Livia (r. 27 BC – AD 14), as wife of Augustus, was the first and longest-reigning empress.
The term Roman empress usually refers to the consorts of the Roman emperors, the rulers of the Roman Empire. The duties, power and influence of empresses varied depending on the time period, contemporary politics and the personalities of their husband and themselves. Empresses were typically highly regarded and respected, and many wielded great influence over imperial affairs. Several empresses served as regents on behalf of their husbands or sons and a handful ruled as empresses regnant, governing in their own right without a husband.
There was no single official term for the position of "empress" in Ancient Rome. Consorts were usually given the Latin title of augusta (Greek: αὐγούστα, augoústa), the female form of the title augustus. Insofar as augustus is understood as meaning "emperor", then a given woman could not become "empress" until being named augusta.[1] However, not all consorts were given the title by their husbands. The title was sometimes given to other female members of the family, so empress and augusta are not always treated as synonyms. Another title often used was caesaraea (Greek: καισᾰ́ρειᾰ, kaisáreia), the female form of caesar. In Greek, a common title was βᾰσῐ́λῐσσᾰ (basílissa), the female form of basileus, and αὐτοκράτειρα (autokráteira), the female form of autokrator (the Greek equivalent to imperator). In the third century, empresses could also receive various honorific titles, such as māter castrōrum "mother of the castra" and māter patriae "mother of the fatherland".
Given that there were sometimes more than one concurrent Roman emperor, there were also sometimes two or more concurrent Roman empresses. For most of the period from 286 to 480, the Roman Empire, though remaining a single polity, was administratively divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Through most of this period, the separated imperial courts had their own lines of succession, and as a result their own sequences of concurrent Roman empresses. The western empire fell in the late 5th century, its final empress being the wife of Emperor Julius Nepos. The eastern empire, often referred to as the 'Byzantine Empire' by modern historians, endured for almost another millennium until its fall through the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The final empress of the east, and final Roman empress overall, was Maria of Trebizond, wife of Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. In addition to basílissa and autokráteira, many later eastern empresses bore the title δέσποινα (déspoina), the female form of the male title despotes, a common title in the later empire.
Though the constitutional power of empresses was never defined, it was generally accepted that their coronation, performed after that of their husbands, granted them some imperial power. Often, their primary duties were to oversee the organization of ceremonies at the imperial court as well as to partake in imperial and religious affairs. Although governmental power was most often vested only in the emperor, empresses could gain significant authority as regents for young children or when their husbands were absent. Though they were bound by the wishes and temperaments of their husbands, empress consorts could at times also effectively become influential co-regents. In some cases, emperors reinforced their legitimacy through marrying the daughter of a previous emperor. In such cases, empresses sometimes stressed their dynastic legitimacy, greater than that of their husbands, to achieve great influence. Several influential consorts, such as Theodora, wife of Justinian I, and Euphrosyne, wife of Alexios III, held their own courts. Empresses who ruled in their own right, such as Irene and Zoë Porphyrogenita, sometimes adopted male titles such as basileus and autokrator to illustrate their power.[2]
Second wife of Caligula; forced to marry him immediately after her marriage to Gaius Calpurnius Piso. After the divorce they were both exiled for alleged adultery. Probably the shortest-reigning empress.
Summer 39 – 24 January 41 (about 1 year and a half)
Born on 3 June of an unknown date, married to another man before becoming Caligula's mistress. Murdered alongside Caligula and their daughter Julia Drusilla
30/32 AD – early Summer 65 (aged 33–35)
Daughter of Titus Ollius; married Rufrius Crispinus c. 50, then the future emperor Otho in 58. Named augusta shortly after Claudia's birth in January 63, posthumously deified.
14 September 81 – 18 September 96 (15 years and 4 days)
11 February 50/55 – c. 126 (aged approx. 70–76)
Daughter of general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, first married to senator Lucius Aelius Aelianus. Named augusta after her marriage to Domitian.
