A luxury car is a car that provides above-average to high-end levels of comfort, features, and equipment. Often, more expensive materials and surface finishes are used, and buyers expect better build quality. The usually higher pricing and more upscale appearance are often associated with the users' higher social status compared to low- and mid-market segment cars.
The term is relative and partially subjective, reflecting both objective qualities of a car, as well as the projected and perceived image of the vehicle marque.[1] Luxury brands rank above premium brands, though there is no clear distinction between the two.[2]
Traditionally, most luxury cars were large vehicles, though smaller sports-oriented models were produced. "Compact" luxury vehicles such as hatchbacks and off-road capable sport utility vehicles are more recent expansions of luxury qualities in various cars.[1]
Increasing comfort features, materials quality, interior space, innovations, and or performance have consistently been competitive strategies between car makers practically throughout the history of the automobile.
Several car classification schemes include a luxury category, such as:
Australia: Since the year 2000, the Federal Government's luxury car tax applies to new vehicles over a certain purchase price, with higher thresholds applying for cars considered as fuel efficient.[3][4] As of 2019, the thresholds were approximately AU$66,000 (US$50,000) for normal cars and AU$76,000 (US$57,000) for fuel-efficient cars.[5]
Italy: The term "auto di lusso" is used for luxury cars.[9]
France: The term "voiture de luxe" is used for luxury cars.[10]
Germany: The term German: Oberklasse (upper class) is used for luxury cars.[11]
Russia: The term (автомобиль представительского класса ("representative class vehicle, also translated as luxury vehicle) is used for luxury cars.[12]
Rental cars: The ACRISS Car Classification Code is a system used by many car rental companies to define equivalent vehicles across brands. This system includes "Luxury" and "Luxury Elite" categories (along with "Premium" and "Premium Elite" categories).[13] The criteria for a vehicle to be considered "luxury" is not published.
Luxury cars have traditionally emphasized higher levels of comfort and safety.[14] Manufacturers often introduce new safety technologies and comfort amenities on luxury models before they are available on more affordable models.[15] Some brands, like Audi and BMW have expanded their marketing by "introducing lesser priced and strip-down economy versions of their products."[16]
Luxury vehicles can be a status symbol for conspicuous consumption.[17] However, since many European luxury car buyers shy away from conspicuous consumption, brands offer buyers the option of removing exterior badges that identify the model name or engine size.[18]
The suspension system of most luxury cars is tuned to prioritize ride quality over handling, however, some are marketed as "sports luxury" and have a greater emphasis on handling characteristics.[19][20]
Layout and powertrain
Traditionally, luxury cars have used a front-engine, rear-wheel drive (FR) layout. The FR layout is more expensive to produce and produces lower fuel economy than a front-wheel drive layout; however, it allows for larger engines (particularly straight-six, V8, and V12) to be used.[18][21][22][23]
Some American luxury cars during the 1970s through the 1990s switched to a front-wheel drive layout with transverse engine, due to the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 and the 1979 fuel crises which eliminated many FR platforms in favor of the more economical front-wheel drive (FF) layout.[24] From the early 2000s, several of these American luxury cars reverted to FR layouts.[25][26][27][28]
France was a leading producer of powerful luxury automobiles before World War II.[32] After World War II, the French government used puissance fiscale tax regulations to encourage manufacturers to build cars with small engines, and French motorists to buy them.[32] The Maserati-powered Citroën SM and the Citroën C6 were arguably the last domestic French luxury cars.[33][34] In the 2010s, some French manufacturers have attempted to develop luxury cars, however the lack of a historical legacy has hindered these efforts.[35] In 2014, Citroën introduced DS Automobiles sub-brand to market luxury cars.[36][37]
In the Soviet Union, the manufacturer ZiL (then called Zis) began producing representational limousines in the mid-1930s. In the early 1950s, GAZ joined with the somewhat smaller "Chaika" model range. In 2018, Aurus Motors was established to produce luxury vehicles for the Russian market.
