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Hermetic Qabalah (from Hebrew קַבָּלָה (qabalah) 'reception, accounting') is a Western esoteric tradition involving mysticism and the occult. It is the underlying philosophy and framework for magical societies such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, has inspired esoteric Masonic organizations such as the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, is a key element within the Thelemic orders, and is important to mystical-religious societies such as the Builders of the Adytum and the Fellowship of the Rosy Cross.

Hermetic Qabalah arose from Christian Cabala, which itself was derived from Jewish Kabbalah, during the European Renaissance, becoming variously Esoteric Christian, non-Christian, or anti-Christian across its different schools in the modern era.^{[citation needed]} It draws on a great many influences, most notably: Jewish Kabbalah, Western astrology, Alchemy, Pagan religions, especially Egyptian and Greco-Roman, Neoplatonism, Hermeticism, and the symbolism of the tarot. Hermetic Qabalah differs from the Jewish form in being a more syncretic system; however, it shares many concepts with Jewish Kabbalah.

Teachings

Conception of Divinity

A primary concern of Hermetic Qabalah is the nature of divinity, its conception of which is quite markedly different from that presented in monotheistic religions; in particular there is not the strict separation between divinity and humankind which is seen in classical monotheism.^[1] Hermetic Qabalah adheres to the Neoplatonic conception that the manifest universe, of which material creation is a part, arose as a series of "emanations" from the "godhead".^[2]

These emanations arise out of three preliminary states that are considered to precede manifestation. The first is a state of complete nullity, known as Ain (אין "nothing"); the second state, considered a "concentration" of Ain, is Ain Suph (אין סוף "without limit, infinite"); the third state, caused by a "movement" of Ain Suph, is Ain Suph Aur (אין סוף אור "limitless light"), and it is from this initial brilliance that the first emanation of creation originates.^[3]

Sephiroth

The emanations of creation arising from Ain Suph Aur are ten in number, and are called Sephiroth (סְפִירוֹת, singular Sephirah סְפִירָה, "enumeration"). These are conceptualised somewhat differently in Hermetic Qabalah to the way they are in Jewish Kabbalah.^[4]

From Ain Suph Aur crystallises Kether, the first sephirah of the Hermetic Qabalistic tree of life. From Kether emanate the rest of the sephirot in turn, viz. Kether (1), Chokhmah (2), Binah (3), Daath, Chesed (4), Geburah (5), Tiphareth (6), Netzach (7), Hod (8), Yesod (9), Malkuth (10). Daath is not assigned a number as it is considered part of Binah or a hidden sephirah.^[5]

Each sephirah is considered to be an emanation of the divine energy (often described as 'the divine light') which ever flows from the unmanifest, through Kether into manifestation.^[6] This flow of light is indicated by the lightning flash shown on diagrams of the sephirotic tree which passes through each sephirah in turn according to their enumerations.

Each sephirah is a nexus of divine energy, and each has a number of attributions. These attributions enable the Qabalist to form a comprehension of each particular sephirah's characteristics. This manner of applying many attributions to each sephirah is an exemplar of the diverse nature of Hermetic Qabalah. For example, the sephirah Hod has the attributions of: Glory, perfect intelligence, the eights of the tarot deck, the planet Mercury, the Egyptian god Thoth, the archangel Michael, the Roman god Mercury and the alchemical element Mercury.^[7]^[8] The general principle involved is that the Qabalist will meditate on all these attributions and by this means acquire an understanding of the character of the sephirah including all its correspondences.

Tarot and the Tree of Life

Hermetic Qabalists see the cards of the tarot as keys to the Tree of Life. The 22 cards including the 21 Trumps plus the Fool or Zero card are often called the "Major Arcana" or "Greater Mysteries" and are seen as corresponding to the 22 Hebrew letters and the 22 paths of the Tree; the ace to ten in each suit correspond to the ten Sephiroth in the four Qabalistic worlds; and the sixteen court cards relate to the classical elements in the four worlds.^[9]^[10] While the sephiroth describe the nature of divinity, the paths between them describe ways of knowing the Divine.^[11]

Orders of angels

According to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's interpretation of the Kabbalah, there are ten archangels, each commanding one of the choirs of angels and corresponding to one of the Sephirot.^[12] It is similar to the Jewish angelic hierarchy.

