Goguryeo–Sui War

Goguryeo–Sui War
Date598, 612–614
Location
Result Goguryeo victory[4][5][6][7]
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
Goguryeo
Eastern Turkic Khaganate[1][2][3]
Sui dynasty
Commanders and leaders
King Yeongyang
Eulji Mundeok
Go Geonmu
Kang I-sik (?)
Emperor Yang of Sui
Yang Liang
Gao Jiong
Yuwen Shu
Yu Zhongwen
Qutu Tong
Lai Hu'er
Zhou Luohou
Yuchi Yichen
Huang Junhan
Ashina Danai
Strength
345,000 troops est.[citation needed] Nominally 1,133,800 combat troops with around 2,000,000 support troops during the second invasion of 612, according to the Book of Sui and Samguk Sagi.[8][9][10][11]
Casualties and losses
Unknown At least 302,300 casualties[12][13][14][15]

The Goguryeo–Sui War were a series of invasions launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, between AD 598 and AD 614. It resulted in the defeat of the Sui and was one of the pivotal factors in the collapse of the dynasty, which led to its overthrow by the Tang dynasty in AD 618.

Background

The Sui dynasty united China in AD 589, defeating the Chen dynasty and ending the division of the country that spanned almost 300 years. After the unification of China, Sui asserted its position as an overlord of neighbouring countries. However, in Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, king Pyeongwon and his successor, Yeongyang, insisted on maintaining an equal relationship with the Sui dynasty.

Emperor Wen of Sui was displeased with the challenge from Goguryeo, which continued small scale raiding into Sui's northern border. Wen sent diplomatic papers in 596 after Sui envoys spotted Goguryeo diplomats in the yurt of the Eastern Turkish Khanate and demanded the Goguryeo to cancel any military alliance with the Turks, stop the annual raiding of Sui border regions, and acknowledge Sui as their overlord. After receiving the message, Yeongyang launched a joint pre-emptive invasion with the Malgal against the Chinese along the border in present-day Hebei province in 597.

Course of the war

First invasion in 598

1st Goguryeo-Sui War, 598

Emperor Wen ordered his fifth and youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), and Admiral Zhou Luohou (周羅睺), to invade and conquer Goguryeo with an army and navy totaling 300,000, mostly composed of horse archers.

Yang Liang's army faced the early rainy season when it reached Goguryeo. The unseasonably heavy rain made the army's progress almost impossible and hampered the transport of provisions. Constant attacks by Goguryeo forces and illness inflicted heavy casualties. Coming to the conclusion that the army could not achieve the objective on its own, Yang decided to combine with Zhou's naval fleet and proceed.

Zhou's navy also came across their own challenges, contending with rough seas, losing many ships despite staying close to the coastline. Whenever they anchored, Goguryeo detachments were present to attack the Sui sailors, and Sui fleet suffered a devastating loss.

Second invasion in 612

2nd Goguryeo-Sui War, 612

Preparations

Emperor Yang of Sui, when he won the throne in 604, built the Grand Canal connecting the north and south of China. The south, economic base of China, and the north, political base of China, were connected by the canal, allowing transportation of troops for the massive military campaign.[16]

After the construction of the canal, Emperor Yang ordered the enlisting of soldiers in 611. He instructed them to gather in present-day Beijing. The force gathered by year's end was one of the greatest in civilization according to the Book of Sui, which states that 1,133,800 troops were mobilized and that the support troops multiple times that number. The army began to depart in early 612, and its size made it take 40 days for all of it to depart. The long line of soldiers stretched for about 300 km. The strength and losses may have been inflated by Tang dynasty historians.

Campaign in Manchuria

Yeongyang gave up the buffer zone that he had acquired after the war of 598, as the area was not suitable to face such a vast army. The Goguryeo troops retreated behind what is now known as the Liao River. A fortunate event for Goguryeo was that the river melted much sooner than usual. By the time Emperor Yang arrived, the ice had all melted. Undaunted, Emperor Yang ordered the construction of three bridges across the river. The bridges however, were too short to reach the opposite bank in another fortunate turn of events for the defenders, and Goguryeo's attack successfully held off the first assault. After the extension of the bridges however, the Sui forces succeeded in crossing the river, and the army surrounded the fortresses of Goguryeo.

