Global illumination

Rendering without global illumination. Areas that lie outside of the ceiling lamp's direct light lack definition. For example, the lamp's housing appears completely uniform. Without the ambient light added into the render, it would appear uniformly black.

Rendering with global illumination. Light is reflected by surfaces, and colored light transfers from one surface to another. Notice how color from the red wall and green wall (not visible) reflects onto other surfaces in the scene. Also notable is the caustic projected onto the red wall from light passing through the glass sphere.

Global illumination^[1] (GI), or indirect illumination, is a group of algorithms used in 3D computer graphics that are meant to add more realistic lighting to 3D scenes. Such algorithms take into account not only the light that comes directly from a light source (direct illumination), but also subsequent cases in which light rays from the same source are reflected by other surfaces in the scene, whether reflective or not (indirect illumination).

Theoretically, reflections, refractions, and shadows are all examples of global illumination, because when simulating them, one object affects the rendering of another (as opposed to an object being affected only by a direct source of light). In practice, however, only the simulation of diffuse inter-reflection or caustics is called global illumination.

Algorithms

Images rendered using global illumination algorithms often appear more photorealistic than those using only direct illumination algorithms. However, such images are computationally more expensive and consequently much slower to generate. One common approach is to compute the global illumination of a scene and store that information with the geometry (e.g., radiosity). The stored data can then be used to generate images from different viewpoints for generating walkthroughs of a scene without having to go through expensive lighting calculations repeatedly.

Radiosity, ray tracing, beam tracing, cone tracing, path tracing, volumetric path tracing, Metropolis light transport, ambient occlusion, photon mapping, signed distance field and image-based lighting are all examples of algorithms used in global illumination, some of which may be used together to yield results that are not fast, but accurate.

These algorithms model diffuse inter-reflection which is a very important part of global illumination; however most of these (excluding radiosity) also model specular reflection, which makes them more accurate algorithms to solve the lighting equation and provide a more realistically illuminated scene. The algorithms used to calculate the distribution of light energy between surfaces of a scene are closely related to heat transfer simulations performed using finite-element methods in engineering design.

Photorealism

Achieving accurate computation of global illumination in real-time remains difficult.^[2] In real-time 3D graphics, the diffuse inter-reflection component of global illumination is sometimes approximated by an "ambient" term in the lighting equation, which is also called "ambient lighting" or "ambient color" in 3D software packages. Though this method of approximation (also known as a "cheat" because it's not really a global illumination method) is easy to perform computationally, when used alone it does not provide an adequately realistic effect. Ambient lighting is known to "flatten" shadows in 3D scenes, making the overall visual effect more bland. However, used properly, ambient lighting can be an efficient way to make up for a lack of processing power.

Procedure

More and more specialized algorithms are used in 3D programs that can effectively simulate the global illumination. These algorithms are numerical approximations of the rendering equation. Well known algorithms for computing global illumination include path tracing, photon mapping and radiosity. The following approaches can be distinguished here:

Inversion: $L=(1-T)^{-1}L^{e}\,$ $L=(1-T)^{-1}L^{e}\,$
- is not applied in practice
Expansion: $L=\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }T^{i}L^{e}$ $L=\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }T^{i}L^{e}$
- bi-directional approach: Photon mapping + Distributed ray tracing, Bi-directional path tracing, Metropolis light transport
Iteration: $L_{n}tl_{e}+=L^{(n-1)}$ $L_{n}tl_{e}+=L^{(n-1)}$
- Radiosity

In Light-path notation global lighting the paths of the type L (D | S) corresponds * E.

A full treatment can be found in ^[3]

Image-based lighting

Another way to simulate real global illumination is the use of high-dynamic-range images (HDRIs), also known as environment maps, which encircle and illuminate the scene. This process is known as image-based lighting.