The luxury car phenomenon began at the start of the automobile industry when the wealthy frequently invested in manufacturing such models to gain social prestige.[40] Emphasis was also placed on custom-built coachwork.[41] The 1920s and 1930s were the apogee of production of these very large luxury automobiles from many manufacturers. The significant North American manufacturers from 1910 until 1940 included Auburn, Buick, Cadillac, Chrysler, Continental, Cord, Daniels, DeSoto, Duesenberg, Franklin, Imperial, LaFayette, LaSalle, Lincoln, Marmon, Packard, Peerless, Pierce Arrow, Ruxton, Stearns-Knight, and Stutz. The Great Depression put many luxury car manufacturers out of business; others would hold on before going defunct during the postwar era.[citation needed][42][43]
From 1946 until the late 1990s, Cadillac was the top-selling brand of luxury cars in the U.S., while Lincoln was second.[44] The most successful and long-running model names during this era were the Cadillac DeVille, Lincoln Continental, and the Chrysler Imperial. The Lincoln Mark Series and Cadillac Eldorado were positioned in the personal luxury category, and competition between them continued into the 1990s.[45]
The personal luxury car emerged into mass popularity and affordability as an America-specific category of popularly-priced cars made from the 1950s by the four domestic manufacturers (GM, Ford, Chrysler, and AMC) that reached peak popularity in the 1970s.[46] The cars were stylized, mass-produced two-door coupés or convertibles, relying on standard components.[47] These distinctively styled cars were targeting the needs of individual customers, not an entire family.[48] The longest running model lines were the 1958-1997 Ford Thunderbird, 1956-1998 Lincoln Mark Series, and the 1967-2002 Cadillac Eldorado.
In 1990, American luxury brands dominated, with Cadillac selling over a quarter-million cars, and Lincoln had its best year ever at 231,660 units.[49] However, the market was changing with an ever greater acceptance of smaller, more efficient imported luxury brands while at the same time, the domestic manufacturers were downsizing their models with product decisions that backfired on quality and brand respect.[49]
Since the late 1990s, Japanese and German brands have sold the most luxury-type cars in the United States. However, the Cadillac Escalade has led the luxury SUV segment sales in the United States since its introduction in 1998, with the highest sales for 15 out of its first 20 years on the market.[50][51]
In the 2000s, both Ford and General Motors produced luxury pickups: 2002-2013 Cadillac Escalade EXT, 2002-2003 Lincoln Blackwood, and 2006-2014 Lincoln Mark LT.
In the late 2000s, the Cadillac CTS and Cadillac DTS led to a resurgence in the brand's luxury sedans.[52] The equivalent sedan from the Ford group, the 2008 Lincoln MKS, was also regarded as a significant improvement over previous models.[53] In 2010, BMW was the best-selling luxury vehicle manufacturer by sales, with Audi and Mercedes-Benz the second and third highest selling luxury brands.[54]
Chinese manufacturer Hongqi was launched in 1958, making it the oldest Chinese luxury car marque.[55] Later newcomers joined taking advantage of the rise of electric powertrains, with NEV brands such as Nio in 2014, Lynk & Co in 2016, HiPhi in 2019, and Zeekr in 2021 producing luxury electric and hybrid vehicles.