Emperor Yang ordered his generals before the campaigns not to make individual decisions regarding the movement of troops, but to report to him to receive instruction. The order hampered Sui strategy throughout the campaign. During the strategically important campaign against Yodong fortress, the general commanding the siege had to send a messenger to the emperor for the approval of the surrender. When the messenger returned, Goguryeo's troops had again become ready to defend the fortress. Exploiting that flaw in the Sui system, Yodong and other castles of Goguryeo continued to hold on. By June, five months after the start of the campaign, not a single castle, fortress, or citadel has fallen to Sui. Emperor Yang felt that a fundamental change in strategy was needed to seize control of Korea.

Campaign against Pyongyang

The new strategy was to keep the fortresses of Goguryeo in Manchuria at bay, while sending a contingent of army and navy to take Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital. An army contingent, allegedly with a strength of 305,000, and a naval fleet of some 120,000 were dispatched.

The Sui navy reached the bay of the Daedong River before the army. Seeing that the Sui army had not arrived yet, Go Geonmu, commander of the defence army of Goguryeo at Pyeongyang and brother of King Yeongyang, sent what few troops remained in the capital to engage the Sui navy in battle. After an engagement, feigning defeat, Goguryeo troops retreated into the city. The Sui naval commander, Lai Huni, considering it to be a chance to add to his merit, led a host of more than 40,000 to lay assault against Pyeongyang.

When the Sui soldiers reached one of the outer castles, however, they found the wall empty and the gate open. Upon entering the castle, Lai, considering the engagement in the outskirts a decisive move of Goguryeo that failed, looted and destroyed the art and fortune of the outer castle.

Once the looting of the castle started, the death-defying corps of Goguryeo, consisting of 500 troops, ambushed the Sui troops. Confused and disoriented, Lai ran to the fleet at the sea, his legion reduced to mere thousands.

Sui army's campaign

The army contingent, led by generals Yu Zhongwen and Yuwen Shu, had their own problems. While the supply could be transported safely within China, once it reached Goguryeo territory, there was a danger of ambush by Goguryeo forces. Emperor Yang solved the problem by instructing each soldier to carry food for himself, which greatly increased each soldier's burden. Many resorted to discarding the food. By the time it had reached the Yalu River, the army's shortage of provisions was acute.

Yeongyang decided to assess the strength of the Sui army by ordering his Commander Field Marshal Eulji Mundeok to fake a surrender and peace negotiation terms with the Sui generals. Generals Wu and Yuwen had their own secret order from Emperor Yang to seize Yeongyang or Eulji Mundeok if they should fall into their hands. However, the generals' advisers, notably the assistant director of the Right of the Department of State Affairs, Liu Shilong (劉士龍), convinced them it would be unwise to arrest negotiators from the opposing camp. They ultimately let Eulji return to Goguryeo and Yu Zhongwen later regretted his decision, attempting to lure Eulji Mundeok back. He sent a message that he wished to discuss things further but Eulji Mundeok, aware of Wu's intentions, did not comply.

The two generals argued about the next course of action, with Yu Zhongwen arguing strongly that Eulji Mundeok should be pursued. They did agree that the Goguryeo capital should be captured. Accordingly, the Sui troops began advancing south towards Pyeongyang. Eulji Mundeok maneuvered the Goguryeo troops so that they engaged the Sui army seven times a day, each time faking defeat and retreat. The strategy would draw the Sui army deeper south with the perception of victory. The Sui army eventually advanced to about 20 km from Pyeongyang. Yu Zhongwen later recognized that his advancing troops were suffering from exhaustion, and that fortifications of Pyeongyang made for an impossible campaign.

