In the 1990s, the Heartland institute worked with the tobacco company Philip Morris to question serious cancer risks from secondhand smoke, and to lobby against government public-health regulations.[3] Starting in 2008, Heartland has organized conferences to question the scientific consensus on climate change.[3]: 334 [12]
After the election of U.S. president Barack Obama in November 2008, the Institute became involved with the Tea Party movement. In 2011, the organization's director of communications said that "the support of the Tea Party groups across the country has been extremely valuable."[13] Heartland was among the organizers of the September 2009 Tea Party protest march, the Taxpayer March on Washington.[14][15]
Heartland is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit charity.[16] It reported revenues of $5.8 million in 2018.[16]
In March 2020, Heartland laid off staff, reportedly in response to financial issues; they also removed its president, Frank Lasee.[17][18]
Policy positions
The institute advocates free market policies.[19] The policy orientation of Heartland has been described as conservative, libertarian, and right wing.[11][20][21][22] The institute promotes climate change denial, advocates for smoker's rights, for the privatization of public resources including school privatization, for school vouchers, for lower taxes and against subsidies and tax credits for individual businesses, and against an expanded federal role in health care, among other issues.[citation needed] In addition to lobbying activities, Heartland hosts an internet application called "Policybot"[23] which serves as a clearinghouse for research from other conservative organizations such as The Heritage Foundation, the American Legislative Exchange Council, and the Cato Institute.
Tobacco regulation
Heartland has long questioned the links between tobacco smoking, secondhand smoke, and lung cancer and the social costs imposed by smokers.[24] One of Heartland's first campaigns was to oppose tobacco regulation.[2] According to the Los Angeles Times, Heartland's advocacy for the tobacco industry is one of the two things Heartland is most widely known for.[25]
During the 1990s, the institute worked with tobacco company Philip Morris to question the links between smoking, secondhand smoke and health risks.[3] Philip Morris commissioned Heartland to write and distribute reports. Heartland published a policy study which summarized a jointly prepared report by the Association of Private Enterprise Education and Philip Morris. The institute also undertook a variety of other activities on behalf of the tobacco industry, including meeting with legislators, holding off-the-record briefings, and producing op-eds, radio interviews, and letters.[3]: 233–234
A 1993 internal "Five Year Plan" from Philip Morris to address environmental tobacco smoke regulation called for support for the efforts of the institute.[26] In 1996, Heartland president and chief executive officer Joe Bast wrote an essay entitled "Joe Camel is Innocent!,"[2] which said that contributions from the tobacco industry to Republican political campaigns were most likely because Republicans "have been leading the fight against the use of 'junk science' by the Food and Drug Administration and its evil twin, the Environmental Protection Agency."[27] In the "President's Letter" in the July 1998 issue of The Heartlander, the institute's magazine, Bast wrote an essay "Five Lies about Tobacco",[2] which said "smoking in moderation has few, if any, adverse health effects."[28][29] In 1999, Bast referenced the essays in soliciting financial support from Philip Morris, writing "Heartland does many things that benefit Philip Morris' bottom line, things that no other organization does."[30] A Philip Morris executive, Roy Marden, the firm's manager of industrial affairs, was a member of the board of directors of the institute. Marden collected Key Actions promised by think tanks [31] Heartland's were "blast faxes to state legislators, off-the-record briefings, op-eds, radio interviews, letters". In 2005, the institute opposed Chicago's public smoking ban, at the time one of the strictest bans in the country.[32] In 2008, Heartland's Environment and Climate News ran an article claiming no danger from secondhand smoke,[33]: 8 featuring image of man puffing smoke next to a young girl. In 2011, Environment and Climate News ran article by Fred Singer[34]: 17 casting doubt on United States Environmental Protection Agency 1993 findings of harm.
