Moraceae

Moraceae
Temporal range: 80–0 Ma Cretaceous – Recent
Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Gaudich. (1835) nom. cons.[1][2]
Genera[2]

48; see text

The Moraceae—often called the mulberry family or fig family—are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species.[3] Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their distribution is cosmopolitan overall. The only synapomorphy within the Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits.[4] The family includes well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, jackfruit, mulberry, and Osage orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences).

Ficus retusa (Moraceae) in Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore

Description

Overall

The family varies from colossal trees like the Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis) which can cover five acres (two hectares) of ground, to Dorstenia barnimiana which is a small stemless, bulbous succulent 2–5 cm in diameter that produces a single peltate leaf on a 4–15 cm petiole. These two species have an approximately one billion fold difference in weight.[5][6]

Flowers

The individual flowers are often small, with single whorled or absent perianth. Most flowers have either petals or sepals, but not both, known as monochlamydeae, and have pistils and stamens in different flowers, known as diclinous. Except for Brosimum gaudichaudii and Castilla elastica, the perianth in all species of the Moraceae contain sepals. If the flower has an inflexed stamen, then pollen is released and distributed by wind dispersal; however, if the stamen is straight, then insect pollination is most likely to occur. Insect pollination occurs in Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Castilla, Dorstenia, Ficus, and Mesogyne.[7]

Leaves

The leaves are much like the flowers when analyzing diversity. The leaves can be singly attached to the stem or alternating, they may be lobed or unlobed, and can be evergreen or deciduous depending on the species in question.[citation needed] The red mulberry can host numerous leaf types on the same tree. Leaves can be both lobed and unlobed and appear very different, but coexist on the same plant.[8]

Fruits and seeds

Plant species in the Moraceae are best known for their fruits. Overall, most species produced a fleshy fruit containing seeds. Examples include the breadfruit from Artocarpus altilis, the mulberry from Morus rubra, the fig from Ficus carica, and the jackfruit from Artocarpus heterophyllus.[9][10]

Taxonomy

Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in the family's placement within the Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabaceae, and Urticaceae. Cecropia, which has variously been placed in the Moraceae, Urticaceae, or their own family, Cecropiaceae, is now included in the Urticaceae.[11]

Dioecy (having individuals with separate sexes) appears to be the primitive state in Moraceae.[9] Monoecy has evolved independently at least four times within the family.

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest these relationships:[11][9][10][12]

Tribes and genera

Moraceae is comprised 48 genera[2] in seven tribes.[13][14]

Other genera accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2024:

Fossil genera and species

In addition to the living species, a number of fossil genera have been ascribed to the family:[15]

Evolution

While the fossil record of Moraceae goes back to the late Cretaceous, molecular clock estimates suggest that the family had begun to diversify by the mid-Cretaceous, with some major clades emerging during the Tertiary period.[12]

Distribution

Moraceae can be found throughout the world with a cosmopolitan distribution. The majority of species originate in the Old World tropics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific islands.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ^ a b c Moraceae Gaudich. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  3. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  4. ^ Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 1–620. ISBN 978-0-878-93407-2.
  5. ^ Andrews, F.W. D.Sc. (1952). The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan – Volume 2. Arbroath, Scotland: T. Buncle and Co. p. 260.
  6. ^ Thulin, M. et al. (2008). Flora of Somalia, Vol. 1–4 https://plants.jstor.org/collection/FLOS
  7. ^ Leite VG, Mansano VF, Teixeira SP (2018). "Floral Development of Moraceae species with emphasis on the perianth and androecium". Flora. 240 (Flora): 116–132. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2018.01.009.
  8. ^ TWC Staff (2018). "Morus rubra (Red Mulberry)". Wildflower.org.
  9. ^ a b c Datwyler SL, Weiblen G (2004). "On the origin of the fig: Phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 767–777. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.767. PMID 21653431.
  10. ^ a b Clement WL, Weiblen GD (2009). "Morphological evolution in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 530–552. doi:10.1600/036364409789271155. S2CID 85680800.
  11. ^ a b Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires C, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Zjhra M, Hall JC, Chase MW (2002). "Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnLF, and ndhF sequences" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 89 (9): 1531–1546. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531. PMID 21665755.
  12. ^ a b Zerega NJ, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD (2005). "Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 402–416. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.418.1442. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884.
  13. ^ Gardner, E.M., Garner, M., Cowan, R., Dodsworth, S., Epitawalage, N., Arifiani, D., Sahromi, Baker, W.J., Forest, F., Maurin, O., Zerega, N.J.C., Monro, A.K. and Hipp, A. (2021), Repeated parallel losses of inflexed stamens in Moraceae: Phylogenomics and generic revision of the tribe Moreae and the reinstatement of the tribe Olmedieae (Moraceae).Taxon, 70: 946-988. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12526
  14. ^ Hepworth C (2018). "Moraceae – The Mulberry Family". Florida Fruit Geek.
  15. ^ "Moraceae". The International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 9 Feb 2023.
  16. ^ Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD (2005). "Biogeography and Divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 402–416. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.418.1442. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Read other articles:

