Faustina the Elder

Faustina the Elder
Augusta
Bust of Faustina Major in the Altes Museum (Berlin)
Roman empress
Tenure	138 – 140
Born	c. 100
Died	late October 140 (aged 40) near Rome, Italy
Burial	Mausoleum of Hadrian
Spouse	Antoninus Pius
Issue	Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (died before 138) Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138) Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135) Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger
Names Annia Galeria Faustina Regnal name Annia Galeria Faustina Augusta
Dynasty	Nerva–Antonine
Father	Marcus Annius Verus
Mother	Rupilia Faustina

Annia Galeria Faustina the Elder, sometimes referred to as Faustina I or Faustina Major^[1] (c. 100^[3][6] – late October 140),^[7][8][2] was a Roman empress and wife of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was her nephew and later became her adopted son, along with Emperor Lucius Verus. She died early in the principate of Antoninus Pius, but continued to be prominently commemorated as a diva, posthumously playing a prominent symbolic role during his reign.^[9]

Early life

Faustina was the only known daughter of consul and prefect Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina.^[10] Her brothers were consul Marcus Annius Libo and praetor Marcus Annius Verus. Her maternal aunts were Roman Empress Vibia Sabina and Matidia Minor. Her paternal grandfather was named Marcus Annius Verus, like her father, while her maternal grandparents were suffect consul Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus and possibly Vitellia.^[11][12] Faustina was born and raised in Rome.

While a private citizen, she married Antoninus Pius between 110 and 115. Faustina bore four children with Pius: two sons and two daughters.^[13] These were:

• Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.^[10][14]
• Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.^[10][14] He is commemorated by a high-quality series of bronze coins, possibly struck at Rome, though their language is Greek.^[15]
• Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married Aelius Lamia Silvanus or Syllanus. She appears to have had no children with her husband and her sepulchral inscription has been found in Italy.^[10][14]
• Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger (between 125–130 to 175), a future Roman Empress; she married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. She was the only child who survived to see Antoninus and Faustina elevated to the imperial rank.^[10][14]

According to the unreliable Historia Augusta, there were rumours while Antoninus was proconsul of Asia that Faustina conducted herself with "excessive frankness and levity".^[16]

Empress

Bust of Faustina in the Musei Capitolini (side view; note the distinctive hairstyle)

On July 10, 138, her uncle, the emperor Hadrian, died and her husband became the new emperor, as Antoninus was Hadrian's adopted son and heir. Faustina became Roman Empress and the Senate accorded her the title of Augusta.^[10] As empress, Faustina was well respected and was renowned for her beauty and wisdom. Throughout her life, as a private citizen and as empress, Faustina was involved in assisting charities for the poor and sponsoring and assisting in the education of Roman children, particularly girls.^{[citation needed]} A letter between Fronto and Antoninus Pius has sometimes been taken as an index of the latter's devotion to her.^[17]

After Antoninus Pius' accession to the principate, the couple never left Italy; instead, they divided their time between Rome, Antoninus' favourite estate at Lorium, and other properties at Lanuvium, Tusculum, and Signia.^[18]

Faustina's personal style was evidently much admired and emulated. Her distinctive hairstyle, consisting of braids pulled back in a bun behind or on top of her head, was imitated for two or three generations in the Roman world.^[19]

Several provincial groups chose to honour her while she was empress: a company of couriers in Ephesus named themselves after her,^[20] while a company of clapper-players in Puteoli dedicated an altar to her in her lifetime.^[21]

Death and legacy

Statue of Faustina the Elder at Herodes Atticus' nymphaeum at Olympia.

Faustina died near Rome in 140, perhaps at Antoninus Pius's estate at Lorium.^[22] Antoninus was devastated at Faustina's death and took several steps to honor her memory. He had the Senate deify her (her apotheosis was portrayed on an honorary column) and dedicate the Temple of Faustina to her in the Roman Forum.^[10] Because of this, Faustina was the first Roman empress with a permanent presence in the Forum Romanum.^[23] The Senate authorized gold and silver statues of her, including an image to appear in the circus,^[24] where it might be displayed in a carpentum (a kind of covered wagon) or currus elephantorum (a cart drawn by elephants).^[25] Antoninus also ordered various coins with her portrait struck, inscribed DIVA FAVSTINA ("Divine Faustina") and elaborately decorated. He also established a charity called Puellae Faustinianae ("Girls of Faustina") to assist orphaned Roman girls and created a new alimenta (see Grain supply to the city of Rome).^[26] Her remains were interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian.^[27][28] Certain cities struck coin issues in honour of the "divine Faustina" (Ancient Greek: ΘΕΑ ΦΑΥϹΤΕΙΝΑ);^[29] the most notable such cities were Delphi, Alexandria, Bostra, and Nicopolis.^[30] Martin Beckmann suggests that the coins of Nicopolis might have been minted at Rome and given out as imperial largesse at the Actian Games.^[31] The coins issued in the wake of Faustina's funeral illustrate her elaborate funeral pyre, which may have influenced the design of later private mausolea;^[32] the deities Pietas and Aeternitas, among others;^[33] and an eagle (or less often a winged genius) bearing a figure aloft, with the legend CONSECRATIO (i.e. Faustina's ascension into heaven).^[34] Coins of Faustina were sometimes incorporated into jewellery and worn as amulets.^[35]