Climate change
The institute rejects the scientific consensus on climate change,[35] and promotes climate change denial with claims that the amount of climate change is not catastrophic, claims that climate change might be beneficial,[36][37] and that the economic costs of trying to mitigate climate change exceed the benefits.[38] According to The New York Times, Heartland is "the primary American organization pushing climate change skepticism."[39] The institute has been a member of the Cooler Heads Coalition, a group dedicated to denying climate change science, since 1997.[40] Institute staff "recognize that climate change is a profound threat to our economic and social systems and therefore deny its scientific reality," wrote Naomi Klein in This Changes Everything.[41]: 211
In their 2010 book Merchants of Doubt, Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway wrote that the institute was known "for its persistent questioning of climate science, for its promotion of 'experts' who have done little, if any, peer-reviewed climate research, and for its sponsorship of a conference in New York City in 2008 alleging that the scientific community's work on global warming is fake."[3]: 233 The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society in a chapter "Organized Climate Change Denial" identified Heartland as a conservative think tank with a strong interest in environmental and climate issues involved in climate change denial.[42]: 149 Heartland "emerged as a leading force in climate change denial" in the decade 2003–2013, according to sociology professor Riley Dunlap of Oklahoma State University and political science professor Peter J. Jacques of the University of Central Florida.[43] Historians James Morton Turner and Andrew Isenberg describe Heartland as a leader in the "scientific misinformation campaign" against climate change.[44]
Fred Singer was the founder and president of the closely-allied Science and Environmental Policy Project,[45][46] and Heartland is a member organization of the Cooler Heads Coalition.[42]: 151 [47]
"Heartland's influence on national climate policy is at an apex" in March 2017 according to PBSFrontline.[48]
The institute previously employed German YouTube personality Naomi Seibt as an "anti-Greta".[49][50] The institute's president, James Taylor, considered Seibt the star of its "media strategy for the masses" in the "fight against climate protection measures" which "needs a better image"—to "move away from old white men and instead showcase a younger generation."[51]
Heartland's list of scientists said to doubt global warming
In 2008, the institute published a list purporting to identify "500 Scientists with Documented Doubts of Man-Made Global Warming Scares".[52]The Sydney Morning Herald reported that the work of Jim Salinger, chief scientist at New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, was "misrepresented" as part of a "denial campaign".[53] In response to criticism, the institute changed the title of the list to "500 Scientists Whose Research Contradicts Man-Made Global Warming Scares."[52] Heartland did not remove any scientist's name from the list.[52][53] Avery explained, "Not all of these researchers would describe themselves as global warming skeptics...but the evidence in their studies is there for all to see."[52] The institute's then president, Joseph Bast, argued that the scientists "have no right—legally or ethically—to demand that their names be removed" from Heartland's list.[nb 3]
In the first conference, participants criticized the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore.[57][58] In 2010 the BBC reported that the heavily politicized nature of the Heartland conferences led some "moderate" climate skeptics to avoid them.[59]
In an article in The Nation, the 6th conference was described as "the premier gathering for those dedicated to denying the overwhelming scientific consensus that human activity is warming the planet".[60]
The 7th conference (May 2012) was the main subject of the October 2012 documentary, Climate of Doubt, by Frontline, a public television series of original, in-depth documentaries.[61]
At the conclusion of the 7th conference, Joseph Bast announced that the organization might discontinue the conferences,[62] but the eighth conference was held in Munich, Germany later the same year (30 November and 1 December 2012).[63] The ninth conference was held during July 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada.[2][64] The 2015 tenth conference was held in Washington D.C.[65] The 2019 thirteenth conference was held at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C.[55]
"Unabomber" billboard campaign