28 January 98 – 11 August 117 (19 years, 6 months and 14 days)
c. 70 (?) – c. 123 (aged approx. 53)
Daughter of Lucius Pompeius, named augusta around 105, posthumously deified. She was interested in Epicurean philosophical school. May have been involved in the appointment of Hadrian as successor
15/30 August c. 48 – 29 August 122 (aged approx. 74)
Sister of Trajan. She was given the title of augusta, but apparently did not immediately accept it
c. 85 – 136/137 (aged approx. 52)
Daughter of senator Lucius Vibius Sabinus, married Hadrian around 100, named augusta around 119, posthumously deified.
10 July 138 – late October 140 (2 years and 3 months)
c. 97[d] – late October 140 (aged approx. 43)
Daughter of Marcus Annius Verus the Elder, married Antoninus around 120, named augusta in 138, posthumously deified
c. 130[d] – 176 (aged approx. 46)
Daughter of Antoninus Pius, betrothed to Lucius Verus on 25 February 138, married Marcus Aurelius on 13 May (?) 145. Named augusta on 1 December 147 and mater castrorum (mother of the castra) in 174, posthumously deified.
7 March 149 – 181/182 (aged 32–33)
Daughter of Marcus Aurelius, betrothed to Lucius Verus in 161, named augusta shortly after the marriage. Exiled to Capri and executed by Commodus.
9 April 193 – 4 February 211 (17 years, 9 months and 26 days)
October/December c. 170 – April 217 (aged approx. 47)
Daughter of Julius Bassianus, high priest of the Elagabal cult. Married Severus in 185, named augusta on 1 June 193, posthumously deified. After 211 she held the title of mater castrorum et senatus et patriae.
Possibly a daughter of Ulpius Crinitus. Sometimes said to have been empress regnant between the death of Aurelian and the accession of Tacitus, but this has been refuted by modern historians.
Daughter of Diocletian and (probably) Prisca; married Galerius after his elevation as caesar in 293, styled as augusta and mater castrorum. Exiled alongside her mother by Maximinus Daza, and later executed by Licinius
c. 290 (?) – Summer 326 (aged approx. 36)
Daughter of Maximian and Eutropia, named augusta after Constantine's victory over Licinius in 324. Executed for adultery with her stepson, Crispus.
27 April 395 – 6 October 404 (9 years, 5 months and 9 days)
Daughter of the Frank Bauto. An influential woman in court, she became de facto co-regent on 9 January 400, when she was proclaimed augusta following the fall of Eutropius (which was orchestrated by Eudoxia herself)
7 June 421 – 28 July 450 (29 years, 1 month and 21 days)
c. 400 – 20 October 460 (aged approx. 60)
Born as "Athenais", daughter of Leontius, a philosopher. Proclaimed augusta on 2 January 423. Remembered for her numerous writings.
8 February – 2 September 421 (7 months lacking 6 days)
388 – 27 November 450 (aged approx. 72)
Daughter of Theodosius I and Galla. Originally married the Visigothic king Athaulf, married Constantius on 1 January 417. She later served as regent for her son Valentinian III alongside Aetius.
29 October 437 – 31 May 455 (17 years, 7 months and 2 days)
422 – c. 493 (aged approx. 71)
Daughter of Theodosius II and Eudocia. Forced to marry Maximus after the murder of Valentinian. Taken to Africa after the sack of Rome, was freed in about 462.
19 January 399 – July 453 (aged 55)
Daughter of Arcadius and Eudoxia, proclaimed augusta and regent of Theodosius II on 4 July 414. She was influential in the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon. Married Marcian after his election as emperor by Aspar.
During the later 'Byzantine' period, all empresses (unless noted) received the title augusta; whether it was still considered a formal title or just a synonym to "empress" is not known.
