Nephrolepis exaltata

Nephrolepis exaltata
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
Suborder:	Polypodiineae
Family:	Nephrolepidaceae
Genus:	Nephrolepis
Species:	N. exaltata
Binomial name
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott

Nephrolepis exaltata, known as the sword fern^[1] or Boston fern, is a species of fern in the family Nephrolepidaceae.^[2] It is native to the Americas.^[1] This evergreen plant can reach as high as 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in), and in extreme cases up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). It is also known as the Boston sword fern, wild Boston fern, Boston blue bell fern, tuber ladder fern, or fishbone fern.^[3]

Description

The fronds of Nephrolepis exaltata are 50–250 centimetres (20–98 in) long and 6–15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 in) broad, with alternate pinnae (the small "leaflets" on either side of the midrib), each pinna being 2–8 centimetres (0.79–3.15 in) long. The pinnae are generally deltoid, as seen in the adjacent picture. The pinnate vein pattern is also visible on these highly compound leaves. The edges appear slightly serrate, linear to lanceolate and glandular. The rachis bears monochrome sprout soups. The leaflets are entire, undestroyed and oblong-lanceolate up to 4.8 inches (120 mm) long and up to 0.9 inches (23 mm) wide. They stand at a distance of less than 1 centimetre (0.39 in). The sori are rounded. The spores are warty and wrinkled. Nephrolepis exaltata forms an underground rhizome that is slim and tuberous.

The species has erect fronds, but Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis' (Boston fern) and 'Teddy Junior' have gracefully arching fronds. This mutation was discovered in a shipment of N. exaltata to Boston from Philadelphia in 1894.^[4] Other proposals for the origin of the term Boston fern were documented by David Fairchild, who stated that the term came from Florida pioneer nurseryman John Soar, who sent the plants to his friend in Boston.^[5]

Range

The fern is common in humid forests and swamps, especially in northern South America, Mexico, Central America, Florida, the West Indies, Polynesia and Africa. N. exaltata thrives in moist, shady locations and is found frequently in swamps and floodplains. The plant can grow both terrestrially and as an epiphyte. It grows epiphytically on the Sabal palmetto.

Cultivation and uses

Nephrolepis exaltata is a very popular house plant, often grown in hanging baskets or similar conditions. It is a perennial plant hardy in USDA plant hardiness zones 9–11. Although the fern may appear totally dead during periods of frost, it will re-emerge in the spring. In general, the Boston fern thrives in damp, but not soggy, soil that is rich in nutrients. Of the common cultivated ferns, the Boston fern is the most tolerant to drought. The fern is acclimated to humid conditions, so when grown as a house plant, it is necessary to mist the plant when relative humidity falls below around 80%. Although the plant prefers partial shade or full shade outdoors, it doesn't grow in shade when indoors and responds best to bright filtered light.^[6] The plant is usually propagated by division of the rooted runners, as named cultivars will not produce true spores. It is safe for pets as it is known to be non-toxic.^[7][8]

Cultivars

A number of cultivars exist:^[9]

• 'Teddy Junior'
• 'Bostoniensis'
• 'Sonata'
• 'Montana'
• 'Green Lady'
• 'Marissa' (a dwarf variety)
• 'Todeoides'
• 'Whitmanii Improved'
• 'Rooseveltii'

The following are recipients of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

• Nephrolepis exaltata^[10]
• Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis'^[11]
• Nephrolepis exaltata 'Elegantissima'^[12]

Invasive species

A related species, Nephrolepis cordifolia (Tuberous sword fern), is frequently confused with this sword fern, and is a serious exotic invasive plant, forming dense monocultures. Nephrolepis exaltata is classified as an invasive alien plant in South Africa. In some provinces it must be eradicated by law. In others, a permit is required to import, possess, grow, breed, move, sell, buy or accept one as a gift.^[13]

References

1. Bárrios, S. & Copeland, A. (2021). "Nephrolepis exaltata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192003740A192138518. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
2. PPG I (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. ISSN 1674-4918.
3. "Nephrolepis exaltata". Plants & Flowers: Plants Database. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
4. Greenhouse Production of Boston Ferns - Alabama Cooperative Extension System
5. http://www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1980%20Vol.%2093/208-210%20(SMITH).pdf Cecil N. Smith - Evolution of the Florida Foliage Plant Industry
6. "Growing Indoor Plants with Success". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
7. "Boston Fern". aspca.org.
8. "Poisonous and non toxic plants for cats - Article on Pets.ca | Pets.ca".
9. VIDALIE Henri (8 September 2009). Les productions florales (8e ed.). Lavoisier. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-2-7430-1667-8.
10. "Nephrolepis exaltata". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
11. "Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
12. "Nephrolepis exaltata 'legantissima'". RHS. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
13. "Alien Invasive Plants - The South African Nursery Association". Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2012-12-02.

External links

• Data related to Nephrolepis exaltata at Wikispecies
• "Nephrolepis exaltata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
• Floridata: Nephrolepis exaltata