Several East Asian manufacturers have created sub-brands for the marketing of luxury cars. The first of these was the 1986 launch of Acura (a Honda sub-brand), followed by Lexus (Toyota) in 1989, Infiniti (Nissan) in 1989, and Genesis (Hyundai) in 2015.[59]
2007–2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession
The time of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession was the first time since the Great Depression that the luxury car market suffered considerably, something not seen in previous economic downturns. Many such customers saw their net worth decline during this time.[17][60] For example, some of the steepest drop-offs came at the high end, including the BMW 7 Series and Rolls-Royce Phantom, and in 2010 Mercedes-Benz dropped the price of the W212 E-Class. The unusually sharp decline in luxury car sales has led observers to believe that there is a fundamental shift and reshaping of the luxury automotive market, with one industry official suggesting that the marques no longer command the premiums that they used to and another saying that conspicuous consumption was no longer attractive in poor economic conditions.[59] Additionally, mainstream brands have been able to offer amenities and devices such as leather, wood, and anti-lock brakes, previously found only on luxury cars, as the costs decline.[59]
However, luxury vehicle sales remained relatively high compared to their non-luxury counterparts.[61][62] This was aided by growing interest in luxury vehicles from emerging markets such as China and Russia.[59]
Sales in the entry-level luxury segment remained strong throughout the GFC, due to prices being lowered to compete with well-equipped non-luxury cars.[63][64] For example, in Canada, several luxury manufacturers set sales records in August 2009, due mostly to discounted pricing on entry-level luxury vehicles.[65][66]
Some auto manufacturers market their luxury models using the same marque as the rest of their line. Others have created a separate marque (e.g. Lexus, launched by Toyota in 1989)[72] or purchased one (e.g. Bentley, by Volkswagen in 1998).[73][74]
A compact executive car or a compact luxury car is a premium car larger than a premium compact and smaller than an executive car. In European classification, compact executive cars are part of the D-segment. In North American terms, close equivalents are "compact premium car", "compact luxury car",[97] "entry-level luxury car" and "near-luxury car".[98] Compact executive cars are usually based on the platform of a mid-size car (also known as large family car or D-segment), while some models may be based on a compact car (also known as small family car or C-segment).
Executive car is a British term for an automobile larger than a large family car. In official use, the term is adopted by Euro NCAP, a European organization founded to test for car safety. It is a passenger car classification defined by the European Commission.
The next category of luxury cars is known in Great Britain as a "luxury saloon" or "luxury limousine,"[99][100][101][102] and is known in the United States as a full-size luxury sedan, large luxury sedan, or flagship sedan.[103][104][105][106] It is the equivalent of the European F-segment and the German Oberklasse segment.
Many of these luxury saloons are the flagship for the marque and include the newest automotive technology.[107] Several models are available in long-wheelbase versions, which provide additional rear legroom and may have a higher level of standard features.[108]
Luxury cars costing over US$100,000 (as of 2007) can be considered as "ultra-luxury cars".[113] Examples include the Rolls-Royce Phantom, Maybach 57 and 62, Hongqi L5, Bentley Mulsanne, Cadillac Celestiq, Toyota Century, and Aurus Senat.[113][114][115] High-end sports cars which are targeted towards performance rather than luxury are not usually classified as ultra-luxury cars, even when their cost is greater than US$100,000.[113] The history of a brand and the exclusivity of a particular model can result in price premiums compared to luxury cars with similar features from less prestigious manufacturers.[116] Ultra-luxury cars are usually selected as the official state car.[117]
Grand tourers are essentially high-performance luxury vehicles. These vehicles are generally two-door coupes and are made for long-distance driving, combined with the luxury of an executive car or full-size luxury car.[118]
Long before the luxury SUV segment was defined and became popular, the 1966 Jeep Super Wagoneer was marketed at the time as a fully-equipped station wagon.[119][120][121][122]: 3 It was the first off-road SUV to offer a V8 engine and automatic transmission along with luxury car trim and equipment.[123] Standard features included bucket seating, a center console, air conditioning, a seven-position tilt steering wheel, a vinyl roof, and gold-colored trim panels on the body sides and tailgate.[122]: 3 By the late 1970s, optional equipment included an electric sunroof.[122]: 4 The 1978 Jeep Wagoneer Limited was the spiritual successor to the Super Wagoneer and was the first four-wheel drive car to use leather upholstery.[122]: 5
The Range Rover was released in 1970 as a two-door vehicle for off-road durability with few "creature comforts."[124] A four-door version was added in 1981, and the model was pushed upmarket in 1983 by introducing an automatic transmission (Chrysler's A727 TorqueFlite) as an option.[125] The Range Rover had a long-travel coil-spring suspension and an aluminium V8 engine.[126]
In the mid-1990s, the SUV market expanded with new entrants. By the mid-1990s, the entry-level Ford Explorer and upscale Jeep Grand Cherokee were the market leaders for SUVs.[127] The fastest-growing sector of this market was for the so-called luxury SUVs, which included the Jeep Grand Cherokee ... the Grand Cherokee's allure: "This vehicle is proof you can have a true off-road vehicle without giving up luxuries and amenities" with the Jeep providing a crucial new intangible factor for buyers—image.[128]
The SUV models generated higher profit margins than passenger cars, and car manufacturers began introducing new luxury SUVs during the late 1990s.[129] SUVs such as the 1995 Lexus LX, 1997 Mercedes-Benz M-Class, and 1998 Lincoln Navigator were the first SUVs produced by these luxury car brands. Some of these early luxury SUV models used unibody construction, becoming part of the trend moving away from the body-on-frame construction traditionally used by off-road vehicles.