Rank	Choir of Angels	Translation	Archangel	Sephirah
1	Hayot Ha Kodesh	Holy Living Ones	Metatron	Keter
2	Ophanim	Wheels	Raziel	Chokmah
3	Erelim	Brave ones^[13]	Tzaphkiel	Binah
4	Hashmallim	Glowing ones, Amber ones^[14]	Tzadkiel	Chesed
5	Seraphim	Burning Ones	Khamael	Geburah
6	Malakim	Messengers, angels	Raphael	Tipheret
7	Elohim	Godly Beings	Haniel	Netzach
8	Bene Elohim	Sons of Elohim	Michael	Hod
9	Cherubim	^[15]	Gabriel	Yesod
10	Ishim	Men (man-like beings, phonetically similar to "fires")	Sandalphon	Malkuth

History

Hermetic views of Qabalah origins

Both Jewish tradition and mainstream academic scholarship understand Kabbalah to have originated within Judaism, developing concepts and ideas from earlier Medieval Jewish neoplatonism. In the mid-twentieth century, Gershom Scholem hypothesized that Medieval Kabbalah had its roots in an earlier Jewish version of Gnosticism; however, contemporary scholarship of Jewish mysticism has largely rejected this idea.^[16] Moshe Idel instead has posited a historical continuity of development from early Jewish mysticism.^[17] In contrast, some Hermeticists see the origins of Qabalah in a western tradition originating in classical Greece with Indo-European cultural roots, later adopted by Jewish mystics.^[18]

Renaissance occultism

Jewish Kabbalah was absorbed into the Hermetic tradition at least as early as the 15th century when Giovanni Pico della Mirandola promoted a syncretic worldview combining Platonism, Neoplatonism, Aristotelianism, Hermeticism and Kabbalah.^[19] Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535), a German magician, occult writer, theologian, astrologer, and alchemist, wrote the influential Three Books of Occult Philosophy, incorporating Kabbalah in its theory and practice of Western magic. It contributed strongly to the Renaissance view of ritual magic's relationship with Christianity. Pico's Hermetic syncretism was further developed by Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit priest, hermeticist and polymath, who wrote extensively on the subject in 1652, bringing further elements such as Orphism and Egyptian mythology to the mix.^[20]

Enlightenment era esoteric societies

Rosicrucianism and esoteric branches of Freemasonry, such as Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, taught religious philosophies, Qabalah, and divine magic in progressive steps of initiation. Their esoteric teachings, and secret society structure of an outer body governed by a restricted inner level of adepts, laid the format for modern esoteric organisations.^{[citation needed]}

Nineteenth-century magical revival

Post-Enlightenment Romanticism encouraged societal interest in occultism, of which Hermetic Qabalistic writing was a feature. Francis Barrett's The Magus (1801) handbook of ceremonial magic gained little notice until it influenced the French magical enthusiast Eliphas Levi (1810–1875). Levi presented Qabalism as synonymous with both white and black magic. Levi's innovations included attributing the Hebrew letters to the Tarot cards,^{[citation needed]} thus formulating a link between Western magic and Jewish esotericism which has remained fundamental ever since in Western magic. Levi had a deep impact on the magic of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

Hermetic Qabalah was developed extensively by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn,^[21] Within the Golden Dawn, the fusing of Qabalistic principles such as the ten Sephiroth with Greek and Egyptian deities was made more cohesive and was extended to encompass other systems such as the Enochian system of angelic magic of John Dee and certain Eastern (particularly Hindu and Buddhist) concepts, all within the structure of a Masonic or Rosicrucian style esoteric order.

Aleister Crowley passed through the Golden Dawn before going on to form his own magical orders. Crowley's book Liber 777^[22] is a good illustration of the wider Hermetic approach. It is a set of tables of correspondences relating various parts of ceremonial magic and Eastern and Western religion to the thirty-two numbers representing the ten spheres (Sephiroth) plus the twenty-two paths of the Qabalistic Tree of Life. The panentheistic nature of Hermetic Qabalists is plainly evident here, as one may simply check the table to see that Chesed (חסד "Mercy") corresponds to Jupiter, Isis, the colour blue (on the Queen Scale), Poseidon, Brahma, and amethyst.

Aftermath of the Golden Dawn

Many of the Golden Dawn's rituals were published by Crowley, some altered in various ways to align them with his own New Aeon magickal approach. Israel Regardie eventually compiled the more traditional forms of these rituals and published them in book form.^[23]

Dion Fortune, an initiate of Alpha et Omega (an offshoot of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn), who went on to found the Fraternity of the Inner Light wrote The Mystical Qabalah, considered by her biographers to be one of the best general introductions to modern Hermetic Qabalah.^[24]^[25]

A∴A∴ and Ordo Templi Orientis

After the dissolution of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Crowley integrated Hermetic Qabalah into his new religious philosophy, Thelema. Crowley's works, such as Magick, 777, and The Book of Thoth emphasize the Tree of Life and Sephiroth, utilizing Qabalistic principles to explore human consciousness and spiritual growth. Thelema's development continued through organizations like the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) and the A∴A∴, which further embedded Hermetic Qabalah into their rituals and teachings, perpetuating its influence within modern esoteric practices.^[26]