A denarius struck in honour of Faustina Major, depicting her temple with the abbreviated legend AED DIV FAVSTINAE (‘temple of the divine Faustina’)

Depiction of Pius and Faustina being borne aloft on the back of a winged figure. From the base of the Column of Antoninus Pius.

The posthumous cult of Faustina was exceptionally widespread, and Faustina's image continued to be omnipresent throughout Antoninus Pius' principate.^[36] A colossal marble head, believed to be that of Faustina and discovered in 2008,^[37] figured as one of several monumental imperial statues at the ancient site of Sagalassos in today's Turkey. In Olympia, Herodes Atticus dedicated a nymphaeum that displayed statues of Faustina and other Antonines as well as his own ancestors.^[38] Faustina also appears on the Parthian Monument at Ephesus commemorating members of the imperial family.^[39] Bergmann and Watson have characterized the commemoration of Faustina as central to Antoninus Pius' political persona.^[9][38] One larger-than-life statue, discovered in situ near the Termini railway station at Rome, appears to depict Faustina as Concordia, with a patera and cornucopia; it would have been displayed alongside statues of Diana Lucifera and Apollo-Sol in baths privately owned but available to the public.^[40]

Antoninus and Faustina were officially held up as such exemplars of conjugal harmony that newlyweds were directed to pray at an altar of Antoninus and Faustina that they might live up to their example.^[41] This was evidently the case in Ostia,^[42] and probably so in Rome.^[43]

The Temple of Faustina is thought to have been dedicated in 144.^[44] It is a grand^[45] hexastyle structure^[46] with Corinthian columns,^[47] possibly designed originally to be a temple of Ceres.^[48] Depictions on coins appear to show a cult image of Faustina seated on a throne and holding a tall staff in her left hand.^[49] Faustina's portrait on coins from this period is often crowned as well as veiled, which may also recall a feature of Faustina's cult image from the temple.^[50]

The church of Sant'Urbano alla Caffarella near Rome, originally built as a private shrine of Ceres and Faustina

The deified Faustina was associated particularly closely with Ceres, who featured prominently on coins of Faustina; for some years, the torch-bearing Ceres was the dominant motif in her gold coinage.^[51] Herodes Atticus venerated Faustina as the “new Demeter” (the Greek equivalent of Ceres) at a private sanctuary he established outside Rome,^[52] now the church of Sant'Urbano.^[53] In addition to Ceres, Vesta and Juno feature prominently in Faustina's coinage.^[54] She was also associated with the Magna Mater and at Cyrene with Isis; at Sardis she was worshipped conjointly with Artemis.^[52]

Sestertius of Faustina Major showing her portrait and Aeternitas

Ten years after Faustina's death, a new commemorative coinage was introduced, featuring the legend Aeternitas ('eternity'); such coins may have been introduced to be distributed at a public ceremony in her memory.^[55]

After Antoninus Pius' death, his adoptive sons and successors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus erected the Column of Antoninus Pius, which dramatically depicted Antoninus and Faustina being elevated heavenward together on the back of a winged figure.^[56]

Marcus Aurelius also built a Temple of Faustina at Elefsina in Greece.^[57]

Faustina continued to be commemorated in certain Renaissance depictions as a “model wife”.^[58]

