackinac (defined as all the settlements from Saginaw to Green Bay) was between 800 and 1000 for the time period between 1820 and 1840.[37]
Early coastal settlements in the 1830s through 1850s
The 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map of Michigan by S. Augustus Mitchell shows the relatively undeveloped Northern Michigan even as a steamboat route operated between Detroit and Chicago via Michilimackinac.This inset image from the 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map of Michigan lists the stops taken along the 980-mile steamboat route between Detroit and Chicago via Michilimackinac. Northern Michigan stops (between miles 197 and 519) included Thunder Bay Isles, Sandy Bay Islands, Presqu' Isle, Bois Blanc Island, Mackinac Island, and Beaver Island.
Northern Michigan islands, rivers, and shore landmarks featured prominently on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan.
In the 1836 Treaty of Washington, Michigan tribes ceded claims to lands in the yellow (Royce No. 205) area above – covering eastern Upper Peninsula and the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan to the United States – and opened it to settlement.
As settlers arrived between 1840 and 1853, the state broke up the single Michilimackinac County and established platted counties across Northern Michigan. This 1853 map by S. A. Mitchell shows an improved understanding of the contours and inland lakes and streams of Northern Michigan based on recent land surveys.
Decline of Mackinaw and fur trade
By the 1840s, the American Fur Company was in steep decline as silk hats replaced beaver hats in European fashion.[38][39] The straits of Mackinac declined in influence as government offices moved towards the capital at Detroit. While fishing slightly increased, the loss of the fur industry dealt a blow to Michilimackinac's economic significance.[40]
Increased ship traffic along Northern Michigan coasts
The Erie Canal opened in 1825, allowing settlers from New England and New York to reach Michigan by water through Albany and Buffalo. This route opening and the incorporation of Chicago in 1837,[41] increased Great Lakes steamboat traffic from Detroit through the straits of Mackinac to Chicago.[42][43][44] While the coastal areas were travelled, practically nothing was known about the interior parts of Northern Michigan.[45] When Michigan became a state in 1837, one of its first acts was to name Douglass Houghton as the lead of the Michigan Geological Survey, an effort to understand the geological and mineralogical, zoological, botanical, and topographical aspects of the lesser known parts of Michigan.[46] Early settlers came to the coasts along Northern Michigan, including fishermen, missionaries to the Native Americans, and participants in early Great Lakes maritime industries such as fishing, lighthouses, and cutting cordwood for passing ships. In 1835, Lieutenant Benjamin Poole of the 3rd U.S. Artillery.[47] surveyed a former Indian path between Saginaw and Mackinac that would become known as the Mackinac Trail.
Tension between White settlement and Native American land claims
In the 1836 Treaty of Washington, Michigan tribes ceded claims to land in Northern Michigan—and opened it to settlement. In the 1840s, Odawa villages lined the Lake Michigan shore, especially from present-day Harbor Springs to Cross Village. The area on the tip of the peninsula was mostly reserved for native tribes by treaty provisions with the U.S. federal government until 1875. Early government had been centered around Mackinac Island and St. Ignace, but between 1840 and 1853, the state broke up this single large Michilimackinac County[52][53][54][55] and established names and boundaries of about 21 counties across Northern Michigan. This naming and surveying allowed specific platted lands to be sold at the Land Office.[56] Increased white immigration and homesteading in Northern Michigan brought difficulties in dispatching of Native American land claims stemming from the treaty of 1836. Bands of Chippewa and Odawa Indians sought redress through the Treaty of 1855;[57] by this 1855 treaty agreement, lands and payments would be set aside for individual Native American families related to the 1836 treaty, but after this treaty, the US would cease to owe anything ("land, money or other thing guaranteed to them") to Indians or their tribes.[58]
1860s to 1890s: Homestead Act settlements and industrial developments
Starting in the 1870s, railroads connected Northern Michigan to lower cities.
Increased settlement and establishment of port cities
Now that the land was surveyed and outstanding native land claims eliminated, Northern Michigan settlement increased even further. The Homestead Act of 1862 brought many Civil War veterans and speculators to Northern Michigan, by making 160 acre tracts of land available for $1.25 an acre.[59] The cutting of wood for passing ships morphed into a full-fledged lumber industry, contributing to the rise of port cities like Manistee, Traverse City, Charlevoix, and Ludington.
From 1836 to 1848, much of the Manistee River Valley, including Manistee itself, was an Ottawa Reservation.[60] During the lumbering era of the late 1800s, Manistee became a significant site for lumber mills. Huge numbers of white pine logs were floated down the river to the port at Manistee and eventually on to the lumber markets of Grand Rapids, Milwaukee and Chicago.
1870s: Arrival of rail infrastructure, rampant lumbering and fishing, and economic slowdown
Despite setbacks from the Great Michigan Fire in 1871 in Manistee and other lumbering ports, lumbering in Northern Michigan greatly increased. New mechanical tools such as steam-powered (versus water-powered) sawmills and circular saws expanded the ability to process high volumes of lumber quickly. Narrow-gauge moveable rails made it possible to harvest timber year round, in previously inaccessible places away from rivers.[65] The Michigan lumber market experienced a crash in July 1877 [66][67] that coincided with the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. By 1880 the Great Lakes region would dominate logging, with Michigan producing more lumber than any other state.[68]
The commercial fishing industry also flourished in the 1880s. By 1881, the rich fishing areas around the Beaver Archipelago led to Beaver Island becoming the largest supplier of fresh-water fish in the United States.[69] By 1886, there was a drastic reduction in the amount of fishing produced, due to overfishing.[70] In 1893, the Michigan Fish Commission commissioned the University of Nebraska Zoologist Henry Ward to study the sources of food for Traverse Bay area fish.[71]
Passenger pigeons were hunted to extinction sometime after the 1870s, with the last large nesting in Petoskey, Michigan, in 1878.
The passenger pigeon was hunted in Northern Michigan as a source of food, but by the 1870s, a combination of increased population and economic scarcity led to over-hunting and eventual extinction. The massive flocks of passenger pigeons stopped darkening the skies of Northern Michigan, especially after the last large scale nestings and subsequent slaughters of millions of birds in 1874 and 1878. By this time, large nestings only took place in the north, around the Great Lakes. The last large nesting was in Petoskey, Michigan, in 1878 (following one in Pennsylvania a few days earlier), where 50,000 birds were killed each day for nearly five months. The surviving adults attempted a second nesting at new sites, but were killed by professional hunters before they had a chance to raise any young. Scattered nestings were reported into the 1880s, but the birds were now weary, and commonly abandoned their nests if persecuted.[72]
After being used for floating logs in previous decades,[73] the Au Sable River in the 1880s became famous for fishing – first for grayling, and later for brook trout and brown trout.Lumbering practices destroyed Arctic Grayling breeding grounds in rivers and led to their slow decline, and the sport fishing industry also contributed to the grayling's eventual disappearance from Northern Michigan.