English Qabalah

There are various systems of English gematria, sometimes referred to as English Qabalah,^[27] that are related to Hermetic Qabalah. These systems interpret the letters of the Roman script or English alphabet via an assigned set of numeric values.^[28]^[29]

Liber Trigrammaton

In 1904, Aleister Crowley wrote out the text of the foundational document of his world-view, known as Liber AL vel Legis, The Book of the Law. In this text was the injunction found at verse II:55; "Thou shalt obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet, thou shalt find new symbols to attribute them unto"^[30] which was understood by Crowley as referring to an English Qabalah yet to be developed or revealed.^[31] In one of the Holy Books of Thelema written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, called Liber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII -- Being the Book of the Mutations of the Tao with the Yin and the Yang,^[32] are 27 three-line diagrams known as 'trigrams', which are composed of a solid line for the Yang, a broken line for the Yin, and a point for the Tao. By attributing 26 Roman script letters to the trigrams of this work, Crowley felt that he had fulfilled the injunction to "obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet", as noted in his 'Old Comment' to The Book of the Law.^[31] However, he also wrote that "The attribution in Liber Trigrammaton is good theoretically; but no Qabalah of merit has risen therefrom."^[33]

Due to its cryptic nature, Liber Trigrammaton has been the subject of various interpretations by Thelemic scholars and practitioners. It is often analyzed in conjunction with other works by Crowley and the broader context of Thelemic teachings. Its trigrams are sometimes correlated with the I Ching and other systems of divination and symbolism.^[34]^[35]

Trigrammaton Qabalah

The most developed interpretation, known as Trigrammaton Qabalah (TQ), was first published by R. Leo Gillis in 1996,^[36] and subsequently released as The Book of Mutations in 2002.^[36] This system is based on one of the Holy Books of Thelema written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, called Liber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII -- Being the Book of the Mutations of the Tao with the Yin and the Yang.^[36] Liber Trigrammaton (aka Liber XXVII) was called by Crowley "the ultimate foundation of the highest theoretical qabalah".^[32] Correspondences are created with some of the major forms of divination such as the I Ching, Tarot and runes, as well as Greek and Hebrew alphabets, the Tree of Life, Western and Vedic astrology, magic squares, and the Platonic solids. A primary feature of this qabalah is a new understanding of the Cube of Space and its 26 components of edges, faces, and vertices, which equal the number of letters in the English alphabet.^[37]

English Qaballa

English Qaballa (EQ) is a Qabalah supported by a system of arithmancy created by James Lees in 1976.^[38] It assigns numerical values to the English alphabet to interpret esoteric texts, particularly The Book of the Law. Initially overlooked, the system gained recognition through Cath Thompson's publications, which detailed its methods and applications. EQ provides an alternative to traditional Hebrew and Hermetic Qabalah, emphasizing the linguistic and numerical properties of English.^[39]

Various Thelemic practitioners use English Qaballa in rituals and textual analysis, exploring its unique insights into Crowley's work. Ongoing research continues to expand its applications within modern occult practices, demonstrating its adaptability and relevance. This system offers a distinct perspective on esoteric interpretation, contributing to a deeper understanding of Thelemic texts and practices.^[38] Lon Milo DuQuette has praised the system for its innovative approach.^[40]

References

Citations

^ Fortune 1987, p. 44.
^ Fortune 1987, pp. 37–42.
^ Fortune 1987, pp. 29–36.
^ Fortune 1987.
^ Regardie 2000, p. 51.
^ Fortune 1987, p. 1.
^ Regardie 2000, pp. 20–21.
^ Fortune 1987, pp. 238–251.
^ Regardie 2000, pp. 540–593.
^ Fortune 1987, p. 107.
^ Fortune 1987, p. 102.
^ Regardie 2000, p. 69.
^ "Strong's Hebrew: 691. אֶרְאֵל (erel) - perhaps a hero". Biblesuite.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
^ "Strong's Hebrew: 2830. חַשְׁמַל (chashmal) - perhaps amber". Biblesuite.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
^ "Strong's Hebrew: 3742. כְּרוּב (kerub) - probably an order of angelic beings". Biblesuite.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
^ Dan 2007, chapter on early Jewish mysticism discusses contemporary views that Gnosticism did not form a distinct religion.
^ Idel 1988.
^ Barry 1999, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Farmer 1999.
^ Schmidt 2001–2002.
^ Howe 1972, p. ix.
^ Crowley 1973.
^ Cicero & Cicero 1998, p. xix.
^ Fielding & Collins 1998, p. 151.
^ Richardson 1991, p. 137.
^ Sutin 2002; Kaczynski 2012.
^ Nema 1995, p. 24–25.
^ Hulse 2000.
^ Rabinovitch & Lewis 2004, p. 269.
^ Crowley 1976, II:55.
^ ^a ^b Crowley 1974.
^ ^a ^b Crowley 1983.
^ Crowley quoted in Grant 1973, p. 59.
^ Kaczynski 2012.
^ DuQuette 1993.
^ ^a ^b ^c Weiser Antiquarian Books n.d.
^ Gillis 2013.
^ ^a ^b Thompson 2018.
^ Thompson 2016.
^ DuQuette 2020, p. 85.