7 February 457 – 18 January 474 (16 years, 11 months and 11 days)
Sister of Basiliscus. Plotted against Emperor Zeno with Patricius, but was betrayed by Basiliscus. Her son-in-law Marcian rebelled in 479 and she herself rebelled alongside Leontius in 484; she died during the ensuing war, probably in 484.
29 January 474 – late 515 (39 years and a few months)
Daughter of Leo I and Verina, married Zeno in 466/467. A very influential woman in court, she elected Anastasius as successor and married him immediately after Zeno's death. The third longest-reigning empress, after Helena Lekapene and Livia.
1 April 527 – 28 June 548 (21 years, 2 months and 27 days)
c. 497 – 28 June 528 (aged approx. 40)
Daughter of Acacius and a dancer; aunt of Euphemia, married Justinian c. 524. Although their union caused much scandal, she became one of Justinian's main advisers and took an active role in government.
14 November 565 – 5 October 578 (12 years, 10 months and 21 days)
Niece of Theodora. Became de facto ruler after Justin's mental collapse in 573. Exiled after plotting against Tiberius II, but later recalled to help him choose his successor. Still alive by 601.
26 September 578 – 14 August 582 (3 years, 10 months and 19 days)
Had already been a widow before marrying Tiberius sometime before his appointment as caesar in 574. Initially opposed by Sophia, she later became the mother-in-law of Maurice and died sometime after, perhaps in 593.
13 August 582 – 27 November 602 (20 years, 3 months and 14 days)
Daughter of Tiberius II and Anastasia. Married caesar Maurice on Tiberius' deathbed. Exiled after Maurice's execution, tried to plot against Phocas but was eventually killed in 605.
Daughter of Martinus and niece of Heraclius himself, which led to much controversy. Became de facto ruler after Constantine's death as the regent of the young Heraclonas. Deposed, mutilated, and exiled by Valentinus in favor of Constans II, who was also a minor at the time.
Daughter of Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius), married Constantine in early 630 (or late 629). Regent during the early reign of her son Constans II. Not recorded as augusta
c. 21 August 705 – 4 November 711 (c. 6 years, 2 months and 14 days)
The first foreign-born empress. Sister of Busir, Khagan of Khazaria. Became Justinian's second wife during his exile in 703; crowned[n] alongside her son Tiberius in 705.
3 November 769 – 31 October 802 (33 years lacking 3 days)
c. 752 – 9 August 803 (aged approx. 51)
A member of the Sarantapechos family; crowned on 17 December 769. Became de facto ruler after Leo's death as her son's regent. Ended the First iconoclasm with the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. She took full power after deposing and blinding her son on 19 August 797. She was herself deposed and banished in 802, later dying of natural causes.
20 December 807 – 2 October 811 (3 years, 9 months and 12 days)
A relative of Irene of Athens, considered as a candidate for the throne after Staurakios' defeat at the Battle of Pliska, retired as a nun alongside him; not recorded as augusta
Daughter of Constantine VI and Maria, became a nun after the fall of Irene, but was later recalled and married Michael, perhaps at the age of 50. Still alive by 836.
5 June 830 – 15 March 856 (25 years, 9 months and 10 days)
c. 815 – c. 867 (aged approx. 52)
Became de facto ruler on 20 January 842, as regent of her infant son Michael III, alongside Theoktistos. Ended the Second iconoclasm in 843. Deposed and exiled by her son after forcing him to marry Eudokia Dekapolitissa. They both reconciled shortly before Michael's death.
Daughter of Theophilos and Theodora, named augusta alongside her sisters Anna and Anastasia. Appeared to have been associated to the imperial office with an even higher status than Michael. She later became a mistress to Basil I, but was sidelined after he married.
c. 840 – 882 (aged approx. 42)
Daughter of Inger (senator); former lover of Michael III, who married her to Basil shortly before his coronation as co-emperor; not recorded as augusta
9 January 906 – 11 May 912 (5 years, 4 months and 2 days)
A relative of writer Theophanes and general Himerios, originally a concubine of Leo. She was expelled after Leo's death, but returned and deposed the regency of Patriarch Nicholas in February/March 914, ruling on behalf of her son Constantine VII. She was sidelined after the rise of Romanos I in 919 and was forced to become a nun.
