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Myrtales; Temporal range: Turonian - recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Lumnitzera littorea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Clade:	Malvids
Order:	Myrtales; Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
Families
	Alzateaceae; Combretaceae; Crypteroniaceae; Lythraceae; Melastomataceae; Myrtaceae; Onagraceae; Penaeaceae; Vochysiaceae;

The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants (angiosperms) placed as a sister to the eurosids II clade as of the publishing of the Eucalyptus grandis genome in June 2014.^[3]

The APG III system of classification for angiosperms still places it within the eurosids; this is corroborated by the placement of the Myrtales in the Malvid clade by the One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative.^[4] The following families are included as of APG III:^[2]

Alzateaceae S. A. Graham
Combretaceae R. Br. (leadwood family)
Crypteroniaceae A. DC.
Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. (loosestrife and pomegranate family)
Melastomataceae Juss. (including Memecylaceae DC.)
Myrtaceae Juss. (myrtle family; including Heteropyxidaceae Engl. & Gilg, Psiloxylaceae Croizat)
Onagraceae Juss. (evening primrose and Fuchsia family)
Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill. (including Oliniaceae Arn., Rhynchocalycaceae L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs)
Vochysiaceae A. St.-Hil.

The Cronquist system gives essentially the same composition, except the Vochysiaceae are removed to the order Polygalales, and the Thymelaeaceae are included. The families Sonneratiaceae, Trapaceae, and Punicaceae are removed from the Lythraceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Myrtales were in the superorder Myrtiflorae (also called Myrtanae). The APG III system agrees with the older Cronquist circumscriptions of treating Psiloxylaceae and Heteropyxidaceae within Myrtaceae, and Memecyclaceae within Melastomataceae.

Ellagitannins are reported in dicotyledoneous angiosperms, and notably in species in the order Myrtales.^[5]

Origins

Myrtales is dated to around 89–99 million years ago (mya) in Australasia; however, there is some contention as to that date, which was obtained using nuclear DNA. When looking at chloroplast DNA, the myrtales' ancestor is, instead, considered to have evolved during the mid-Cretaceous period (100 mya) in Southeast Africa, rather than in Australasia.^[6] Although the APG system classifies myrtales as within the eurosids, the recently published genome of Eucalyptus grandis places the order myrtales as a sister to the eurosids rather than inside them. The discrepancy is thought to have arisen due to the difference between using numerous taxa versus using various genes for constructing a phylogeny.^[3]

References

^ "Myrtales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
^ ^a ^b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, hdl:10654/18083
^ ^a ^b Myburg AA, Grattapaglia D, Tuskan GA, Hellsten U, Hayes RD, Grimwood J, et al. (June 2014). "The genome of Eucalyptus grandis" (PDF). Nature. 510 (7505): 356–62. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..356M. doi:10.1038/nature13308. PMID 24919147. S2CID 4392576.
^ Leebens-Mack JH, Barker MS, Carpenter EJ, Deyholos MK, Gitzendanner MA, Graham SW, et al. (One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative) (October 2019). "One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants". Nature. 574 (7780): 679–685. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2. PMC 6872490. PMID 31645766.
^ Yoshida T, Amakura Y, Yoshimura M (January 2010). "Structural features and biological properties of ellagitannins in some plant families of the order Myrtales". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 11 (1): 79–106. doi:10.3390/ijms11010079. PMC 2820991. PMID 20162003.
^ Grattapaglia D, Vaillancourt RE, Shepherd M, Thumma BR, Foley W, Külheim C, Potts BM, Myburg AA (June 2012). "Progress in Myrtaceae genetics and genomics: Eucalyptus as the pivotal genus". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 8 (3): 463–508. doi:10.1007/s11295-012-0491-x. hdl:2263/58495.