Sport fishing along the Au Sable River became a tourist attraction for wealthy sportsmen from Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Toledo, Indianapolis, and Chicago.[74] After the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad reached Grayling in the late 1870s, it began to advertise hunting and fishing trips in Crawford County, home of the arctic grayling.[74] In the same way, the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railway published a "Guide to the Health, Pleasure, Game and Fishing Resorts of Northern Michigan reached by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad" in 1882.[75] In 1880, Ansel Judd Northrup, a lawyer from New York, published a detailed account of his train trip to fish Northern Michigan, and he assessed the Au Sable, Manistee River, Cheboygan River, Pigeon River, and Jordan River for trout and grayling fishing.[76] The state of Michigan, having created a Board of Fish Commissioners in 1873, stocked rivers with whitefish, black bass, and non-native species such as California salmon, California trout, German carp, and brook trout.[77] The Board of Fish Commissioners created its first fish hatchery at Crystal Springs Creek in Pokagon and shipped rail cars full of small fish to streams across Michigan.[78][79] As the grayling vanished from the Au Sable, Manistee and other rivers, the state propped up the Northern Michigan fishing industry with non-native brook trout, brown trout, and rainbow trout (steelhead).[80] Ultimately, the Arctic grayling that had inhabited much of Northern Michigan[81] was eventually wiped out. The logging practice of using river beds to move logs in the springtime destroyed the breeding grounds for these fish.[82] Before they could recover, non-native sport fish such as brook trout[83] took over the grayling's habitat and made them disappear from northern Michigan.
Industrial growth and diversification
As the lumber industry declined, rail lines such as the BCG & A Railroad (1915) helped to access remote inland tracts of timber.
The effect of rail connections was ultimately transformative; timber and other goods could be produced in the north and shipped to urban markets to the south. Diverse industries developed, such as iron works, tanneries, mills, cement plants, and agricultural enterprises. By 1885, the intense harvesting and export of pine trees led to visible decline in the lumber industry's ability to produce white pine.[84] Logging in Michigan peaked in 1889.[85] Where available, hardwoods and hemlock were harvested, temporarily extending the life of lumbering in the area, especially around East Jordan, the Traverse Bay, and near Crawford County.[86]William Howard White's lumber railroad (Boyne City, Gaylord & Alpena Railroad Company), David Ward's Detroit and Charlevoix Railroad, and the East Jordan and Southern Railroad enabled access to remote timber areas. As lumbering declined, rail lines began to promote Northern Michigan as a "fresh air" resort destination,[87] and the logging companies promoted their cut-over, stump-filled tracts for their agricultural potential.[88]
20th century: resort era
Early resorts
The resort era flourished in lakeside areas of Northern Michigan even as the fishing and lumbering industries experienced slow decline. Historian Bruce Catton's memoir Waiting for the Morning Train (1972) documents his personal experiences of early 20th-century life in a small Northern Michigan town as Michigan's logging era was ending.[89]Ernest Hemingway also documented turn-of-the-century life in Northern Michigan through his "Nick Adams" stories; Hemingway's own parents were resorters, wintering in Oak Park, Illinois, but summering in the Windemere cottage on Walloon Lake starting in 1899.[90]
As lumbering died down, many parts of Northern Michigan returned to their forested state through conservation efforts. The Huron National Forest was set aside in 1909. and the Manistee National Forest was set aside in 1938. State parks were established as well, to include:
As passenger railroad usage ended in the 1960s (due in part to increased automobile travel), aggressive promotion of Northern Michigan by local chambers of commerce led to many of the festivals and attractions that bring visitors north even today.
Northern Michigan is at the northern tip of Michigan's Lower Peninsula.
Residents of Northern Michigan generally consider it to lie between Grayling and the Mackinac Bridge. The southern boundary of the region is not precisely defined. Some residents in the southern part of the state consider its southern limit to be just north of Flint, Port Huron, Grand Rapids, or Mount Pleasant, though those in Northern Michigan refer to this are as Mid Michigan. Others may restrict it to the area north of Bay City and Clare, using US Highway 10 as a reference point, which roughly marks the "fingers" of the mitten-like shape of the Lower Peninsula.[94] The topic of where "Up North" begins is often debated among Michiganders, with there being no definitive answer on the subject.[95]
Across the Straits of Mackinac, to the north, west, and northeast, lies the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (the "U.P."). Despite its geographic location as the most northerly part of Michigan, the Upper Peninsula is not usually included in the definition of Northern Michigan (although Northern Michigan University is located in the U.P. city of Marquette), and is instead regarded by Michigan residents as a distinct region of the state, although residents of the Upper Peninsula often say that "Northern Michigan" is not in the Lower Peninsula. They insist the region must only be referred to as "Northern Lower Michigan", and this can sometimes become a topic of contention between people who are from different Peninsulas.[citation needed] The two regions are connected by the 5-mile-long Mackinac Bridge.[101] Those living South of the bridge are known as trolls, while those living above the bridge are yoopers.
The geographical theme of this region is shaped by rolling hills, Great Lakes shorelines including coastal dunes on the west coast, large inland lakes, numerous rivers and large forests. A tension zone is identified running from Muskegon to Saginaw Bay marked by a change in soil type and common tree species.[103] North of the line the historic presettlement forests were beech and sugar maple, mixed with hemlock, white pine, and yellow birch which only grew on moist soils further south. Southern Michigan forests were primarily deciduous with oaks, red maple, shagbark hickory, basswood and cottonwood which are uncommon further north. Northern Michigan soils tend to be coarser, and the growing season is shorter with a cooler climate. Lake effect weather brings significant snowfalls to snow belt areas of Northern Michigan.
Glaciers shaped the area, creating a unique regional ecosystem. A large portion of the area is the so-called Grayling outwash plain, which consists of broad outwash plain including sandy ice-disintegration ridges; jack pine barrens, some white pine-red pine forest, and northern hardwood forest. Large lakes were created by glacial action.[104]
Weather
The region has the four seasons in their extremes, with sometimes hot and humid summer days (although, mild in comparison to some parts of the south) to subzero days in winter. With the expansive hardwood forest in Northern Michigan, "fall color" tourists are found throughout the area in early to mid-autumn.[105] When the spring rains come, many roads and bridges become impassable due to flooding or muddy to the point a four-wheel drive cannot pass. Snowfall varies throughout the region due to lake-effect snow from the prevailing westerly winds off of Lake Michigan: average yearly snow ranges from 141.4 inches or 3.59 metres in Gaylord to 52.4 inches or 1.33 metres in Harrisville.[106] Both the high and low temperature records for all of Michigan are held by communities in Northern Lower Michigan. The high is 112 °F or 44.4 °C set in Mio on July 13, 1936, and the low is −51 °F or −46.1 °C set in Vanderbilt on February 9, 1934.[107]
Population
View of downtown Traverse City, the largest city in Northern Michigan.Downtown Cadillac, the second-largest city in Northern Michigan.Alpena City Hall in Alpena, the third-largest city in the region.Downtown Ludington, the fourth-largest city.View of Manistee, the fifth-largest city.Downtown Petoskey, the sixth-largest city.