Yu was caught in a dilemma and could not decide on advance or retreat. Eulji Mundeok sent him for the occasion a poem:

Your divine plans have plumbed the heavens; Your subtle reckoning has spanned the earth. You win every battle, your military merit is great. Why then not be content and stop the war?[17]

When no response came, Eulji sent a representative. The plan now was to offer Emperor Yeongyang to Emperor Yang escort to submission if the Sui army would withdraw. Seizing the opportunity to retreat, Yu withdrew his troops towards Sui.

Battle of Salsu River

When Sui army had reached Salsu (thought to be the present-day Chongchon River), Goguryeo charged the remaining Sui army. Eulji Mundeok defended fortresses against the Sui army and navy for several months and destroyed the Sui troops while retreating into Goguryeo territory. An attack at Salsu (Chongchon River) inflicted massive casualties on the Sui forces. When the Sui army had reached Salsu, Eulji Mundeok's force slaughtering them. The historical text records that Sui soldiers had to run almost 200 km that day to escape death. The Battle of Salsu contributed to the massive overall casualty figure for Sui during the campaign. Out of the initial 305,000 men Emperor Yang crossed the Liao River with to attack Goguryeo, only 2,700 returned.[18][19]

Third Invasion in 613

Emperor Yang invaded Liaodong again the following year (613), but was again obliged to retreat without success. While Emperor Yang was away, Yang Xuangan, the son of Emperor Yang's prime minister Yang Su, fomented rebellion against Emperor Yang. Fearing attack from two fronts, Emperor Yang was forced to retreat and use his army to put down Yang Xuangan's rebellion.

Fourth Invasion in 614

After crushing the revolt, Emperor Yang invaded Goguryeo again in 614. He managed to breach Goguryeo's first line of defence without capturing the frontier fortress, but he could not advance far beyond Liao River because of Goguryeo's constant attacks and obstruction to his supply lines. Yeongyang, seeing a chance to end the exhausting wars, offered peace and returned Yang Xuangan's associate Husi Zheng (斛斯政), who had fled to Goguryeo after Yang Xuangan's rebellion, to Sui. Perceiving the little success in Goguryeo and the increasing internal discontent in China, Emperor Yang accepted Yeongyang's offer of peace and withdrew Sui troops from Goguryeo's territory. However, the king of Goguryeo never showed up to swear allegiance, which infuriated Emperor Yang, who was dissuaded only with difficulty from launching another invasion against Goguryeo.[20]

Aftermath

The losses that Sui suffered, in terms of lives and resources and consequently in the trust the people had in the Sui state, contributed to the fall of the Sui dynasty. Peasants, farmers, soldiers, aristocrats, and landlords rose up against the emperor along with many of the dynasty's military officers. Yangdi moved the capital to the south in Yangzhou, but the revolts were too widespread. Yuwen Shu's son, Yuwen Huaji, became a powerful Sui general who led a successful coup against Yangdi and personally murdered him. That would complete the transition from Sui to Tang, as the Duke of Tang proclaimed himself emperor of a new dynasty.