Works cited

Primary sources

Crowley, Aleister (1973). 777 and Other Qabalistic Writings of Aleister Crowley. York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser. ISBN 0-87728-222-6.
Crowley, Aleister (1974). Magical and Philosophical Commentaries on the Book of the Law. Montreal: 93 Publishing. ISBN 978-0-919690-01-1.
Crowley, Aleister (1976) [1909]. The Book of the Law: Liber AL vel Legis. York Beach, Maine: Weiser Book. ISBN 978-0-87728-334-8.
Crowley, Aleister (1983). The Holy Books of Thelema. York Beach, ME: Weiser Books.
Fortune, Dion (1987). The Mystical Qabalah. Aquarian Press. ISBN 978-0-85030-335-3.
Regardie, Israel (2000). The Golden Dawn. Llewellyn. ISBN 978-0-87542-663-1.

Secondary sources

Barry, Kieren (1999). The Greek Qabalah: Alphabetic Mysticism and Numerology in the Ancient World. Samuel Weiser. ISBN 1-57863-110-6.
Cicero, Chic; Cicero, Sandra (1998). Self Initiation into the Golden Dawn Tradition. Llewellyn. ISBN 978-1-56718-136-4.
Dan, Joseph (2007). Kabbalah: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford. ISBN 978-0195327052.
DuQuette, Lon Milo (1993). The Magick of Aleister Crowley: A Handbook of the Rituals of Thelema. Boston, MA: Weiser Books.
DuQuette, Lon Milo (2020). Allow Me to Introduce: An Insider's Guide to the Occult. Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN 978-1-57863-654-9.
Farmer, S. A. (1999). Syncretism in the West: Pico's 900 Theses (1486). Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. ISBN 978-0-86698-209-2.
Fielding, Charles; Collins, Carr (1998). The Story of Dion Fortune. Thoth Books. ISBN 978-1-870450-33-1.
Gillis, R. Leo (2013). "Trigrammaton Qabalah". In Kaczynski, Richard; Thiebes, Joseph (eds.). Manifest Thy Glory: Proceedings of the Eighth Biennial National Ordo Templi Orientis Conference. Riverside, California: Ordo Templi Orientis. pp. 73–80. ISBN 978-1-490-36534-3.
Grant, Kenneth (1973). Aleister Crowley & the Hidden God. Muller. ISBN 978-0-584-10011-2.
Howe, E. (1972). The Magicians of the Golden Dawn: A Documentary History of a Magical Order, 1887-1923. Routledge and K. Paul. ISBN 978-0710073396.
Hulse, David Allen (2000). The Western Mysteries: An Encyclopedic Guide to the Sacred Languages and Magickal Systems of the World. Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 1-56718-429-4.
Idel, Moshe (1988). Kabbalah: New Perspectives. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Kaczynski, Richard (2012). Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley (rev. & exp. ed.). North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-576-6.
Nema (1995). Maat Magick: A Guide to Self-Initiation. York Beach, Maine: Weiser. ISBN 0-87728-827-5.
Rabinovitch, Shelley; Lewis, James (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-2407-3.
Richardson, Alan (1991). The Magical Life of Dion Fortune. Aquarian Press. ISBN 978-1-85538-051-6.
Schmidt, Edward W. (Winter 2001–2002). "The Last Renaissance Man: Athanasius Kircher, SJ". The World of Jesuits and Their Friends. Vol. 19, no. 2.
Sutin, Lawrence (2002). Do What Thou Wilt: A life of Aleister Crowley. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-25243-9. OCLC 48140552.
Thompson, Cath (2016). The Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primer. Hadean Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-907881-68-8.
Thompson, Cath (2018). All This and a Book. Hadean Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-907881-78-7.
Weiser Antiquarian Books (n.d.). "GILLIS, Rama L. (AKA R. Leo Gillis) [ Aleister Crowley: related works ]: The Book of Mutations, Part I: The Standard Model and Part II: Divination". Weiserantiquarian.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.