In the northernmost 21 counties in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the total population of the region is 506,658 people.[A] The most populated city in Northern Michigan is Traverse City, with over 15 thousand inhabitants. Grand Traverse County is the largest county in Northern Michigan by population, at just under 100,000. Grand Traverse County also contains the three most populous municipalities in Northern Michigan: Garfield Township, Traverse City (which partially extends into Leelanau County), and East Bay Township.
Cities, villages, and CDPs in Northern Michigan with a population above 1,000 in 2020
The area was populated by many different ethnicities, including groups from New England (Maine, Vermont, New York), Ireland, Germany, and Poland. The Odawa nation is located in Emmet County (Little Traverse Band of Odawa Indians). Other Native American reservations exist at Mount Pleasant and on the Leelanau Peninsula.
Counties
21 counties in Northern Michigan
There are 21 counties traditionally associated with Northern Michigan:
In addition to these 21, six more counties to the south are also occasionally referred to as Northern Michigan, but are generally considered to be part of other regions. This counties are:
The Au Sable State Forest is a state forest in the north-central Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Much of the forest is used for wildlife game management and the fostering of endangered and rare species, such as the Kirtland's warbler – there are regular controlled burns to maintain its habitat. The Kirtland's warbler has its habitat in an increasing part of the area.[114] There is a Kirtland's Warbler Festival, which is sponsored in part by Kirtland Community College.[115]
Northern Michigan is home to Michigan's most endangered species and one of the most endangered species in the world: the Hungerford's crawling water beetle. The species lives in only five locations in the world, four of which are in Northern Michigan (one is in Bruce County, Ontario). Indeed, the only stable population of the rare beetle occurs along a two and a half mile stretch of the East Branch of the Maple River in Emmet County, Michigan.
Common reptiles
There are no fatally venomous snakes native to Northern Michigan. The venomous Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake lives in Michigan, but it is not common, particularly in Northern Michigan. In any event, its non-fatal bite may make an adult sick, but it should be medically treated without delay.
The state forests in the U.S. state of Michigan are managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Forest, Mineral and Fire Management unit. It is the largest state forest system in the nation at 3,900,000 acres (16,000 km2). See List of Michigan state forests. The Northern lower peninsula includes three forests:
Gladwin FMU (Arenac, Bay, Clare, Gladwin, southern Iosco, Isabella, and Midland counties)
Grayling FMU (Alcona, Crawford, Oscoda, and northern Iosco counties)
Roscommon FMU (Ogemaw and Roscommon counties)
In addition, large portions of this area are covered by the Manistee National Forest and the Huron National Forest. In the former, a unique environment is present at the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness. This relatively small area of 3,450 acres (14.0 km2), on Lake Michigan's east shore, is one of few wilderness areas in the U.S. with an extensive lake shore dunes ecosystem. The dunes are 3500 to 4000 years old, and rise to nearly 140 feet (43 m) higher than the lake. The Nordhouse Dunes are interspersed with woody vegetation such as jack pine, juniper and hemlock. Many small water holes and marshes dot the landscape, and dune grass covers some of the dunes. The wide and sandy beach is ideal for walks and sunset viewing.
Less well known and less developed is the northeastern lower peninsula along the Lake Huron shore. It offers many great vacation spots, particularly along the coast. These are, in order from south-to-north, Standish, Omer, Au Gres, Tawas City, East Tawas, Oscoda, Greenbush, Harrisville, Alpena, Presque Isle, Rogers City, Cheboygan, and points in between. Some consider these to be more 'up north' than the relatively congested west coast. Indeed, the Detroit Free Press noted that the area between Oscoda and Ossineke included beaches that are "overlooked" and among the "top ten in Michigan." This would include the area around Harrisville (and two state parks). It was noted that: "Old-fashioned lake vacations abound on this pretty stretch of Lake Huron."[124]
In between the two (or three, depending on how you count) coasts, there are a large number of inland cities and lakes (Michigan has 11,037 lakes), and a varied landscape that has many rivers. Such places as Cadillac, Kalkaska, Grayling, West Branch and Gaylord are also prized summer destinations for Michiganders and visitors from other states. Among many others, Houghton Lake, Higgins Lake, Torch Lake, and Hubbard Lake are large inland lakes within the region.
Fall activities include harvest festivals, seasonal beer and wine events, and fall color tours. Hunting in Northern Michigan is a popular fall pastime. There are seasons for bow hunting and a muzzle-loader season as well as for using modern rifle season. The opening day of deer season (November 15) is a major day for some residents. Some schools close November 15, due to low attendance as a result of the opening day of deer season.
In winter, a variety of sports are enjoyed by the locals which also draw visitors to Northern Michigan. Snowmobiling, also called sledding, is popular, and with hundreds of miles of interconnected groomed trails cross the region. Ice fishing is also popular. Tip-up Town on Houghton Lake is a major ice-fishing, snowmobiling and winter sports festival, and is unique in that it is a village that assembles out on the frozen lake surface. Higgins Lake also offers good ice fishing and has many snowmobiling, cross country skiing, and snowshoeing trails at the North Higgins Lake State Park. Grayling and Gaylord and their environs are recognized for Nordic skiing. Cadillac is reputed to be even more popular during the winter than it is in the summer.
The Lumberman's Monument honors lumberjacks that shaped the area, exploiting the natural resource. It is located on the River Road National Scenic Byway, which runs parallel with the Au Sable River, and is a designated National Scenic Byway for the 23 miles (37 km) that go into Oscoda.[127] The State of Michigan has designated Oscoda as the official home of Paul Bunyan due to the earliest documented publications in the Oscoda Press, August 10, 1906, by James MacGillivray (later revised and published in The Detroit News in 1910).[128]
Hartwick Pines State Park is a 9,672-acre (39.14 km2) state park and logging museum located in Crawford County near Grayling and I-75. It is the third largest state park on Michigan's Lower Peninsula and the state's fifth-biggest park overall. The park contains an old growth forest of white pines and red pines that resembles the appearance of all of Northern Michigan prior to the logging era. Also to be noted is Interlochen State Park, which is the oldest state park and the other remaining stand of virgin Eastern White Pine in the Lower Peninsula.