Peta lokasi Kabupaten Madiun di Provinsi Jawa Timur Berikut adalah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan/desa di Kabupaten Madiun, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia. Kabupaten Madiun terdiri dari 15 kecamatan, 8 kelurahan, dan 198 desa. Pada tahun 2017, jumlah penduduknya mencapai 727.994 jiwa dengan luas wilayah 1.037,58 km² dan sebaran penduduk 701 jiwa/km².[1][2] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Madiun, adalah sebagai berikut: Kode Kemendagri Kecamatan Jumlah Kelurahan J...

 

 

IFL 2023Prima Divisione IFL 2023 Competizione Serie A (football americano maschile) Sport Football americano Edizione XLII Organizzatore FIDAF Date dal 5 marzo 2023al 1º luglio 2023 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 9 Formula Girone + playoff Sede finale Glass Bowl, Toledo (OH) Sito web https://www.fidaf.org/campionati/dettagli-campionato.asp?id=184 Cronologia della competizione Italian Football League 2022 Italian Football League 2024 Manuale La Italian Football League 2023 è la 7ª ...

 

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2019) بروفسور العربية تأسس منصب أستاذ لوديان اللغة العربية في جامعة أوكسفورد في عام 1636 من قبل وليام لود، الذي كان في ذلك الوقت مستشارًا لجامعة أكسفورد ورئيس أساقفة

SunExpress Deutschland ІАТАXG ІКАОSXD ПозивнийSUNRISE Тип авіакомпаніяДата заснування 2010Завершення діяльності 26 червня 2020Базовий аеропорт Франкфуртський аеропортХаби Рейн-Майнський аеропортДодаткові хаби Кельн/Бонн Дюссельдорф Ганновер Мюнхен ШтутгартРозмір флоту 18Пунктів признач

 

 

1986 song by Tina Turner For other uses, see Don't Turn Around (disambiguation). Don't Turn AroundSong by Tina TurnerA-sideTypical MaleReleasedAugust 1986GenreRockLength4:19LabelCapitolSongwriter(s) Albert Hammond Diane Warren Producer(s) Bryan Adams Bob Clearmountain Don't Turn Around is a popular song written by Albert Hammond and Diane Warren. It was originally recorded by American singer Tina Turner and released as the B-side to her 1986 hit single Typical Male. It has since been included...

 

 

You Are My SpringPoster promosiHangul너는 나의 봄 GenreCerita seruMisteriDramaPercintaanPembuatKim Je-hyeon (tvN)PengembangStudio DragonDitulis olehLee Mi-naSutradaraJung Ji-hyunPemeranSeo Hyun-jinKim Dong-wookYoon ParkNam Gyu-riPenata musikLim Ha-youngNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode16ProduksiProduser eksekutifKim Seon-taeProduserYoon Ha-rim Heo Seok-won Park Heon-jooPengaturan kameraKamera tunggalDurasi70 menitRumah produksiHwa&Dam PicturesDistributortvNN...

Salix chikungensis Біологічна класифікація Царство: Рослини (Plantae) Клада: Судинні рослини (Tracheophyta) Клада: Покритонасінні (Angiosperms) Клада: Евдикоти (Eudicots) Клада: Розиди (Rosids) Порядок: Мальпігієцвіті (Malpighiales) Родина: Вербові (Salicaceae) Рід: Верба (Salix) Вид: S. chikungensis Біноміальна назва Salix chikung...

 

 

American long jumper Olympic medal record Men's athletics Representing the  United States 1932 Los Angeles Long jump Charles Lambert Redd (February 18, 1908 – February 1, 1986) was an American athlete, who competed mainly in the long jump. Redd competed for America in the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States in the long jump, where he won the silver medal. References This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by add...

 

 

For other uses, see BEC (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article re...

Railway station in India Kadur JunctionKaduru JunctionGeneral informationLocationKadur, Chikkamagaluru district, KarnatakaIndiaCoordinates13°33′01″N 76°00′31″E / 13.5503°N 76.0086°E / 13.5503; 76.0086Elevation770 metres (2,530 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysLine(s)Bengaluru - Kadur Jn - Hubli Kadur-Chikmagalur railway linePlatforms2Tracks4ConnectionsAuto standConstructionStructure typeStandard (on-ground station)ParkingYesBicycle facilitiesYesOther informat...