4 May 919 – 9 November 959 (40 years, 6 months and 5 days)
April 907 – 19 September 961 (aged 54)
Daughter of Romanos I and Theodora, married shortly after Romanos' coup; crowned after Theodora's death. Became very influential in court until Constantine became sole ruler (945), later dying of an illness. The second longest-reigning empress.
Daughter of Hugh of Italy, born as "Bertha". Betrothed to Romanos II in September 944, she died in 949, aged no more than 10 years old. She is not recorded as augusta
c. 940 – c. 980 (?) (aged approx. 40)
Daughter of Krateros and Maria. Married Nikephoros II on 20 September 963, shortly after his coup. Skylitzes accuses her of poisoning Romanos, but this seems to be a later invention, as Leo the Deacon states that he died of an illness. She did, however, conspire with John Tzimiskes to murder Nikephoros. She is last mentioned in 978.
c. 978 – 1050 (aged approx. 72)
Daughter of Constantine VIII, probably ordered the murder of Romanos III. Ruled in her own right alongside Theodora from Michael V's deposition until her marriage to Constantine IX (21 April–11 June 1042). After this she had little involvement in politics, later dying of natural causes.
21 April 1042 – 31 August 1056 (14 years, 4 months and 10 days)
c. 980 – 31 August 1056 (aged approx. 76)
Sister of Zoe, proclaimed co-empress during the revolt that deposed Michael V in 1042. Sidelined after Zoë's marriage to Constantine IX, returned as empress regnant after the latter's death on 11 January 1055. Died of natural causes shortly after appointing Michael VI as her successor.
Daughter of John Makrembolites and niece of Patriarch Michael I, born c. 1030, married Constantine c. 1049; de facto ruler in 1067 on behalf of her son Michael VII between Constantine's death (23 November) and her marriage to Romanos (1 January). She resumed her regency in October 1071, after Romanos' fall, but was expelled and forced to become a nun. She was later recalled by Nikephoros III in 1078.
c. 1052 / 1056 – 1118 (aged 62–66)
Daughter of Bagrat IV of Georgia. Married Nikephoros shortly after the deposition of Michael VII in April 1078. Spent her last days in a Georgian monastery.
25 December 1161 – 24 September 1180 (18 years and 9 months)
1140s – late 1182 (aged approx. 35–40)
Daughter of Raymond of Poitiers. Became a nun after Manuel's death under the name "Xene", but acted as de facto ruler as the regent of Alexios II. She was executed after the coup of Andronikos I.
8 April 1195 – 18 July 1203 (8 years, 3 months and 10 days)
Daughter of Andronikos Kamateros and relative of caesarJohn Doukas and the Komnenoi. Effectively ruled the Empire on behalf of her husband. She was captured by the Crusaders in 1204, but was later released in 1209/10.
Note: Roman rule in Constantinople was interrupted with the capture of the city by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Though the crusaders created a new line of Latin emperors in the city, modern historians recognize the line of emperors of the Laskaris dynasty, reigning in Empire of Nicaea, as the legitimate Roman emperors during this period as the Nicene Empire eventually retook Constantinople. For the other lines of empresses, see List of empresses of the Byzantine successor states.
Irene Laskarina is called augusta on her seal, but it is not known if the honorific was used by other empresses too.
Daughter of Theodore I and Anna Komnene Angelina. She married Andronikos Palaiologos in February 1216, but he died shortly after. Irene should have married John very soon after, for Theodore II was born in 1221. She had an accident after his birth and retired under the monastic name "Eugenia".
