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Free-minded Liberal Party

Frisinnede Venstre
Free-minded Liberal Party Frisinnede Venstre
Founded	1909
Banned	25 September 1940
Split from	Liberal Party
Merged into	Conservative Party (De facto)
Newspaper	Tidens Tegn, Morgenavisen, Dagsposten
Ideology	Conservative liberalism; Economic liberalism; National liberalism
Political position	Centre-right
	Politics of Norway; Political parties; Elections;

The Free-minded Liberal Party (Norwegian: Frisinnede Venstre) was a political party in Norway founded in 1909 by the conservative-liberal faction of the Liberal Party. The party cooperated closely with the Conservative Party and participated in several short-lived governments, including two headed by Free-minded Prime Ministers. In the 1930s the party changed its name to the Free-minded People's Party (Norwegian: Frisinnede Folkeparti) and initiated cooperation with nationalist groups. The party contested its last election in 1936, and was not reorganised in 1945.

History

The Free-minded Liberal Party was founded in March 1909 under influence of Norway's first independent Prime Minister, Christian Michelsen of the Liberal Party, after around a third of the Liberal parliamentary representatives had been excluded from a reconstitution of the Liberal Party in 1908.^[5] The party was founded in protest against the increasingly radical course of the "consolidated" Liberal Party, which the party's right wing considered to conflict with the party's traditionally liberal ideology.^[6]^[7] Other co-founders of the party included Abraham Berge, Wollert Konow (SB), Sofus Arctander, Harald Bothner, Magnus Halvorsen, Ernst Sars, Ola Thommessen and Fridtjof Nansen.^[6]^[7]

The party initiated a close cooperation with the Conservative Party, and won 23 seats in the 1909 parliamentary election, after which the party formed a government together with the Conservatives with Wollert Konow as Prime Minister.^[7] The government did however not live up to the expectations of either Michelsen or the Conservatives, and the Conservatives withdrew from the government in 1911.^[5] Konow's government came to an abrupt end in early 1912 after he declared his sympathies for the rural language form Landsmål in a speech to the Agrarian Youth Association, during the height of the Norwegian language conflict. The speech caused an uproar among militant Riksmål-supporters, especially among the Conservatives, but also in his own party, eventually leading to Konow's replacement as Prime Minister (by Conservative Jens Bratlie).^[7]^[8]

Notably individualist in orientation, the party emphasised intellectual freedom.^[9] The first woman meeting as a parliamentary representative in Norwegian history was the Free-minded's Anna Rogstad in 1911, two years before full suffrage for women was granted in Norway.^[10] The conflicts around Konow's failed government caused a major defeat for the Conservative-Free-minded alliance in the 1912 election, and reduced the Free-minded to insignificance with only four seats. The party organisation was increasingly merged into the Conservative organisation after 1912, until election gains and coalition victories in 1921 and 1924 sparked desires for a more independent party. The conflict resulted in numerous name-changes of the various Conservative local and regional chapters in attempts to signal a broader conservative-liberal profile.^[11]

The two parties participated in several governments together in the 1920s, until they started drifting increasingly apart towards the end of the decade. In 1931, the Free-minded changed their name to the Free-minded People's Party, and was subsequently reduced to a single representative from Trondheim in the 1933 election. It contested its last election in 1936 in electoral cooperations with the Fatherland League and Nasjonal Samling (NS), failing to secure a single seat.^[11] By then most of the local and regional chapters had returned to or joined the Conservatives.^[11] The party was not reorganised in 1945.^[12]

The first non-Labour Prime Minister after the war, John Lyng, was a member of the party before he joined the Conservatives in 1938.^[13] Historian and journalist Hans Fredrik Dahl has described the Progress Party as a spiritual successor to the party.^[14]

Leaders

Party chairman^[15]

Abraham Berge 1909–1910
Magnus Halvorsen 1910–1912
William Nygaard 1912–1915
Erik Enge 1915–1918
Bernt Holtsmark 1918–1922
Oluf Müller 1922–1924
Karl Wefring 1924–1925
Peder Adolf Holm [no] 1925–1930
Anton Wilhelm Brøgger (acting, 1930–1931)
Einar Greve [no] 1931–1933
Rolf Thommessen 1933–1936
Rudolf Falck Ræder 1936–1937
Trygve Swensen [no] 1937–1939