The Besser Museum for Northeast Michigan is a community museum serving Alpena County and surrounding counties in the U.S. state of Michigan. Alpena is a port city on Lake Huron. The museum defines its role broadly — to preserve, protect and present history and culture closely connected with the heritage of Northern Michigan and the Great Lakes. The museum includes a small publicly owned planetarium.[129] The institution says "Our mission is to collect, preserve, interpret, and exhibit authentic articles and artifacts of art, history, and science to inspire curiosity, foster community pride, and cultivate personal legacy."[130]
There were more than 150 past and present lighthouses around Michigan's Great Lakes coasts, including several in Northern Michigan. They serve as functioning warnings to mariners, but are also integral to the region's culture and history. See the list of Michigan lighthouses for more information on individual lighthouses.
Festivals
A number of annual festivals occur in Northern Michigan, including:
[149][citation needed] According to Tim Harrison, Editor in Chief and publisher of Lighthouse Digest magazine, and President of American Lighthouse Foundation, "There is no other festival like it in the United States..."[150]
Harrisville Arts & Crafts Show aka "Harmony Weekend"[151]
One leg of the "Triple Crown of Canoe Racing". This is one of the few pro-am canoeing events in the U.S., and winning times may be as long as 21 hours.[179][180][181]
The economy of Northern Michigan is limited by its lower population, few industries and reduced agriculture compared to lower Michigan. Seasonal and tourism related employment is significant. Unemployment rates are generally high. (In June 2007, seven of the ten highest unemployment rates occurred in counties in the Northern Michigan area.[184]
Historically, Fur trade, lumbering and commercial fishing were among the most important industries. The fur trade essentially died out in the 1840s. Logging is still important but at a mere fraction of its heyday (1860–1910) output. Commercial fishing is a minor activity.
Vacation and tourism
A major draw to Northern Michigan is tourism. Real estate, especially condominiums and summer homes, is another significant source of income. Because money spent in the real estate and tourism market in Northern Michigan is dependent upon visitors from southern Michigan and the Chicago area, the Northern Michigan economy is sensitive to downswings in the automobile and other industries.[185]
Agriculture
This map of hardiness zones demonstrates Northern Michigan's temperature extremes compared to the southern half of the lower peninsula. Most Michigan fruit sites are in Zone 5 or 6,[186] making the Leelanau Peninsula and Grand Traverse Bay area uniquely conducive to cherries and other fruit trees.
Agriculture is limited by the climate and soil conditions compared to southern regions of the state. However, there are significant potato and dry bean farms in the east. Wine grapes, vegetables and cherries are produced in the west in the protected microclimates around Grand Traverse Bay. The Grand Traverse region has two of Michigan's four federally-recognized wine growing areas. The Grand Traverse Bay area is listed as one of the most endangered agricultural regions in the U.S. as its scenic land is highly sought after for vacation homes.
Heavy industry
Heavy industrial developments are sparse. The northeast corner has an industrial base.
Quarrying and mining
Cement-making and the mining of limestone and gypsum for Portland Cement are major exports of the area. Charlevoix's Medusa Cement Plant was bought by Cemex in the 1990s. Alpena is home to the Lafarge Company's holdings in the world's largest cement plant and is home to Besser Block Co. (Jesse M. Besser invented concrete block in 1904 and founded the Besser Block Co. in Alpena after making the concrete block making machine). USG Corporation, also known as United States Gypsum Corporation, operates several quarries, including one at Alabaster, and one in Rogers City. Rogers City is the locale of the world's largest limestone quarry, which is also used in steel making all along the Great Lakes.
Energy (oil and natural gas)
Antrim Shale reserves in northern Michigan
Northern Michigan has significant natural gas reserves along the Antrim shale formation in northern Michigan. By some estimates it is the 15th largest gas field in the nation.[187] Drilling activity peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s,[188] In 2014, Encana, the Canadian company who had been drilling in Northern Michigan, sold their mineral rights to Marathon Oil order to focus on more profitable operations elsewhere. For oil interest, Encana amassed rights for the Collingwood-Utica Shale (Michigan) between 2008 and 2010, mostly in Cheboygan, Kalkaska, Michigan, and Missaukee counties. The Collingwood layer is two miles below the surface and would require horizontal drilling.[189][190][191]
Manufacturing
Alpena has a hardboard manufacturing facility owned by Decorative Panels, International. Nearer to the Lake Michigan shore, Cadillac and Manistee have manufacturing and chemical industries. Morton Salt operates one of the largest salt plants in the world in Manistee. Also, the East Jordan Iron Works corporate offices, as well as the original foundry, are located in East Jordan.
Camp Grayling near Grayling, Michigan. Camp Grayling is the largest military installation east of the Mississippi River, and the nation's largest National Guard training site. It is used by the U.S. National Guard, as well as active and reserve components of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. Year-round training is conducted on its 147,000 acres (590 km2) in Crawford, Kalkaska and Otsego counties. Much of the land (including Lake Margrethe) is accessible to the public for hunting, fishing, snowmobiling and other recreational uses (when military training is not happening).
Many four-year universities located downstate offer bachelor's and master's degree programs through Northwestern Michigan College's unique University Center program, located in Traverse City. The University Center, located in Traverse City, is a joint program with Northwestern Michigan College and various universities around the state that allows local students to "attend" universities that offer bachelor's and master's degrees programs not available through NMC, a two-year college, locally without leaving Northern Michigan. NMC supplies the facilities while the senior universities provide the education and endorsement. Universities offering programs here include Michigan State University, Western Michigan University, Central Michigan University, Grand Valley State University, Ferris State University, Spring Arbor University, and others.[192]
The largest bridge in Northern Michigan is the Mackinac Bridge connecting Northern Michigan to the Upper Peninsula. The second largest is the Zilwaukee Bridge.
Transportation by land
On land, Michigan is a unique travel environment. Consequently, drivers should be forewarned: travel distances should not be underestimated. Michigan's overall length is only 456 miles (734 km) and width 386 miles (621 km) – but because of the lakes those distances cannot be traveled directly. The distance from northwest to the southeast corner is 456 miles (734 km) "as the crow flies". However, travelers must go around the Great Lakes. For example, when traveling to the Upper Peninsula, it is well to realize that it is roughly 300 miles (480 km) from Detroit to the Mackinac Bridge, but it is another 300 miles (480 km) from St. Ignace to Ironwood.
Likewise direct routes are few and far between Interstate 75 (I-75) and M-115 do angle from the southeast to the northwest), but most roads are oriented either east–west or north–south (oriented with township lines set up under the Land Ordinance of 1785).
US-131 (in red), US-23 (in orange), and I-75 (in blue) are three primary highways bringing downstate automobile traffic to Northern Michigan.The SS Badger connects the Wisconsin and Michigan segments of US 10The Grandview Parkway in Traverse City serves as a bypass of downtown, and, in total, carries four different highways along its length: US-31, M-22, M-37, & M-72
US 10 enters Michigan after it crosses Lake Michigan from Manitowoc to Ludington. US 10 runs from Ludington through Baldwin and Reed City before it becomes a freeway west of US 127 near the junction with M-115. US 10 bypasses Midland and terminates at I-75 in Bay City.