 

 

County in Illinois, United States County in IllinoisBureau CountyCountyRed Covered Bridge (1863)Location within the U.S. state of IllinoisIllinois's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 41°25′N 89°32′W / 41.41°N 89.53°W / 41.41; -89.53Country United StatesState IllinoisFounded1837SeatPrincetonLargest cityPrincetonArea • Total874 sq mi (2,260 km2) • Land869 sq mi (2,250 km2) • Water4.5&#...

 

 

Mathematical values with different meanings by domain The present page holds the title of a primary topic, and an article needs to be written about it. It is believed to qualify as a broad-concept article. It may be written directly at this page or drafted elsewhere and then moved over here. Related titles should be described in Critical value, while unrelated titles should be moved to Critical value (disambiguation). Suppose the data can be realized from an N(0,1) distribution. For example, ...

Peter PellegriniPerdana Menteri SlowakiaMasa jabatan22 Maret 2018 – 20 Maret 2020PresidenAndrej KiskaZuzana ČaputováPendahuluRobert FicoPenggantiIgor MatovičWakil Perdana Menteri untuk Investasi dan InformasiMasa jabatan23 Maret 2016 – 22 Maret 2018Perdana MenteriRobert FicoPendahuluĽubomír VážnyPenggantiRichard RašiKetua Dewan NasionalMasa jabatan25 November 2014 – 23 Maret 2016PendahuluPavol PaškaPenggantiAndrej DankoMenteri KebudayaanPenjabatMasa j...

 

 

2011 studio album by ArashiBeautiful WorldStudio album by ArashiReleasedJuly 6, 2011 (2011-07-06)Recorded2010–2011StudioBunkamura Studio, JapanVictor Studio, JapanPlanet Kingdom, JapanGenrePop, R&BLength75:31[1]LanguageJapanese, EnglishLabelJ StormArashi chronology Boku no Miteiru Fūkei(2010) Beautiful World(2011) Ura Ara Mania(2012) Singles from Beautiful World To Be FreeReleased: July 7, 2010 Love RainbowReleased: September 8, 2010 Dear SnowReleased: Oc...

 

 

Bi-annual fashion week This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: India Fashion Week – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Disha Patani at India Fashion Week, 2016 Salman Khan walking the ramp, India Fashion Week India Fashion Week is a bi-annual fashion week organized and p...

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens EHD1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2JQ6, 2KFF, 2KFG, 2KFH, 2KSPIdentifiersAliasesEHD1, H-PAST, HPAST1, PAST, PAST1, EH domain containing 1External IDsOMIM: 605888 MGI: 1341878 HomoloGene: 81678 GeneCards: EHD1 Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 11 (human)[1]Band11q13.1Start64,851,642 bp[1]End64,888,296 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 19 (mouse)[2]Band19 A|19 4....

 

 

Ancient Hispano-Celtic people Astur redirects here. For the font, see Astur (typeface). The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC. The Astures or Asturs, also named Astyrs,[1][2] were the Hispano-Celtic[3][4] inhabitants of the northwest area of Hispania that now comprises almost the entire modern autonomous community of Principality of Asturias, the modern province of León, and the northern part of the modern province of Zamora (all in Spain), and eastern T...

 

 

Semn convențional meteorologic pentru ninsoare Fulgi de zăpadă Zăpada (numită și omăt sau nea) este o formă solidă de precipitație, care nu este nimic altceva decât apă înghețată, aflată în stare cristalină constând dintr-o multitudine de fulgi de zăpadă. Căderea precipitațiilor sub formă de zăpadă se numește „ninsoare”. Deoarece este compusă din particule mici, zăpada este un material granular. Are o structură deschisă și moale, cu o densitate scăzută. ...

  此条目页的主題是1986年电影《孙中山》。关于其他同名条目,請見「孙中山 (消歧义)」。 孙中山Dr. Sun Yat-Sen海报基本资料导演丁荫楠李叶宇刘宝林监制孙长城制片徐建平、刘丞芳编剧贺梦凡张磊主演刘文治张燕王咏歌配乐施万春摄影王亨里侯咏于晓群剪辑冯慧林严秀英制片商珠江电影制片厂片长150分钟产地 中国大陆语言普通話上映及发行上映日期1986年(中国大陆�...

 

 

Festival in Ghana by the people of Lawra This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (August 2020) Sabre (Dance) Festival is an annual festival celebrated by the chiefs and peoples of Lawra Traditional Area in the Upper West Region of Ghana. It is usually celebrated in the month of November.[1][2] Celebrations During the festival, visitors are welcomed to share fo...

 

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!