On Thursday May 3, 2012, Heartland launched an advertising campaign in the Chicago area, and put up digital billboards along the Eisenhower Expressway in Maywood, Illinois, featuring a photo of Ted Kaczynski, the "Unabomber" whose mail bombs killed three people and injured 23 others, asking the question, "I still believe in global warming, do you?" They withdrew the billboards a day later.[66][67] The institute planned for the campaign to feature murderer Charles Manson, communist leader Fidel Castro and perhaps Osama bin Laden, asking the same question. The institute justified the billboards saying "the most prominent advocates of global warming aren't scientists. They are murderers, tyrants, and madmen."[68]
The billboard reportedly "unleashed a social media-fed campaign, including a petition from the advocacy group Forecast the Facts calling on Heartland's corporate backers to immediately pull their funding," and prompted Rep. James Sensenbrenner Jr. (R-Wis.) to threaten to cancel his speech at the upcoming seventh International Conference on Climate Change organized by Heartland.[69] Sensenbrenner ultimately did speak at the conference.[70] Within 24 hours Heartland canceled the campaign, although its president refused to apologize for it.[nb 4] The advertising campaign led to the resignation of two of the institute's 12 board members,[71] and the resignation of almost the entire Heartland Washington D.C. office, taking the institute's biggest project (on insurance) with it.[72] The staff of the former Heartland insurance project founded the R Street Institute and announced they "will not promote climate change skepticism."[73]
Following the 2012 document leak and the controversial billboard campaign, substantial funding was lost as corporate donors, including the General Motors Foundation, sought to dissociate themselves from the institute. According to the advocacy group Forecast the Facts, Heartland lost more than $825,000, or one third of planned corporate fundraising for the year. The shortfall led to sponsorship of the institute's May 2012 climate conference by Illinois' coal lobby, the Illinois Coal Association, the institute's "first publicly acknowledged donations from the coal industry," and The Heritage Foundation.[72] The billboard controversy led to the loss of substantial corporate funding, including telecommunications firm AT&T, financial service firm BB&T, alcoholic beverage company Diageo and about two dozen insurance companies, including State Farm and the United Services Automobile Association.[74][75][76][77] Pharmaceutical companies Amgen, Eli Lilly, Bayer and GlaxoSmithKline ended financial support.[78] Heartland's May, 2012, climate conference was smaller than previous years.[62]
In 2013, the Chinese Academy of Sciences published a report from the Heartland Institute in order to better understand the public debate and encourage discussion of other views.[80] The preface included a disclaimer that the academy did not endorse the views in the report, but in June, the institute announced that the Chinese Academy of Sciences supported their views, and said the publication placed significant scientific weight against climate change.[81][82] The Chinese Academy of Sciences, responding to the announcement, said "The claim of the Heartland Institute about CAS' endorsement of its report is completely false," clarified that they did not endorse the views of the institute, and asked for a retraction.[80][83]
Vatican Council on climate change
On April 28, 2015, the Catholic Church convened a council to discuss the religious implications of global warming. Held at the Vatican and hosted by the Vatican's Pontifical Academy of Sciences, it was attended by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as well as national presidents, CEOs, academics, scientists, and representatives of the world's major religions. The institute sent a delegation in an attempt to present a dissenting opinion. It held a "prebuttal" of the conference and argued that climate science does not justify papal recognition of the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.[84]
After the council ended, a representative (Marc Morano) from the institute broke into a press briefing being given by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, who was reporting on his meeting with the Pope. He interrupted the Secretary-General and the moderator, asking that global-warming skeptics be allowed to speak. After a few minutes, he was escorted from the premises by Vatican officials.[85] In response to the papal encyclical "Laudato Si'", which outlined the Church's moral case for addressing climate change, and in anticipation of Pope Francis' September 2015 visit to the United States, Gene Koprowski, director of marketing for the institute, suggested that the Pope's pronouncements on climate change indicate that "pagan forms are returning to the Church this day."[86]
Mass mailing of unsolicited material to science teachers
In March 2017, the institute's program the Center for Transforming Education began an unsolicited mailing of the institute's book Why Scientists Disagree About Global Warming and a companion DVD to all 200,000 K-12 science teachers in the U. S., with a cover letter giving a link to an online course planning guide. "The material is not science and was intended to confuse teachers", according to the National Center for Science Education.[48][87][88]