See also

References

  1. ^ Kuzey Hanedanlar Tarihi, Cilt 87 Sf.673
  2. ^ Ssu-ma Kuang, Tzu chih t'ung chien, Cilt 189 Sf 463
  3. ^ Suei Shu. 81. sf. 1865
  4. ^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 613. ISBN 978-0810860537.
  5. ^ Tanner, Harold Miles (2009). China: A History. Hackett Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 978-0872209152.
  6. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 106. ISBN 978-1111808150.
  7. ^ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0674615762.
  8. ^ The Book of Sui, 《隋書 卷四帝紀第四 煬帝下》 "總一百一十三萬三千八百,號二百萬,其餽運者倍之。"
  9. ^ 《삼국사기》고구려본기 영양왕 三國史記 卷第二十 髙句麗本紀 第八
  10. ^ David A. Graff provides a modern estimate of 600,000.
  11. ^ Graff, David A. (2001). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-203-20671-3.
  12. ^ Book of Sui, Vol. 60.
  13. ^ Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 47. ISBN 067461576X.
  14. ^ Nahm, Andrew C. (2005). A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History (Second revised ed.). Seoul: Hollym International Corporation. p. 18. ISBN 093087868X.
  15. ^ (in Korean) "Battle of Salsu", Encyclopædia Britannica Korean Edition Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ John M. Jackson. "China's Grand Canal". Archived from the original on 2004-04-12. Retrieved 2004-03-12.
  17. ^ Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (1st ed.). W W Norton & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-04011-1. (updated 2005 version with Google preview).
  18. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 181.
  19. ^ Samguk Sagi, vol. 20 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  20. ^ Whiting, Marvin C. Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD. iUniverse. p. 245. ISBN 978-0595221349. Retrieved 9 November 2016. The King of Koguryo offered to submit and the Chinese army straggled home thinking they had won. The Korean king, however, failed to show up to swear allegiance. A furious Emperor Yang was dissuaded from a fourth invasion only with difficulty.

Sources

  • Asmolov, Konstantin V. "The System of Military Activity of Koguryô." Korea Journal 32:2 (Summer 1992): 103–116.
  • Gabriel, Richard A. and Boose, Donald W. "The Korean Way of War: Salsu River." In Richard A. Gabriel and Donald W. Boose. The Great Battles of Antiquity: A Strategic and Tactical Guide to Great Battles that Shaped the Development of War. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1994.
  • Graff, David A., Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900. ISBN 0-415-23954-0

Read other articles:

Ini adalah nama Batak Toba, marganya adalah Silaen. Timbul SilaenKepala Kepolisian Daerah PapuaMasa jabatan1 Desember 2003 – 29 Oktober 2004PendahuluBudi UtomoPenggantiDodi SumantiawanKepala Kepolisian Daerah Timor TimurMasa jabatan1998–2000PendahuluAtok RismantoPenggantiJabatan dihapuskan Informasi pribadiLahir21 Agustus 1948 (umur 75)Medan, Sumatera UtaraAlma materAkademi Kepolisian (1972)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang Kepolisian Negara Republik IndonesiaMa...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of documentary films about the Korean War – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Many documentary films have been made about the Korean War. Overview The Crime of Korea (1950) An ...

 

5代目伊藤小左衛門(ごだいめいとう こざえもん、1819年1月13日(文政元年12月8日) - 1879年(明治12年)5月21日)は、三重県四日市市の企業家。幕末期から明治初期にかけて四日市地域に近代産業を浸透させて、工業都市四日市市の基礎を作り、貿易を重視して産業の近代化を推進した[1]。幼名は伊藤小四郎、伊藤小平治、諱は伊藤尚長である。六代目伊藤小左衛門...

مستر أولمبيا 1979 شعار مستر أولمبياشعار مستر أولمبيا معلومات عامة فترة الانعقاد 4 - 11 سبتمبر 1979 مكان الانعقاد كولومبوس، ، أوهايو،  الولايات المتحدة المنظم الاتحاد الدولي لكمال الأجسام واللياقة البدنية (IFBB) المنطقة  العالم ترتيب النسخة 15 الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي لمحتر

 

Halaman Utama Wikipedia bahasa Inggris pada 15 Agustus 2010, dipandang dengan monitor layar lebar Citra layar lebar adalah citra yang dicantumkan dalam sebuah set ratio aspek (lebar lebih panjang ketimbang tinggi) yang dipakai dalam layar film, televisi dan komputer. Dalam film, sebuah film layar lebar adalah citra film apapun dengan aspek lebar kali tinggi yang lebih besar ketimbang ratio aspek akademi standar 1.37:1 yang disediakan oleh film 35mm. Catatan Pranala luar Lihat informasi mengen...