US 23 runs northward for about 200 miles (320 km) along (or parallel with) the Lake Huron shoreline as the Sunrise Side Coastal Highway from the Flint/Tri-Cities area.
US 31 mainly parallels the Lake Michigan shore from the Ludington area north to Mackinaw City; near Traverse City, the highway cuts the base of the Leelanau Peninsula.
US 127 ends at Grayling, connecting Northern Michigan with points south
US 131 is a primary north–south highway that is a freeway from Manton southwards; north of the freeway terminus, the highway is mostly two lanes, connecting Kalkaska, Mancelona, and ending at US 31 in Petoskey.
M-18 runs between Midland County, through Prudenville and Roscommon to M-72 in Crawford County.
M-22 follows the Lake Michigan shoreline from Traverse City to Manistee and is a scenic drive along the Leelanau Peninsula and the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.
M-27 runs along the old route of US 27 between Indian River and Cheboygan.
M-33 runs between Alger (northwest of Standish) and Cheboygan.
M-37 runs from Battle Creek via Grand Rapids to Traverse City and the Old Mission Peninsula.
M-42 is a short route between Manton and M-66 north of Lake City.
M-55 is a 150-mile (240 km) transpeninsular highway at the southern edge of the region from Manistee to Tawas City.
M-65 runs northward from Au Gres (just north of Standish) to Rogers City,.
M-66 traverses almost the entire north–south distance of the Lower Peninsula ending at Charlevoix.
M-68 is an east–west state highway that runs from Alanson to Rogers City; it passes through Indian River, Afton, Tower, and Onaway.
M-72 crosses the Lower Peninsula from Empire via Traverse City to Harrisville.
M-75 is a connector between US-131 and Boyne City, and, despite its proximity to the highway, is not related to I-75.
M-88 traverses Antrim County from Eastport to Mancelona via a handful of small towns.
M-93 is a short highway connecting Camp Grayling, Hartwick Pines, and the city of Grayling in Crawford County.
M-109 serves as a scenic loop off M-22 in the Sleeping Bear Dunes.
M-113 runs across southern Grand Traverse County connecting M-37, US-131, and the village of Kingsley.
M-115 is a "diagonal highway", taking a generally northwest–southeast direction from Clare to Frankfort.
M-119 spurs off US-31 near Petoskey through Harbor Springs and along the Lake Michigan Coast as the Tunnel of Trees.
M-137 is a short highway running from US-31 to Interlochen Center for the Arts. The highway has become famous among students.
M-204 cuts across Leelanau County from Leland to Suttons Bay.
M-212 is the shortest signed highway in the state, connecting Aloha State Park to M-33 south of Cheboygan.
Past railroads
The Northern Lower Peninsula was home to many different railroads during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of these lines was the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railroad, later known as the Detroit and Mackinac Railway. The railroad had a main line along the Lake Huron shore and branch lines connecting to logging camps and gravel quarries. The railroad was a part owner of the SS Chief Wawatam, a rail car ferry that crossed the Straits of Mackinac. Running down the center of the Northern Lower Peninsula was the Michigan Central Railroad, which connected Mackinaw City with Bay City, Detroit, Lansing, and beyond. This line later became the New York Central and was sold to the Detroit and Mackinac Railway in 1976.[199] Several other railroads have existed in Alpena's history.[200]
On the west side of the peninsula, the Chicago and West Michigan Railway (later the Pere Marquette Railway) and several commercial cruise lines were early in generating traffic to Northern Michigan destinations. The Pere Marquette Railway operated rail car ferries across Lake Michigan out of Ludington. The most known ferry is the SS Badger which is still in use today for automobiles and passengers.
Currently, Northern Michigan's railroad system is a skeleton of its former self. After the Chief Wawatam stopped running in 1984, rail lines serving the Straits of Mackinac were soon abandoned. In years past, four different railroads served Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, and now none are left.
The remainder of the former Detroit and Mackinac Railway is now the Lake State Railway. It operates a line from Bay City to Pinconning where it then branches northeast to Alpena and northwest to Gaylord.
Portions of the former Pere Marquette Railway, Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and the Ann Arbor Railroad became the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway. The main line of this railway runs from Ann Arbor north to Petoskey, with branch lines to Yuma and Traverse City. The railroad was renamed the Great Lakes Central Railroad. There have been discussions of reviving passenger service along this line.[citation needed]
^Onofrio, Jan (1 January 1995). Dictionary of Indian Tribes of the Americas. American Indian Publishers, Inc. p. 965. ISBN978-0-937862-28-5. "Driven by the Sioux from their Chequamegon Bay base in 1670, they moved next to Michillimackinac where they lived until 1704, then they again resettled near Detroit under French auspices. It was from this Detroit village that dissident members of the Turtle clans... began moving into the long vacant Ohio country... along the Sandusky River valley and plain.
^Annals of Fort Mackinac. D.H. Kelton. 1892. 1673 or 74 Henry Nouvel Superior of the Otawa Missions takes charge of them. Father Philip Pierson becomes pastor of the Huron
^Barkwell, Lawrence (2016). The Metis Homeland: Its Settlements and Communities(PDF). Winnipeg, MB: Louis Riel Institute. ISBN978-1-927531-12-9. OCLC956556384. The original French fort and Jesuit mission were there from about 1671, although there was no French commandant after Lamothe Cadillac left in 1697, as the post was ordered closed in 1696. The Jesuits (and several Coureurs de Bois) remained there until the Jesuits burned their residence and church in 1705.
^Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard (1911). The Autobiography of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard: Pa-pa-ma-ta-be, "The Swift Walker". R. R. Donnelley & sons Company. pp. 10–11. This, of course, involved annual trips to Mackinaw, the headquarters of John Jacob Astor and his colleagues, the descent of lake Michigan in open Mackinaw boats, a short stop at Chicago, and then the rivers and praries of Illinois, with few but savages for friends at the outset.
^Hall, Lance L. "BIA (RG75) Inventory, Washington, D.C., entries 1-74". freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2019-08-10. The several Government factories operating under the Superintendent of Indian Trade are listed below in the order of their establishment: ...Mackinac (Michilimackinac), 1808–12
^Virr, Dr. Richard. "The Beaver and Other Pelts / Masson Manuscripts / In Pursuit of Adventure: The Fur Trade in Canada and the North West Company". Digital exhibitions & collections - McGill Library - McGill University. McGill University. Retrieved 21 April 2016. As fashion changed in the 1820s, silk hats had a very negative impact on the beaver trade, but a positive one on beaver populations. As a result of its cheapness, silk was ubiquitous by the 1840s. Thus after a long reign, beaver felt was forced to abdicate by the dictates of changing fashion, the same ones which propelled it in the 1620s
^Anderson, Terry Lee; Hill, Peter Jensen (2004). The Not So Wild, Wild West: Property Rights on the Frontier. Stanford, California: Stanford Economics and Finance (an imprint of Stanford University Press). p. 94. ISBN978-0-8047-4854-4. Retrieved 21 April 2016. By 1840, the beaver trade was essentially over. ... given the precipitous decline in demand brought on by the shift from beaver hats to silk hats in the 1840s...