Nerva–Antonine family tree

v t e Nerva–Antonine family tree
Q. Marcius Barea Soranus Q. Marcius Barea Sura Antonia Furnilla M. Cocceius Nerva Sergia Plautilla P. Aelius Hadrianus Titus (r. 79–81) Marcia Furnilla Marcia Trajanus Pater Nerva (r. 96–98) Ulpia[i] Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus Flavia[ii] Marciana[iii] C. Salonius Matidius[iv] Trajan (r. 98–117) Plotina P. Acilius Attianus P. Aelius Afer[v] Paulina Major[vi] Lucius Mindius (2) Libo Rupilius Frugi (3) Salonia Matidia[vii] L. Vibius Sabinus (1)[viii] Paulina Minor[vi] L. Julius Ursus Servianus[ix] Matidia Minor[vii] Sabina[iii] Hadrian[v][x][vi] (r. 117–138) Antinous[xi] C. Fuscus Salinator I Julia Serviana Paulina M. Annius Verus[xii] Rupilia Faustina[xiii][xiv] Boionia Procilla Cn. Arrius Antoninus L. Ceionius Commodus Appia Severa C. Fuscus Salinator II L. Caesennius Paetus Arria Antonina Arria Fadilla[xv] T. Aurelius Fulvus L. Caesennius Antoninus L. Commodus Plautia unknown[xvi] C. Avidius Nigrinus M. Annius Verus[xiii] Calvisia Domitia Lucilla[xvii] Fundania[xviii] M. Annius Libo[xiii] Faustina[xv] Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161)[xv] L. Aelius Caesar[xvi] Avidia[xvi] Cornificia[xiii] Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180)[xix] Faustina Minor[xix] C. Avidius Cassius[xx]^[clarification needed] Aurelia Fadilla[xv] Lucius Verus (r. 161–169)[xvi] (1) Ceionia Fabia[xvi] Plautius Quintillus[xxi] Q. Servilius Pudens Ceionia Plautia[xvi] Cornificia Minor[xxii] M. Petronius Sura Commodus (r. 177–192)[xix] Fadilla[xxii] M. Annius Verus Caesar[xix] Ti. Claudius Pompeianus (2) Lucilla[xix] M. Plautius Quintillus[xvi] Junius Licinius Balbus Servilia Ceionia Petronius Antoninus L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) Aurelia Sabina[xxii] L. Antistius Burrus (1) Plautius Quintillus Plautia Servilla C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus Antonia Gordiana Junius Licinius Balbus? Furia Sabina Tranquillina Gordian III (r. 238–244)
(1) = 1st spouse (2) = 2nd spouse (3) = 3rd spouse   Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty   lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned   grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants   bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships Small Caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)
Notes: Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. Giacosa (1977), p. 8. Levick (2014), p. 161. Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. Giacosa (1977), p. 7. DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian". Giacosa (1977), p. 9. Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus". Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp. 319–322. Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. Levick (2014), p. 163. It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman. Levick (2014), p. 162. Levick (2014), p. 164. Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. Giacosa (1977), p. 10. The epitomator of Cassius Dio (72.22) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24. Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. Levick (2014), p. 117.
References: DIR contributors (2000). "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved 2015-04-14. Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. ISBN 0-8390-0193-2. Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-15708-2. Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9. Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