 

Кубок Латвії 2022 Подробиці Дата проведення 6 травня — 19 жовтня 2022 Кількість учасників 54 Призові місця  Чемпіон Ауда (1-й раз) Віцечемпіон РФШ Статистика Зіграно матчів 46 Забито голів 217 (4.72 за матч) ← 2021 2023 → Кубок Латвії з футболу 2022 — 28-й розіграш кубкового футбо...

English writer, critic, and activist China MiévilleMiéville at Utopiales (2010)BornChina Tom MiévilleNorwich, Norfolk, UKOccupationShort-story writer, novelist, essayist and comic book authorPeriod1998–presentGenreUrban fantasyWeird fictionSteampunkLiterary movementNew WeirdNotable worksPerdido Street Station (2000)The City & the City (2009)October: The Story of the Russian Revolution (2017)Websitechinamieville.net China Tom Miéville FRSL (/miˈeɪvəl/ mee-AY-vəl) is a British spe...

 

Croatian Air Force LegionHrvatska Zrakoplovna LegijaBadge of Croatian Air Force LegionActive12 July 1941 – 21 July 1944Country Independent State of CroatiaAllegiance GermanyTypeAir forceRoleAerial warfarePart of Jagdgeschwader 52Kampfgeschwader 3 Kampfgeschwader 53CommandersNotablecommandersCol Ivan MrakInsigniaFuselage[1]Roundel[1]Fin flashAircraft flownBomberDornier Do 17CANT Z.1007Fiat BR.20FighterBf109E (until 1942)Bf109G-2Bf109G-4Bf109G-6Macchi C.200Macch...

 

American experimental pop group discography Animal Collective discographyAnimal Collective performing at the Seaport Music Festival at South Street Seaport, New York City, on June 1, 2007.Studio albums12Live albums5Video albums2EPs12Singles19 The discography of Animal Collective, an American experimental pop group, consists of 12 studio albums, 4 live albums, 2 video albums (visual album), 12 extended plays and 19 singles. The group consists of musicians Avey Tare (David Portner), Panda Bear ...

2005 Japanese filmAirAmerican DVD cover of the film.Directed byOsamu DezakiWritten byMakoto NakamuraBased onAirby KeyProduced byIriya AzumaMamoru YokotaStarringHikaru MidorikawaTomoko KawakamiAya HisakawaEdited byMasahiro GotoMusic byYoshikazu SuoProductioncompanyToei AnimationRelease date February 5, 2005 (2005-02-05) Running time91 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapanese Air is a 2005 Japanese anime drama film directed by Osamu Dezaki and written by Makoto Nakamura based on the v...

 

2016 South Korean animated film For railway station, see Seoul Station. Seoul StationTheatrical release posterDirected byYeon Sang-ho[1]Written byYeon Sang-hoBased onTrain to Busan byPark Joo-sukProduced by Suh Youngjoo Lee Dong-ha Yeon Sang-ho Starring Shim Eun-kyung Ryu Seung-ryong Lee Joon Edited byLee Yeon-jungYeon Sang-hoMusic byJang Young-gyu[2]Productioncompanies Finecut Next Entertainment World Studio Dadashow Distributed byStudioCanalRelease date August 18, ...

 

Grand Armorial équestre de la Toison d'orPhilippe le Bon, fondateur de l'ordre de la Toison d'or, f.149vArtiste AnonymeDate vers 1430-1461Technique enluminures sur papierDimensions (H × L) 29 × 21 cmFormat 167 folios reliésNo d’inventaire Ms.4790Localisation Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Paris ( France)modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Le Grand Armorial équestre de la Toison d'or est un manuscrit enluminé contenant un armorial représentant les...

Vegetarian book by John Smith Fruits and Farinacea AuthorJohn Smith (of Malton)LanguageEnglishSubjectVegetarianismPublished 1845 (John Churchill) 1854 (Fowler & Wells Company, with notes and illustrations by Russell Trall) 1873 (John Heywood; F. Pitman, edited by Francis William Newman) Pages314OCLC610348355 Fruits and Farinacea: The Proper Food of Man, Being an Attempt to Prove, from History, Anatomy, Physiology, and Chemistry, that the Original, Natural, and Best Diet of Man is Derived ...