^Doerr, Erich T. (2015-07-09). "Straits of Mackinac's 'Lost Era' Recounted in Planisek's New 'Frontier Entrepreneur' Book". St. Ignace News. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2019-08-10. between 1820 and 1840. It was an important era as Michigan approached statehood and the Straits area saw most of its business and influence drifting toward Detroit," ... "The mid-1800s saw the decline of the Straits of Mackinac as an economic center. With the Americans now in control of the entire region, the area's international influence and government subsidiaries dried up. New industries were slow to replace them as the area proved ill suited to farming and the fur trade died off by 1842. Changing forms of transportation also played a part, as the area had no railroads or roads. The area did have hope, as fishing began to pick up
^Mansfield, J.B., ed. (1899). History of the Great Lakes. Volume I. Walter Lewis, Brendan Baillod (transcription). Chicago: J. H. Beers & Co. Retrieved 2023-02-22 – via Maritime History of the Great Lakes.
^"History and Development of Great Lakes Water Craft". Minnesota Historical Society. 2008-11-04. Retrieved 2019-08-10. By the 1840s, the Erie Canal brought tens of thousands of settlers to Buffalo each year in search of passage to the West. Population in cities bordering the upper Lakes reportedly quadrupled in the eight years previous to 1840 as a result of that influx
^ALLEN, R. C.; MARTIN, HELEN M. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN: 1837 to 1872"(PDF). michigan.gov. Article originally printed in Michigan History Magazine, Vol. VI, 1922, No. 44. Retrieved 25 March 2016. The coast was only roughly charted, the northern two-thirds of the State was an unsurveyed wilderness including all of the Northern Peninsula and practically nothing was known of its interior into which very few white men had ever penetrated
^ALLEN, R. C.; MARTIN, HELEN M. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN: 1837 to 1872"(PDF). michigan.gov. Article originally printed in Michigan History Magazine, Vol. VI, 1922, No. 44. Retrieved 25 March 2016. This plan provided for geological, topographical, zoological, and botanical departments, each in charge of a specialist under the direction of the State Geologist
^Poole, Benjamin (1837). Survey of a Road Route from Saginaw to Mackinac (Map). Scale not given. Washington: Benjamin Poole. M.T. 25 Congress 2 Session, Doc. no. 234. Retrieved June 14, 2012 – via Michigan State University Map Library.
^"Indians of Michigan". Michigan Family History Network. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2019-08-10. Still further progress was made in the same direction by treaty with the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan made on the 31st day of July, 1855. By this treaty the United States withdraws from sale certain townships of the State of Michigan and assigns to each one of some twenty bands into which the Indians are divided, the particular townships in which its members may select land. The United States agree to give to each Ottawa and Chippewa Indian, being the head of a family, eighty acres of land, to each single person over twenty-one years of age forty acres, to each family of orphan children under twenty-one years of age containing two or more persons, eight acres and to each single orphan child under twenty-one years of age forty acres; and each beneficiary is to select his land in the tract reserved for the band to which he belonged. On such selection being made each was at liberty to go into possession of the land selected by him and was to receive a certificate therefore, but he could not assign his interest secured thereby. At the end of ten years he was entitled to receive a patent therefore in the usual form, but still the president might, in his discretion, order the patent to be issued at an earlier date or to be longer withheld when it was proved that the welfare of the holder of the certificate would be promoted thereby. The treaty also provides that the portion of the land so described and set apart which shall not be selected by the Indians within five years shall remain the property of the United States and may be sold like other public lands, except that the exclusive right to become purchasers within the next five years was reserved to the Indians. In consideration of these provisions of the treaty and the payment of $538,400 in manner therein specified, the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians release the United States from all liability on account of former treaty stipulations and receive them in lieu and satisfaction of all claims legal and equitable on the part of said Indians, jointly and severally, for land, money or other thing guaranteed to them or either of them by previous treaties. And by the fifth article of the treaty the tribal organization of said Ottawa and Chippewa Indians is dissolved, except so far as is necessary to carry out the provisions of said treaty; and all future matters of business are to be transacted not with the entire tribe, but with those only who are interested in the subject matter, and the payments which are to be in money by the terms of the treaty are to be paid not to the tribe as such, but to the individual Indians of these several bands per capita.
^Shannon McRae (2006). Manistee County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN978-0-7385-4124-2. The Homestead act of 1863 drew another type of settler to northern Michigan. Any person over 21 who headed a household – ... who could successfully build a dwelling, clear, and farm at least five acres on a 160-acre parcel of land for five years – could claim the property.
^Helen Hornbeck Tanner. Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987) p. 165.
^Friday, Matthew J. (2010). The Inland Water Route. Charleston, SC; Chicago Illinois; Portsmouth, NH; San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. ISBN978-0-7385-7734-0. Retrieved 25 April 2016. The small settlement, once dubbed Bear River, was renamed Petoskey in 1873 in honor of Native American chief Ignatius Pet-o-sega.
^[3] "In the fall of 1872, the Village of Otsego Lake was established and the railroad reached the Otsego Lake area about this same time."
^Friday, Matthew J (17 May 2010). The Inland Water Route. Arcadia Publishing. p. 14. ISBN978-1-4396-2440-1. The railroad arrived in Cheboygan in 1881... prior to this, seasonal navigation provided the only real link to places further south.
^Cabot, James L (1998-01-17). "Lumberman Stanchfield left Ludington in 1883". Ludington Daily News. p. 8. Retrieved 2019-08-10. [he was] a sawmill owner until the lumber-market crash of 1877
^"Lumber Industry." Encyclopedia of American History. Answers Corporation, 2006.
^ANDERSON, LORAINE (Mar 17, 2013). "Beaver Island has strong Gaelic roots". Traverse City Record Eagle. Record-Eagle.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016. By 1881, Beaver Island had become the largest supplier of fresh-water fish in the United States because of the control Irish fishermen had over the rich fishing grounds.
^"History of Iosco County". ioscomuseum.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016. By 1857, a mill and dock had been built, a general store building had been erected; dwellings for the pioneers had been built; the river had been cleaned out to permit logs to float down to the mill,
^Northrup, A. Judd (1880). Camps and Tramps in the Adirondacks, and Grayling Fishing in Northern Michigan: A record of Summer Vacations in the Wilderness. Syracuse, NY: Davis, Bardeen & Co., Publishers. pp. 279–302.