During the mid-2000s, SUVs from luxury car brands grew by almost 40% in the United States to more than 430,000 vehicles (excluding SUV-only brands like Hummer and Land Rover), at a time when luxury car sales suffered a 1% decline, and non-luxury SUV sales were flat. By 2004, 30% of major luxury brands' U.S. sales were SUVs. Crossover SUVs became increasingly popular in the mid-2000s, and manufacturers also began to produce luxury versions of crossovers. The Lexus RX was the earliest luxury crossover on the market, and it has since been the best-selling luxury vehicle in the US.[130] Some luxury crossovers are built on a platform shared with sedans or hatchbacks. For example, the Infiniti FX is based upon the same platform as the Infiniti G35 sedans and coupes.[131] While early luxury crossovers released in the late 1990s have resembled traditional boxy SUVs, later crossovers, such as the Infiniti FX and BMW X6, have been designed with a sporting appearance.[132][133][134]
Despite the increased popularity of crossover models, traditional luxury SUVs remain in production. Examples include the Lexus LX, Infiniti QX80, and Lincoln Navigator.[135]
Research data from the mid-2000s suggested that luxury SUV buyers did not consider traditional luxury cars (e.g. sedans and coupes), therefore the SUV is becoming the key to bringing new customers into luxury dealerships.[136]
Manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Lexus, Buick, Hongqi, Zeekr and Volvo have marketed upscale luxury MPVs as luxury vehicles, mainly marketed for Asian markets.
Luxury MPVs generally have 3-rows of six or seven seats; however, range-topping flagship models may also offer a 2-rows option with four seats, which typically have more features than their cheaper counterparts. By the early 2020s, manufacturers have found additional strategies to improve technologies, such as new materials, new systems, and improving exteriors.
^Kapferer, Jean-Noël; Bastien, Vincent (2009). The Luxury Strategy: Break the Rules of Marketing to Build Luxury Brands. Kogan Page. p. 43. ISBN978-0-7494-5477-7.
^Schechner, Sam; Pearson, David (5 October 2012). "French Begin New Luxury Car Drive". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^Carson, Richard Burns (1988). The Olympian Cars: the great American luxury automobiles of the twenties & thirties (Second ed.). Beaver's Pond Press. ISBN978-1-890676-02-5.
^Rhodes, David; Stelter, Daniel (16 February 2010). "The Great Depression put many luxury car manufacturers out of business". Boston Consulting Group. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022. Virtually all the smaller companies competed in the expensive or midpriced segments of the market. They were highly exposed to sharp drops in sales as demand fell away. They were slow to cut costs and introduce low-priced models. Apart from Chrysler, the small players either went out of business or lost so much market share that they could no longer compete effectively.
^"How the Big Three survived Depression". wheels.ca. 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022. Many of the smaller automakers folded during the 1930s, including Cord, Durant, Franklin, Peerless, Pierce-Arrow and Stutz. Others survived the Depression, but were so damaged they eventually went out of business, including Graham-Paige, Hudson, Nash, Packard, Studebaker and Willys-Overland.
^"This is Volvo". media.volvocars.com. 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022. Volvo Car Group (Volvo Cars) is owned by Zhejiang Geely Holding (Geely Holding) of China.
^Frankel, Ernst G. (2006). Challenging American Leadership: Impact of National Quality on Risk of Losing Leadership. Springer-Verlag. p. 35. ISBN978-1-4020-4892-0.
^Gross, Ken (1 September 2000). "Lexus The Truckmaker". Automotive Industries. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
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