 

Perhimpunan Patriotik KatolikPenggolonganKatolikBentukpemerintahanPerhimpunanWilayahRepublik Rakyat TiongkokPendiriAdministrasi Negara untuk Urusan KeagamaanDidirikan1957 Perhimpunan Patriotik Katolik Hanzi tradisional: 中國天主教愛國會 Hanzi sederhana: 中国天主教爱国会 Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì - Wade-Giles: Chūngkuó T'iēnchǔchiào Àikuó Huì - Romanisasi Yale: Jūngkwó Tyānzhǔjyào Àigwó Hwèi Informasi lebih lanju...

 

This article is about the Russian English-language periodical. For other uses, see Exile (disambiguation). The eXileTypeAlternative weeklyFormatTabloidOwner(s)IndependentPublisherKonstantin BoukarevEditor-in-chiefMark AmesYasha LevineFounded1997LanguageEnglishCeased publication2008HeadquartersMoscow, RussiaWebsiteexiledonline.com The eXile was a Moscow-based English-language biweekly free tabloid newspaper, aimed at the city's expatriate community, which combined outrageous, sometimes satiric...

German conductor Grave of the Kegel family on the Stephanusfriedhof in Dresden Herbert Kegel (29 July 1920 – 20 November 1990) was a German conductor. Kegel was born in Dresden. He studied conducting with Karl Böhm and composition with Boris Blacher at the Dresden Conservatory from 1935 to 1940. In 1946 he began conducting in Pirna and Rostock; and in 1948 he began a three-decade-long association with the Leipzig Radio Orchestra and Choir, of which he became the principal conductor in ...

 

Lycaenops, un gorgonopsio, grupo que desapareció en la Gran Mortandad. La extinción masiva del Pérmico-Triásico señalada como Final P en el gráfico. La extinción masiva del Pérmico-Triásico (PT), llamada también de manera informal la Gran Mortandad,[1]​ fue una extinción masiva ocurrida hace aproximadamente 250 millones de años[2]​ y define el límite entre los períodos Pérmico y Triásico. Ha sido la mayor extinción ocurrida en la Historia de la Tierra. En ella des...

 

HeartbreakerPoster Prancis asliSutradaraPascal ChaumeilProduserNicolas Duval-AdassovskyLaurent ZeitounYann ZenouDitulis olehLaurent ZeitounJeremy DonerYohan GrombPemeranRomain DurisVanessa ParadisJulie FerrierFrançois DamiensAndrew LincolnPenata musikKlaus BadeltSinematograferThierry ArbogastPenyuntingDorian Rigal-AnsousDistributorUniversal Pictures InternationalTanggal rilis 17 Maret 2010 (2010-03-17) Durasi105 menitNegaraPrancisBahasaPrancisInggrisSpanyolJepangArabMandarinItalia...

A post and core crown is a type of dental restoration required where there is an inadequate amount of sound tooth tissue remaining to retain a conventional crown. A post is cemented into a prepared root canal, which retains a core restoration, which retains the final crown.[1][2] The role of the post is firstly to retain a core restoration and crown, and secondly to redistribute stresses down onto the root, thereby reducing the risk of coronal fracture. The post does not play ...

 

Seto pì robe so Monsano ? Contribuisi a xontaghe de łe informasion Unisate a ni'altri! Nòtate o lòghite Monsano Pozision 43°33′49.03″N 13°15′00.86″E / 43.563619°N 13.250239°E43.563619; 13.250239 (Monsano)Coordinae: 43°33′49.03″N 13°15′00.86″E / 43.563619°N 13.250239°E43.563619; 13.250239 (Monsano) StatoItàłiaRejonMarcheProvinsa Ancona CapitałeMonsano (it) PopołasionTotałe3 289 (1° de zenaro del 2023) −86 (2018)Den...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!