^Borgelt, Bryon (2009). "Flies only: early sportfishing conservation on Michigan's Au Sable River". University of Toledo Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1042: ii. "By the 1890s the grayling were all but gone due in part to over fishing, commercial lumbering and the introduction of non-native brook trout.
^Sparhawk, William Norwood; Brush, Warren David (1929). The Economic Aspects of Forest Destruction in Northern Michigan. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 8. As early as 1885 depletion of the accessible pine began to be noticed even in the northern part of the lower peninsula.
^Quinlan, Maria. "Lumbering in Michigan"(PDF). seekingmichigan.org. Michigan Historical Museum. Retrieved 25 April 2016. In 1889, the year of greatest lumber production, Michigan produced approximately 5.9 Billion board feet.
^"Michigan Central Railroad, Wolverine Depot". Detroit: The History and Future of the Motor City. Jun 2011. Retrieved 2019-08-10. By the mid to late 1890s, very much of the white pine in Michigan had been cut and the railroads lacked for traffic. The Michigan Central, the Grand Rapids and Indiana and the Detroit and Mackinac began promoting northern Michigan as a summer vacation destination in hopes of generating revenue from passengers.
^Quinlan, Maria. "Lumbering in Michigan"(PDF). seekingmichigan.org. Michigan Historical Museum. Retrieved 25 April 2016. [Lumber Companies] vigorously promoted the former forests as good farmland"... but experience soon proved that this was not the case
^Erickson, Anne (June 30, 2015). "10 things to do in Michigan in July". Detroit Free Press. Lansing State Journal. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Blissfest Music Festival – Blissfest Music Festival brings together live American roots music, dance and art at the Festival Farm in rural northern Michigan.
^Erickson, Anne (June 30, 2015). "10 things to do in Michigan in July". Detroit Free Press. Lansing State Journal. Retrieved 4 April 2016. "National Cherry Festival – If you've lived in Michigan for years and never been to the National Cherry Festival in Traverse City, you really need to attend the festivities at least once. The festival is scheduled for July 4 through 11 and attracts roughly half a million people every year.
^Erickson, Anne (June 30, 2015). "10 things to do in Michigan in July". Detroit Free Press. Lansing State Journal. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Bell's Beer Bayview Mackinac Race – It's year 91 for the Bell's Beer Bayview Mackinac Race (and year five with Bell's sponsorship), set for July 18 in Port Huron. The longest consecutively run freshwater yacht race in the world, it is expected to attract more than 2,500 sailors, 260 boats and 75,000 sailing fans.
^Slagter, Josh (July 18, 2009). "Record number of teams will compete in 120-mile AuSable River Canoe Marathon"(online). MLive. MLive. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Teams of two paddle 120 miles down the AuSable River from Grayling to Oscoda on Lake Huron in a grueling, 19-hour marathon... The Au Sable marathon, sponsored by Weyerhaeuser, is the second leg of the Triple Crown of Canoe Racing.
^Features, Booth (July 11, 2011). "AuSable River International Canoe Marathon July 30–31 is one of world's toughest races". Mlive. Mlive. Retrieved 4 April 2016. The Weyerhaeuser AuSable River Canoe Marathon is the roughest nonstop canoe race in North America, ranked number seven among the world's toughest 100 races by the website 100.peak.com. The racecourse runs almost the entire length of the AuSable River, 120 miles.
^Perry, Ron. "Producing Fruit for the Home"(PDF). Horticulture Department. Michigan State University. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016. Most MI fruit sites Zone 5 (−20 o F to −10 o F) to 6 (−10 o F to 0 o F)
^Greene, Jay (2013-03-29). "Hydraulic fracturing in Michigan: Waiting for the boom". Crane's Detroit business. Retrieved 6 May 2016. other experts say it is only a matter of time before Michigan's Antrim Shale gas field reserves – estimated to be the 15th largest in the nation – will be tapped in greater numbers.
^Payette, Peter (October 28, 2014). "Drilling for oil and gas is on the decline in Michigan". Michigan Radio. Retrieved 6 May 2016. Drilling activity peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when oil and gas companies went after natural gas in a layer of the earth called the Antrim Shale.
^"Is Michigan the Next State to See Widespread Shale Drilling?". Marcellus Drilling News. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2019-08-10. it's often referred to as the Utica-Collingwood. The Collingwood is two miles (or more) below the surface. Encana and others have been testing the Utica-Collingwood in Michigan
^"Michigan Shale". Great Lakes Energy Forum. 2016-10-19. Archived from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2019-08-10. The largest emerging oil and gas field in Michigan is the Utica-Collingwood Shale, located between 10,000 and 12,000 feet below the surface of northern Michigan.
^"Michigan Basin Geology Makes Michigan a Great Oil and Gas State". Drillinginfo. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2019-08-10. Encana recently transferred all of its Michigan Collingwood holdings, rumored to be in excess of 100,000 acres, to Marathon. Some say the reason Encana left is because they couldn't figure out the Collingwood, however, I suspect it has more to do with the $6 billion investment in the Permian basin and the focus to earn a return on that investment. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has auctioned 120,000 acres (October 29th) in some of the prime Collingwood acreage in northern Michigan.
^Drury, George H. (1994). The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN978-0-89024-072-4.
Cappel, Constance, ed. (2006). Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima. Philadelphia: Xlibris. ISBN978-1-59926-920-7.[self-published source]
—— (2007). The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN978-0-7734-5220-6.
Ruchhoft, Robert H. (1991). Exploring North Manitou, South Manitou, High and Garden Islands of the Lake Michigan Archipelago'. Cincinnati, OH: Pucelle Press. ISBN978-0-940029-02-6.
Russell, Curran N .; Baer, Dona Degen (1954). The Lumberman's Legacy. Manistee, MI: Manistee County Historical Society. OCLC1213029.
Wood, Mable C.; Ingells, Douglas J. (1962). Scooterville, U.S.A. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. OCLC2556377.
National Holden Museum Ford Museum Автомобільна промисловість Австралії — галузь економіки Австралії. Значна автомобільна промисловість була в Австралії виникла у XX столітті, коли на австралійському континенті відкрилися заводи іноземних автовиробників. Першим великим автовиробни...
Medals of the Bangladesh military The Bangladesh Armed Forces award medals and their associated ribbon bars in recognition of various levels of service, personal accomplishments and commemorative events while a regular serviceperson is a member of the Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and the Bangladesh Air Force. Together with military badges, such awards are a means to outwardly display the highlights of a serviceperson's career.[1][2][3][4][5] Militar...
Племена раннього середньовіччя, від яких походять сучасні польські діалекти Польські лінгвісти традиційно визначають сім діалектів польської мови, кожен з яких пов'язано з певним географічним регіоном[1]. Діалекти часто своєю чергою поділяють на говори. Польська мов
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Institute of Technical Education工艺教育学院 (Chinese)Institut Pendidikan Teknikal (Malay)Agency overviewFormed1 April 1992; 31 years ago (1992-04-01)Preceding agency...