Privatization of government services
The institute is a critic of current federal, state, and local budgets and tax codes. Several of the institute's budgetary views include privatization of federal services to a competitive marketplace, changing the tax code to a more simplified version of the current code, and implementing Taxpayer Savings Grants.[citation needed]
The institute advocated for the privatization of Illinois' toll highway system in 1999 and 2000.[91][92] In 2008, the institute opposed state subsidies and tax credits for local film productions, saying the economic benefits are less than the incentives.[93]
Education
The institute supports charter schools, education tax credits to attend private schools, and vouchers for low-income students, as well as the Parent Trigger reform that started in California. The institute supports the introduction of market reforms into the public K–12 education system to increase competition.[94]
The institute advocates for free-market reforms in healthcare and opposes federal control over the healthcare industry. Heartland supports Health Savings Accounts (HSAs), replacing federal tax deductions for employer-based healthcare with a refundable tax credit to allow individual choice over health insurance, removing state and Federal healthcare regulations aimed at providers and consumers of healthcare, and reducing litigation costs which are associated with malpractice suits.[96]
The institute no longer discloses its funding sources.[106] According to its brochures, Heartland receives money from approximately 5,000 individuals and organizations, and no single corporate entity donates more than 5% of the operating budget,[107] although the figure for individual donors can be much higher, with a single anonymous donor providing $4.6 million in 2008, and $979,000 in 2011, accounting for 20% of Heartland's overall budget, according to reports of a leaked fundraising plan.[108] Heartland states that it does not accept government funds and does not conduct contract research for special-interest groups.[109]
Oil and gas companies have contributed to the institute, including $736,500 from ExxonMobil between 1998 and 2005.[79][110]Greenpeace reported that Heartland received almost $800,000 from ExxonMobil.[53] In 2008, ExxonMobil said that it would stop funding to groups skeptical of climate change, including Heartland.[110][111][112][failed verification] Joseph Bast, president of the institute, argued that ExxonMobil was simply distancing itself from Heartland out of concern for its public image.[110]
The institute has also received funding and support from tobacco companies Philip Morris,[3]: 234 Altria and Reynolds American, and pharmaceutical industry firms GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Eli Lilly.[108]State Farm Insurance, USAA and Diageo are former supporters.[113]The Independent reported that Heartland's receipt of donations from Exxon and Philip Morris indicates a "direct link...between anti-global warming sceptics funded by the oil industry and the opponents of the scientific evidence showing that passive smoking can damage people's health."[57] The institute opposes legislation on passive smoking as infringing on personal liberty and the rights of owners of bars and other establishments.[114]
As of 2006, the Walton Family Foundation had contributed approximately $300,000 to Heartland. The institute published an op-ed in the Louisville Courier-Journal defending Wal-Mart against criticism over its treatment of workers. The Walton Family Foundation donations were not disclosed in the op-ed, and the editor of the Courier-Journal stated that he was unaware of the connection and would probably not have published the op-ed had he known of it.[115] The St. Petersburg Times described the institute as "particularly energetic defending Wal-Mart."[115] Heartland has stated that its authors were not "paid to defend Wal-Mart" and did not receive funding from the corporation; it did not disclose the approximately $300,000 received from the Walton Family Foundation.[115]
In 2012, a large number of sponsors withdrew funding due to the 2012 documents incident and the controversy over their billboard campaign. The institute lost an estimated $825,000, or one third of planned corporate fundraising for the year.[72]
According to the organization's audited financial statements for 2014 and 2015 approximately 27% and 19% of revenues, respectively, came from a single unidentified donor.[120]
Funding for the latest year publicly available (from IRS Form-990 yr2020) shows donations at $3,748,445, revenue at $3,779,901, and expenses at $3,593,087.[121]
On February 14, 2012, the global warming blog DeSmogBlog published more than one hundred pages of Heartland documents said to be from the institute. Heartland acknowledged that some internal documents had been stolen,[118] but said that one, the "Climate Strategy memo", was forged to discredit Heartland.[123][124][125]