List of methods

Method	Description/Notes
Ray tracing	Several enhanced variants exist for solving problems related to sampling, aliasing, and soft shadows: Distributed ray tracing, cone tracing, and beam tracing.
Path tracing	Unbiased, variant: Bi-directional path tracing and energy redistribution path tracing^[4]
Photon mapping	Consistent, biased; enhanced variants: Progressive photon mapping, stochastic progressive photon mapping (^[5])
Lightcuts	Enhanced variants: Multidimensional lightcuts and bidirectional lightcuts^[6]
Point based global illumination	Extensively used in movie animations^[7]^[8]
Radiosity	Finite element method, very good for precomputations. Improved versions are instant radiosity^[9] and bidirectional instant radiosity^[10]
Metropolis light transport	Builds upon bi-directional path tracing, unbiased, and multiplexed^[11]
Spherical harmonic lighting	Encodes global illumination results for real-time rendering of static scenes
Ambient occlusion	-
Voxel-based global illumination	Several variants exist, including voxel cone tracing global illumination,^[12] sparse voxel octree global illumination, and voxel global illumination (VXGI)^[13]
Light propagation volumes global illumination^[14]	Light propagation volumes is a technique to approximately achieve global illumination (GI) in real-time. It uses lattices and spherical harmonics (SH) to represent the spatial and angular distribution of light in the scene. Variant cascaded light propagation volumes.^[15]
Deferred radiance transfer global illumination^[16]
Deep G-buffer based global illumination^[17]
Signed Distance Fields Dynamic Diffuse Global Illumination^[18]
Global Illumination Based on Surfels^[19]

References

^ "Realtime Global Illumination techniques collection | extremeistan". extremeistan.wordpress.com. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
^ Kurachi, Noriko (2011). The Magic of Computer Graphics. CRC Press. p. 339. ISBN 9781439873571. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Dutre, Philip; Bekaert, Philippe; Bala, Kavita (2006). Advanced Global Illumination (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-1568813073.
^ Cline, D.; Talbot, J.; Egbert, P. (2005). "Energy redistribution path tracing". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 24 (3): 1186–95. doi:10.1145/1073204.1073330.
^ "Toshiya Hachisuka at UTokyo". ci.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
^ Walter, Bruce; Fernandez, Sebastian; Arbree, Adam; Bala, Kavita; Donikian, Michael; Greenberg, Donald P. (1 July 2005). "Lightcuts". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 24 (3): 1098–1107. doi:10.1145/1073204.1073318.
^ "coursenote.dvi" (PDF). Graphics.pixar.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ Daemen, Karsten (November 14, 2012). "Point Based Global Illumination An introduction [Christensen, 2010]" (PDF). KU Leuven. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-22.
^ "Instant Radiosity: Keller (SIGGRAPH 1997)" (PDF). Cs.cornell.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ Segovia, B.; Iehl, J.C.; Mitanchey, R.; Péroche, B. (2006). "Bidirectional instant radiosity" (PDF). Rendering Techniques. Eurographics Association. pp. 389–397. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-30.
^ Hachisuka, T.; Kaplanyan, A.S.; Dachsbacher, C. (2014). "Multiplexed metropolis light transport" (PDF). ACM Transactions on Graphics. 33 (4): 1–10. doi:10.1145/2601097.2601138. S2CID 79980. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23.
^ Cyril Crassin. "Voxel Cone Tracing and Sparse Voxel Octree for Real-time Global Illumination" (PDF). On-demand.gputechconf.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "VXGI | GeForce". geforce.com. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
^ "Light Propagation Volumes GI - Epic Wiki". wiki.unrealengine.com. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
^ Engelhardt, T.; Dachsbacher, C. (2009). "Granular visibility queries on the GPU" (PDF). Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games. pp. 161–7. doi:10.1145/1507149.1507176. ISBN 978-1-60558-429-4. S2CID 14841843. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-18.
^ "Deferred Radiance Transfer Volumes: Global Illumination in Far Cry 3" (PDF). Twvideo01.ubm-us.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-09-06. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Fast Global Illumination Approximations on Deep G-Buffers". graphics.cs.williams.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
^ Hu, Jinkai; K. Yip, Milo; Elias Alonso, Guillermo; Shi-hao, Gu; Tang, Xiangjun; Xiaogang, Jin (2020). "Signed Distance Fields Dynamic Diffuse Global Illumination". arXiv:2007.14394 [cs.GR].
^ "Global Illumination Based on Surfels". SIGGRAPH. Retrieved 2021-12-02.