Antonino Paternò-Castello Antonino Paternò-Castello, 6. Markgraf von San Giuliano, Markgraf von Capizzi, Baron von Policarini, Herr von Mottacamastra[1] (* 10. Dezember 1852 in Catania; † 11. Oktober 1914 in Rom) war ein italienischer Großgrundbesitzer und Politiker. Er war Minister für Post und Telegrafie im Kabinett Pelloux II sowie Außenminister seines Landes in den Kabinetten Fortis II, Luzzatti, Giolitti IV und bis zu seinem Tode im Kabinett Salandra I.[2] In der i...
Lee Lang, 2012 Lee Lang (* 5. Januar 1986; koreanisch 이랑) ist eine südkoreanische Sängerin, Songwriterin, Regisseurin und Illustratorin. Ihr Lied 신의 놀이 (Playing God) wurde 2017 bei den Korean Music Awards als Bester Folksong ausgezeichnet.[1][2] Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Filme 2 Diskografie 3 Bücher 4 Einzelnachweise Filme 2011: 변해야한다 (You Have to Change) 2012: 유도리 (You Have to Decide) Diskografie 2011: 잘 알지도 못하면서, EP, Somoim Records (...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) وضيحه العليا تقسيم إداري البلد اليمن مديرية مديرية شرعب السلام المسؤولون محافظة محافظة تعز السكان الت
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يونيو 2020) دوجة عبدون لقطة من مسلسل جمعي فاميلي معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد سنة 1923 تاريخ الوفاة 11 أكتوبر 2008 (84–85 سنة)[1] مكان الدفن مقبرة القطار مواطنة ا...
Синдром Сусака МКБ-10-КМ I67.7 МКБ-9 xxx МКБ-9-КМ 348.39[1] DiseasesDB 32752 MeSH D055955 Медиафайлы на Викискладе Синдром Сусака — крайне редкое заболевание, поражающее артериолы улитки, сетчатки и головного мозга, чаще встречающееся у женщин. Васкулит имеет аутоиммунную природу, и р...
Hrvatska ist eine Weiterleitung auf diesen Artikel. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Hrvatska (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt. Republik Kroatien Republika Hrvatska Flagge Wappen Amtssprache Kroatisch (regional auch Minderheitensprachen) Hauptstadt Zagreb Staats- und Regierungsform parlamentarische Republik Staatsoberhaupt PräsidentZoran Milanović Regierungschef PremierministerAndrej Plenković Fläche 56.594[1][2] km² Einwohnerzahl 3.829.989(Stand 31. Dezember 2021)[3...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع دانيال لانغ (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) دانيال لانغ معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 أغسطس 1971 (52 سنة) مواطنة سويسرا الحياة العملية المهنة مُبارز بالسيف ...
Police force Directorate General for National Securityالمديرية العامة للأمن الوطنيBadge of the National Police.Agency overviewFormed22 July 1962Jurisdictional structureNational agencyAlgeriaOperations jurisdictionAlgeriaGoverning bodyCabinet of AlgeriaGeneral natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureOverviewed byDirection générale de la police nationaleHeadquartersAlgiers, AlgeriaAgency executiveFarid Zineddine Bencheikh[1], Director-GeneralWebsiteOff...
Shopping mall in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lafayette Square Mall – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lafayette Square MallEntrance to Lafayette Square Mall, 2018LocationIndianapolis, ...
2014 soundtrack album by Justin HurwitzWhiplash (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Soundtrack album by Justin HurwitzReleasedOctober 7, 2014Recorded2014GenreJazzclassicalLength54:59LabelVarèse SarabandeProducerJustin HurwitzTim Simonec Whiplash (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the 2014 film Whiplash, directed by Damien Chazelle. The soundtrack was released on October 7, 2014, by Varèse Sarabande and features 24 tracks, which were split into three part...
Hindu temple in Hyderabad, India Bhagyalakshmi TempleBhagyalakshmi Temple, HyderabadReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictHyderabadDeityLakshmiLocationStateTelanganaCountryIndiaLocation within TelanganaGeographic coordinates17°21′41″N 78°28′28″E / 17.36139°N 78.47444°E / 17.36139; 78.47444 Goddess Bhagyalakshmi Bhagyalakshmi temple is a shrine dedicated to a Hindu goddess located in Hyderabad, India. This temple is located adjacent to the city's historic monum...
Girls Cantik dan CerdasKeshya Valerie, Bagas Idola Cilik, dan Valerie Pricillia di sampul Edisi 2 tahun IXEditor in ChiefLucia TriundariKategoriMajalah Anak PerempuanFrekuensiDwi MingguanPenerbitPT. Gramedia MajalahTerbitan pertama24 Agustus 2005Terbitan terakhir30 Desember 2015PerusahaanKompas GramediaNegara IndonesiaBahasaIndonesiaSitus webhttp://girls.kidnesia.com (Situs mati sejak April 2017)ISSN1858-2001 Girls (secara resmi ditulis dengan huruf kapital semua, digayakan sebagai GiRLS...
UNAM radio station in Mexico City XEUN-FMMexico CityBroadcast areaGreater Mexico CityFrequency96.1 FMBrandingRadio UNAMProgrammingFormatUniversity cultural (music)OwnershipOwnerNational Autonomous University of MexicoSister stationsXEUN-AM 860, XHUNAM-TDT 20HistoryFirst air dateJuly 16, 1959; 64 years ago (1959-07-16)Call sign meaningUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTechnical informationClassC1ERP100 kW[1]Transmitter coordinates19°16′9.1″N 99°12′23.7...
Nguyễn Công Phượng Nguyen Cong Phuong di Piala Asia 2019Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Nguyễn Công PhượngTanggal lahir 21 Januari 1995 (umur 28)Tempat lahir Đô Lương, VietnamPosisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Mito HollyHockNomor 16Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2015 Hoàng Anh Gia Lai 25 (6)2016– Mito HollyHock 5 (0)Tim nasional2015- Vietnam 9 (1) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Nguyễn Công Phượng (lahir 1...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Venkatarama Reddy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Raja BahadurVenkata Rama ReddyOBEStatue of Raja Bahadur Venkatarama ReddyBorn(1869-08-22)22 August 1869RayanpetDied25 January 19...
![Map showing the approximate location of major tribes and settlements around 1648[1]](File:Beaver_wars_map.jpg)
![Much of New France's "Pays d'en Haut" (Upper Country) remained unexplored in the mid-1600s; Nicolas Sanson d'Abbeville's 1650 map was the first to show all five Great Lakes.[6]](File:Insel_Kalifornien_1650.jpg)
.jpg)
_(14751712302).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