Parliamentary leaders

Magnus Halvorsen 1910–1912
Bernhard Hanssen 1913–1915
Bernt Holtsmark 1916–1921
Wollert Konow (H) 1922–1924
Abraham Berge 1925
Hakon Magne Wrangell 1926
Karl Wefring 1927
Rolf Thommessen 1928–1930
Einar Greve [no] 1931–1933
Rudolf Falck Ræder 1934–1936

General Secretaries

Harald Hauge 1909–1911
Anders Hauge 1911–1918
Rolf Thommessen 1918–1924
Bernhard Kjelstrup 1924–1936

Party Congresses

?. første landsmøte (founding congress) 1909 1-3 may
?. landsmøte 1921 29 July^[16]
?. landsmøte 1925 20. July Dombås Hotell [no] ^[17]
?. ekstraordinære landsmøte 26. and 27. juni 1926 Trondheim
?. landsmøte 1930 Trondheim^[18]
?. landsmøte 25-26 juni 1933^[19]

MPs elected

Jakob Brevig (1910-1912)
Erik Mathiassen Enge (1910-1912)
Mathias Larsen Blilie (1910-1912)
Helge Nilsen Thune (1910-1912)
Ole Anunsen Strøm (1910-1912)
Johan Gustav Austeen (1910-1912)
Abraham Theodor Berge (1910-1912)
Nikolai Larsen Lima (1910-1912)
Lars Konrad Bjørnsen Jelsa (1910-1912)
Iver Jonassen Svendsbøe (1910-1915)
Wollert Konow (SB) (1910-1912)
Kristian Olai Rasmussen Sandnes (1910-1912)

Olaf Amundsen (1910-1912)
Richard Bernhard With (1910-1912)
Bjørn Kristensen [no] (1910-1912)
Johan Throne Holst (1910-1912)
Tholf Grini (1910-1912)
Ambortius Olsen Lindvig (1910-1912)
Gustav Johannes Natvig (1910-1912)
Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen (1910-1915)
Fredrik Ludvig Konow (1910-1912)
Johan Magnus Halvorsen (1910-1912)
Henrik Lie (1910-1912)
Kristen Christoffersen Kopseng (1913-1915)

Henrik Spangelo (1913-1915)
Bernt Holtsmark (1916-1921)
Kristian Nilsen Dæhlen (1919-1921)
Andor Hoel (1919-1921)
Oluf Müller (1919-1921)
Alfred Getz (1919-1921)
Ove Christian Owe (1919-1921)
Johan Rye Holmboe (1919-1924)
Wollert Konow (H) (1922-1924)
Haldor Virik (1922-1924)
Eilert Præsteng (1922-1927)
Kristian Fredrik Holst (1922-1924)

Waldemar Heggelund Larssen (1922-1927)
Wilhelm Martin Nygaard (1922-1924)
Simen Fougner (1922-1924)
Hakon Magne Wrangell (1922-1927)
Joakim Sveder Bang (1922-1927)
Karl Ivarsson (1922-1927)
Karl Wilhelm Wefring (1925-1927)
Ivar Johannesson Bleiklie (1925-1927)
Bastian Adolf Width (1925-1927)
Abraham Berge (1925-1927)
Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe (1925-1927)
Rolf Thommessen (1928-1930)

Johan Henrik Bollmann (1928-1930)
Einar Greve (1931-1933)
Rudolf Ræder (1931-1933)