Microsoft said its donation had taken the form of gratis software licenses which it was issuing to all nonprofits, and Glaxo said their donation was for "a healthcare initiative" and they did not support Heartland's views on climate change.[134]
Several environmental organizations called on General Motors and Microsoft to sever their ties with Heartland. Climate scientists called on Heartland to "recognise how its attacks on science and scientists have poisoned the debate about climate change policy."[21]
Gleick described his actions in obtaining the documents as "a serious lapse of my own and professional judgment and ethics" and said that he "deeply regret[ted his] own actions in this case". He stated that "My judgment was blinded by my frustration with the ongoing efforts—often anonymous, well-funded, and coordinated—to attack climate science and scientists and prevent this debate, and by the lack of transparency of the organizations involved."[135] On February 24, he wrote to the board of the Pacific Institute requesting a "temporary short-term leave of absence" from the institute.[136][137] The board of directors stated it was "deeply concerned regarding recent events" involving Gleick and the Heartland documents, and appointed a new Acting Executive Director on February 27.[138] Gleick was later reinstated to the Pacific Institute after an investigation found Gleick did not forge any documents, and he apologized for using deception to acquire the documents.[139][140]
Idso, Craig Douglas; Singer, S. Fred (2009). Climate change reconsidered: 2009 report of the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change. Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change. ISBN978-1934791288.
^Heartland's president, Joseph Bast, wrote "They have no right—legally or ethically—to demand that their names be removed from a bibliography composed by researchers with whom they disagree. Their names probably appear in hundreds or thousands of bibliographies accompanying other articles or in books with which they disagree. Do they plan to sue hundreds or thousands of their colleagues? The proper response is to engage in scholarly debate, not demand imperiously that the other side redact its publications."[52]
^President Joseph Bast issued a statement saying: "We know that our billboard angered and disappointed many of Heartland's friends and supporters, but we hope they understand what we were trying to do with this experiment. We do not apologize for running the ad, and we will continue to experiment with ways to communicate the 'realist' message on the climate."[69]
^James Hoggan, Richard Littlemore (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Greystone Books Ltd. p. 79. ISBN978-1553654858. Archived from the original on October 1, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2020. Similarly, the Heartland Institute, a small regional think tank in the 1990s, emerged as a leading force in climate change denial in the past decade
^Powell, James Lawrence (2012). The Inquisition of Climate Science. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 10. ISBN978-0231157193. Archived from the original on October 1, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2020. Presenters at the Heartland Institute Conference attacked the findings of mainstream scientists ...
Connor, Steve (March 3, 2008). "Tobacco and oil pay for climate conference". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2018. The first international conference designed to question the scientific consensus on climate change is being sponsored by a right-wing American think-tank which receives money from the oil industry.
Harrabin, Roger (May 21, 2010). "Climate sceptics rally to expose 'myth'". BBC. Archived from the original on October 1, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2018. At the world's biggest gathering of climate change sceptics, organised by the right-wing Heartland Institute...
^"ICCC-8". International Conferences on Climate Change. The Heartland Institute. Archived from the original on July 20, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^Davies, Kert, "Exxon continued to fund climate denial in 2009", Greenpeace Blog, July 19, 2010. "[D]uring the same period where Exxon bent to the pressure on its campaign of denial and cut all funding to hard core deniers like the Competitive Enterprise Institute, the Heartland Institute, the George C. Marshall Institute and others...." Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^Pacific Institute Board of Directors statementArchived February 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, February 27, 2012. The board statement posted on February 22, 2012 stated it was "deeply concerned and is actively reviewing information about the recent events" involving Gleick and the Heartland documents. It was subsequently replaced on February 27, 2012 statement.
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