The honorific augusta appears on the seals of Theodora, Yolande-Irene, Rita-Maria and Anna of Savoy,[183] as well as on a miniature depicting Helena Dragaš. Given that no seals or documents of other empresses have survived, it is not known if all of them used the title, although it's most likely they did.
1272/1273 – 1317 (aged 44 or 45)
Daughter of William VII of Montferrat and granddaughter of Alfonso X of Castile. Proposed the idea of splitting the realm between her sons, but this was rejected by Andronikos and she retired to Thessalonica.
October 1326 – 15 June 1341 (14 years and 8 months)
c. 1306 – 1365/6 (aged approx. 58–59)
Daughter of Amadeus VI of Savoy. Became de facto ruler after Andronikos' death, as regent of the infant John V. The regency was overthrown by John VI in 1347, but she was allowed to have her own court at Thessalonica. Died years later under the monastic name "Anastasia".
8 February 1347 – 10 December 1354 (7 years, 10 months and 2 days)
Daughter of Andronikos Asen and granddaughter of Irene Palaiologina, married John in 1318, proclaimed empress alongside him in October 1341. She had an active role in military affairs, even commanding the defenses of Constantinople twice. She retired to a monastery alongside her husband under the name "Eugenia", dying sometime before 1379.
28 May 1347 – 12 August 1376 (29 years, 3 months and 14 days)
May 1381 – 16 February 1391 (9 years and 9 month)[ag]
1333/4 – August 1397 (aged 63–54)
Daughter of John VI and Irene, lost her title after the coup of Andronikos IV in 1376. John V escaped his imprisonment and regained the throne on July 1379, but Helena was taken hostage and was not released until May 1381. Became a nun and changed her name to "Hypomone".
spring 1356 – 30 May 1373 (17 years)
12 August 1376 – 28 June 1385 (8 years, 10 months and 16 days)[ah]
1346 – c. 1400 (aged approx. 54)
Daughter of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, betrothed on 17 August 1355. She was captured alongside Andronikos following his failed rebellion in 1373. Andronikos escaped and deposed his father in 1376, but was deposed on 1 July 1379 and forced to flee. Their imperial status was re-acknowledged in May 1381. She became a nun under the monastic name of "Mathissa".
February 1392 – 21 July 1425 (33 years and 5 months)
Daughter of magnate Konstantin Dragaš, arrived in Constantinople in December 1391, during Manuel's travels in the West. She ruled as regent between the death of her son John VIII (31 Oct. 1448) and the arrival of Constantine XI (12 March 1449). Died on 23 March 1450.
19 January 1421 – August 1426 (5 years and 7 months)
Daughter of Theodore II of Montferrat, she was disliked because of her appearance and thus lived in isolation. She divorced John and returned to Italy, where she died on 21 August 1434.
September 1427 – 17 December 1439 (12 years and 3 months)
Daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene, arrived in Constantinople on 30 August 1427. She became a nun shortly before her death in 1439, adopting the monastic name "Makaria".
^Her full name is disputed; Suetonius calls her "Livia Orestilla", but Cassius Dio and later historians call her "Cornelia Orestina". See Kajava 1984.
^Divorced "within a few days" according to Suetonius, but "before two months had elapsed" according to Dio. The latter figure may actually refer to the period between the divorce and her exile, which was two years according to Suetonius.[4]
^Suetonius states that Caligula divorced Paulina "in a short time". Dio explains that Caesonia was Caligulas' mistress and that she got pregnant during this time. Suetonius writes that Caesonia married on the same day she gave birth, while Dio states that she married one month before giving birth.[5][6]
^Commodus was named co-emperor in 177, at the age of 16.
^Caracalla was named co-emperor in 198, still less than 10 years old.
^Empresses during the Tetrarchy often adopted their husband's nomen after their marriage. Diocletian's daughter Valeria thus became "Galeria Valeria" upon her marriage to Galerius.
^Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 317, give her name as "Albia (?) Dominica", but does not elaborate. This name is not mentioned by the PLRE or other sources.
^Empress after Aelia Flaccilla adopted "Aelia" as a title, which was then shown in their coinage.[74]
^Flaccilla is called "Flavia" in a few inscriptions. She probably adopted the name following the accession of her husband, who also used "Flavius" as part of his nomenclature. Emperors after the Constantinian dynasty were often addressed as "Flavius", but it was used as an honorific rather than a personal name.[75]
^Julius Nepos continued to claim the imperial title in exile until May 480. He was apparently recognized by Emperor Zeno, but held no real power.
^She acted as de facto empress-regnant during almost all of Constantine VI's reign. She was banished in December 791, but was recalled and proclaimed empress (and in practice co-ruler) a month later, on 15 January 792.[126]
^The name and background of Nikephoros I's wife is not given in any primary source.[129] Some modern historians mistakenly call her Prokopia, out of confusion with her daughter (and later also empress) Prokopia.[130]
^She stopped being empress for a few months in 1183.
^Theodore II was proclaimed co-emperor in 1235, but was never crowned.
^Some Palaiologan empresses displayed over-complicated surnames, probably as an imitation of their husband's (although theirs were justified by their long ancestry, see Family tree of Byzantine emperors). The full surname of the Palaiologan emperors was "Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos".
^Andronikos II was crowned co-emperor on 8 November 1272.
^Andronikos III was proclaimed co-emperor around 1310, but not crowned until 1325.
^A total reign of 39 years a few weeks; just some months behind Empress Ariadne.
^John VII was proclaimed co-emperor in 1377. He deposed his father in 1390, but was quickly defeated. He was released and ruled as regent during Manuel's absence (1399–1403), although it's not clear whether he ruled as "emperor". He was expelled from Constantinople as soon as Manuel returned, but was appointed "Emperor of Thessalonica" soon after.
^John VIII was proclaimed co-emperor in or shortly before 1407, but was not crowned until 1421.
^PLRE, Vol 1, pp. 222; Kienast, p. 304 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKienast (help).
^Holum, Kenneth G. (1989). Theodosian Empresses. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-90970-0. More likely, the rank of Constantina was a convenient fiction that lent weight to the temporary promotion of Vetranio
Italics indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and bold incidates an empress regnant.
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولتقانة النانو نظرة عامة تأريخ تقنية النانو تأثيرات تقنية النانو تطبيقات تقنية النانو تنظيم تقنية النانو قائمة الهيئات المتخصصة في تقنية النانو تقنية النانو في الخيال هندسة نانوية مواد نانوية فوليرين غرافين أنابيب نانوية كربونية جسيم نانوي طب نانوي ط
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Russian legislative constituency Leningradsky single-member constituency Constituency of the Russian State DumaDeputyGalina KhovanskayaA Just Russia — For TruthFederal subjectMoscowDistrictsNorthern AO (Aeroport, Begovoy, Beskudnikovsky, Dmitrovsky, Khoroshyovsky, Koptevo, Savyolovsky, Sokol, Timiryazevsky, Vostochnoye Degunino, Zapadnoye Degunino)[1]Voters524,220 (2021)[2] The Leningradsky Constituency (No.198[a]) is a Russian legislative constituency in Moscow. It ...
Not to be confused with The Legend of Guan Gong, a 2004 TV series. Taiwanese TV series or program Guan GongPosterChinese nameTraditional Chinese關公Simplified Chinese关公TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuān Gōng GenreHistorical fictionScreenplay byTung ShengDirected byLiu Ming-hsinSun Shu-peiWang Chung-kuangPao ChinStarringKou FungTsui Hao-janChang Fu-chienChao Shu-haiHsieh Tsu-wuChin FungYueh LingCountry of originTaiwanOriginal languageMandarinNo. of episodes54Prod...