Notes

1. An inscription from Liguria (CIL V, 07617) refers to her (in the genitive) as DIVAE FAVSTINAE MAIORIS.
2. D. Kienast (2017). Römische Kaisertabelle. Darmstadt: Wissenschaflische Gesellschaft. p. 130.
3. Levick (2014), p. 169, estimates her birth year as c. 97 CE, while noting the estimate of c. 105 in Kienast (1990). Römische Kaisertabelle. A latter edition of Kienast's book, however, simply states that her birthdate is unknown and then proceeds to mentions Levick's estimate.^[2]
4. Feriale Duranum 3.7.
5. Inscriptiones Italiae 13(02): 43.
6. The Feriale Duranum records the birthday of Diva Faustina as 20–22 September (between 10 and 12 days before the kalends of October).^[4] However, it's not possible to determine if this is Faustina I or Faustina II. A Roman inscription records the birthday of Faustinae uxoris Antonini as 16 February (14 days before the kalends of March).^[5] The text could refer to either Faustina I, who married Antoninus Pius, or Faustina II, who married Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.
7. Birley, Anthony (2000). Marcus Aurelius, Routledge, p. 243. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17125-3
8. According to S. Vidman's interpretation of the Fasti Ostienses (1982, p. 122; cited by Beckmann (2012), p. 22), Faustina died sometime in the range 21–23 October, while her funeral occurred sometime between 6 and 12 November. See Beckmann (2012), p. 22.
9. Bergmann & Watson (1999), p. 6: “Antoninus’s ideological program was based upon his pietas (loyalty to family, state, and the gods) and the most concerted expression of Antoninus’s piety was Faustina’s consecration.”
10. "Faustina I". Livius.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
11. Rupilius. Strachan stemma.
12. Settipani, Christian (2000). Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité. Prosopographica et genealogica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 278. ISBN 9781900934022.
13. K.L.M. (1996). "Draped bust of Faustina the Elder (aureus of Antoninus Pius)". Bearers of Meaning: The Ottilia Buerger Collection of Ancient and Byzantine Coins at Lawrence University. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
14. "Faustina Senior". FORVM ANCIENT COINS. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
15. Beckmann (2012), p. 83. His name appears as ΓΑΛΕΡΙΟϹ ΑΝΤⲰΝΙΝΟϹ (Galerios Antôninos) on these coins.
16. Historia Augusta: Antoninus Pius 3.7 (the original phrase is nimiam libertatem et uiuendi facilitatem). Levick (2014), pp. 79–80, analyzes this passage with some scepticism. The Historia Augusta’s reliability as a historical source is considered to be patchy (see the caveats in, for example The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 2, Latin Literature, Part 5, The Later Principate, E. J. Kenney, Wendell Vernon Clausen, pp. 43, 45, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0521273714; or at Jona Lendering. "Historia Augusta". Archived from the original on 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2015-09-21.).
17. Antoninus Pius declares that he would rather live in exile on the island of Gyaros with Faustina than on the Palatine Hill without her. Fronto ad Antoninum Pium 2.2. However, the "dear Faustina" referred to may instead have been Pius' daughter. Levick (2014), pp. 60–61.
18. Levick (2014), p. 57.
19. Bergmann & Watson (1999), pp. 10, 16.
20. Levick (2014), p. 122.
21. Levick (2014), p. 122. The inscription in question is CIL X, 1643.
22. Beckmann (2012), p. 22.
23. Claire Rowan, ‘Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I’, in: N. Holmes (ed.), Proceedings of the XIV International Numismatic Congress Glasgow, vol. 1, Glasgow (2012), 991.
24. HA Pius 6.7.
25. Beckmann (2012), pp. 32–33.
26. Richard D. Weigel. "Antoninus Pius". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
27. James Grout (n.d.). "Mausoleum of Hadrian". Encyclopædia Romana. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
28. Paul von Rohden (1894). "Annius 120". Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
29. "Faustina I (138–141, and later deification coins)". Roman Provincial Coinage Online. 2015. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
30. Beckmann (2012), p. 75. The spelling ΦΑΥΣΤΙΝΑ was used in Alexandria, ΦΑΥΣΤΕΙΝΑ elsewhere in the East; both spellings could be found in Delphi.
31. Beckmann (2012), p. 81.
32. Beckmann (2012), pp. 23–27.
33. Beckmann (2012) considers that Pietas and Aeternitas are evocative of "the 'spiritual side' of Faustina's divinisation" (p. 19).
34. Beckmann (2012), pp. 23, 28–30.
35. Bergmann & Watson (1999), pp. 17–18.
36. Bergmann & Watson (1999), p. 6.
37. "Head of Roman empress unearthed". BBC News. 2008-08-14. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
38. Bergmann & Watson (1999), p. 11.
39. Beckmann (2012), p. 91.
40. Beckmann (2012), pp. 85–86. The statue is now on display in the Musei Capitolini.
41. Freisenbruch (2010), p. 209.
42. Thus Beckmann (2012), pp. 36–37, arguing from the evidence of an inscription from Ostia (CIL XIV, 5326).
43. Beckmann (2012), p. 37, suggests that Cassius Dio (Roman History 72.31.1) may have been mistaken in stating that such a practice in Rome at the temple precinct of Venus and Dea Roma concerned an altar of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger rather than one of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder.
44. Beckmann (2012), p. 19.
45. Levick (2014), pp. 123–124.
46. Beckmann (2012), p. 44.
47. Beckmann (2012), p. 46.
48. Beckmann (2012), p. 48.
49. Beckmann (2012), p. 67.
50. Beckmann (2012), p. 50.
51. Beckmann (2012), p. 62.
52. Bergmann & Watson (1999), p. 14.
53. Levick (2014), p. 127.
54. Beckmann (2012), p. 71.
55. Beckmann (2012), pp. 63–64.
56. Freisenbruch (2010), p. 210.
57. Archaeological Site of Eleusis-Temple of Faustina
58. Bergmann & Watson (1999), pp. 12–13.

Sources

• Beckmann, Martin (2012). Diva Faustina: coinage and cult in Rome and the provinces. New York: American Numismatic Society.
• Bergmann, Bettina; Watson, Wendy M. (1999). The Moon and the Stars: Afterlife of a Roman Empress. South Hadley, Massachusetts: Mount Holyoke College Art Museum.
• Freisenbruch, Annelise (2010). The First Ladies of Rome: The Women Behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape.
• Lendering, Jona (2015) [2007]. "Faustina I". Livius.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
• Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9.
• Weigel, Richard D. (1998). "Antoninus Pius". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 2015-09-21.