Election results

Storting
Date	Votes			Seats		Position	Size
Date	No.	%	± pp	No.	±	Position	Size
1909	175,388	41.49 %¹	New	23 / 123	New	Coalition (from 1910, H–FV)	3rd
1912	162,074	33.15 %¹	8.34	4 / 123	19	Coalition (1912–1913, H–FV)	5th
1912	162,074	33.15 %¹	8.34	4 / 123	19	Opposition (from 1913)	5th
1915	179,028	28.98 %¹	4.17	1 / 123	3	Opposition	5th
1918	201,325	30.39 %¹	1.41	10 / 126	9	Opposition (1918–1920)	4th
1918	201,325	30.39 %¹	1.41	10 / 126	9	Coalition (from 1920, H–FV)	4th
1921	301,372	33.31 %¹	2.92	15 / 150	5	Opposition (1921–1923)	5th
1921	301,372	33.31 %¹	2.92	15 / 150	5	Coalition (from 1923, H–FV)	5th
1924	316,846	32.53 %¹	0.78	11 / 150	4	Opposition (1924–1926)	5th
1924	316,846	32.53 %¹	0.78	11 / 150	4	Coalition (from 1926, H–FV)	5th
1927	254,530	25.47 %²	7.06	2 / 150	9	Coalition (1927–1928, H–FV)	6th
1927	254,530	25.47 %²	7.06	2 / 150	9	Opposition (from 1928)	6th
1930	358,734	30.02%²	4.55	5 / 150	3	Opposition	5th
1933	272,690	21.84 %² ^[a]	7.5	1 / 150	4	Opposition	5th
1936	329,560	1.3 %³ ^[a]	0.8	0 / 150	1	Extra-parliamentary	?

Local
Year	Vote %	Type
1910	6.6	City Municipal
1913	5.8	City Municipal
1916	3.2	City Municipal
1919	2.0	City Municipal
1922	6.5	City Municipal
1928	1.9	City Municipal
1931	4.9	City Municipal
1934	3.07	City Municipal
1937	1.8	City Municipal

Full electoral cooperation with the Conservatives. The votes are united.
Support for individual lists. There were also joint lists with the Conservative Party
Support for individual lists with the Fatherland League. There were also joint lists with the Conservative Party.

References

^ ^a ^b Ran as Free-minded People's Party

^ ^a ^b ^c Salvatore Garau (2015). Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway. Routledge. pp. 215/216/233. ISBN 978-1-317-90946-0.
^ ^a ^b Francis Brendan Jacobs; John Fitzmaurice (1989). Western European Political Parties: A Comprehensive Guide. Addison-Wesley Longman Limited. p. 606. ISBN 978-0-582-00113-8. After 1905 Venstre changed its policy away from more traditional economic liberalism, and again lost a considerable number of members. While some joined Høyre, others subsequently established another Liberal Party. Frisinnede Venstre (National Liberals), which contested elections from 1909 to 1936 (after 1931 under the name Frisinnede Folkeparti or Liberal People's Party).
^ David Arter (1999). Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7190-5133-3.
^ Peder Roberts (2011). The European Antarctic: Science and Strategy in Scandinavia and the British Empire, p.189
^ ^a ^b "Chr. Michelsen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). 27 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Frisinnede Venstre, Det". Tidens leksikon (in Norwegian). Tiden. 1975. p. 480. ISBN 82-10-00922-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kaartvedt, Alf (1984). Høyres historie 2: Drømmen om borgerlig samling: 1884-1918 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 299–325. ISBN 82-02-04990-3.
^ Leiv Mjeldheim. "Wollert Konow". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
^ Mary R. S. Creese; Thomas M. Creese (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory 2. Scarecrow Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8108-4979-2.
^ "Anna Rogstad – første kvinne på Stortinget i 1911". Stortinget.no (in Norwegian). 15 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Danielsen, Rolf (1984). Høyres historie 3: Borgerlig oppdemmingspolitikk: 1918-1940 (in Norwegian). Cappelen. pp. 180–190. ISBN 82-02-04991-1.
^ "Frisinnede Venstre". Store norske leksikon. 22 January 2023.
^ "John Lyng: Prime Minister 1963". Government.no. 13 March 2012.
^ Hans Fredrik Dahl, "Til høyre for Høyre", Dagbladet, 13-10-2014
^ Carstens, Svein (1987). Det Frisinnede Venstre 1909–1927 (in Norwegian). Trondheim: University of Trondheim.
^ "Nasjonalbiblioteket".
^ https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digavis_haugesundsdagblad_null_null_19250620_15_140_1 page 4
^ "Herredsposten 1930.07.04" (in Norwegian). Oslo. 1930-07-04. p. 1.
^ "Nasjonalbiblioteket".