SMA Negeri 6 Palangka RayaSmanam Palangka RayaInformasiDidirikan3 Februari 2003JenisNegeriAkreditasiTerakreditasi ANomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional30203500Kepala SekolahAdriansyahJumlah kelas15Jurusan atau peminatanMIPA, IPS dan IBBRentang kelasX, XI, dan XIIKurikulumKurikulum 2013Kurikulum MerdekaJumlah siswa459 (November 2023)[1]StatusSekolah Standar NasionalAlamatLokasiJl. Tjilik Riwut Km. 29,5, Tumbang Tahai, Bukit Batu, Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah, IndonesiaSitus&...
2002 video game This article is about the 2002 video game. For the 2020 remake of the game, see Mafia: Definitive Edition. For the video game series, see Mafia (series). 2002 video gameMafiaDeveloper(s)Illusion SoftworksPublisher(s)Gathering of Developers[a]Director(s)Petr VochozkaDaniel VávraProducer(s)Lukáš KuřeProgrammer(s)Dan DoleželArtist(s)Pavel ČížekWriter(s)Daniel VávraComposer(s)Vladimír ŠimůnekSeriesMafiaPlatform(s)WindowsPlayStation 2XboxRelease August 29, 2002 ...
Gareth GatesInformasi latar belakangNama lahirGareth Paul GatesLahir12 Juli 1984 (umur 39)AsalBradford, Yorkshire InggrisGenrePop, SoulPekerjaanPenyanyiTahun aktif2002-kiniLabelSony BMG Music Entertainment - (2002-2006) 19 Recordings Ltd/UMTV - (2006-Kini)Situs webSitus Resmi Gareth Paul Gates (lahir 12 Juli 1984) adalah penyanyi berkewarganegaraan Inggris dan lebih dikenal dengan nama Gareth Gates. Ia mengawali karier bernyanyinya melalui kontes pancarian bakat Pop Idol, tetapi ia hanya...
1999 Indian filmSethuTheatrical release posterDirected byBalaWritten byBalaProduced byA. KandasamyStarringVikram AbithaCinematographyR. RathnaveluEdited byRaghu BaabuMusic byIlaiyaraajaDistributed bySharmasha ProductionsRelease date 10 December 1999 (1999-12-10) Running time130 minutes[1]CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Sethu is a 1999 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film, written and directed by Bala in his debut. The film stars Vikram and Abitha. The score and soundtrac...
BC Wildfire ServiceOperational areaCountry CanadaProvince British ColumbiaAddressVictoria, British ColumbiaAgency overview[1]Established1912StaffingCareerFire chiefIan MeierFacilities and equipmentDivisions4 crew divisionsWebsiteBC Wildfire Service BC Wildfire Service personnel in 2016 BC Wildfire Service (BCWS) is the wildfire suppression service of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is an element of the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and...
Paris JacksonLahirParis-Michael Katherine Jackson3 April 1998 (umur 25)Beverly Hills, California, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanModelaktrismusisi[1]Tahun aktif2003–kiniInformasi modelingTinggi176 m (577 ft 5 in)Warna rambutCoklatWarna mataBiru-kehijauanManajerIMG Models (New York, Paris, Milan, London, Sydney)[2] Orang tuaMichael JacksonDebbie RoweKeluargaJackson Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson (lahir 3 April 1998) adalah seorang model,[3][4 ...
Chinese figure skater This article is about the Chinese figure skater. For other uses, see Liu Yan (disambiguation). In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu. Liu YanLiu in 2009Born (1984-08-30) August 30, 1984 (age 39)Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, ChinaHometownQiqihar, Heilongjiang, ChinaHeight164 cm (5.38 ft)Figure skating careerCountryChinaCoachYu Lijie, Sun YuSkating clubQiqihar ClubRetired2010 Liu Yan (simplified Chinese: 刘艳; traditional Chinese: 劉艷; pinyin...
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