雪城 (西藏)

2008年的布達拉宮,下面是雪城,但雪城外部於1995年已被夷為平地。

雪城西藏拉萨市布达拉宫山脚下正面所有建筑的总称,东西长317米,南北宽170米,面积五万平方米,现已改建成雪城博物馆[1]

在藏语中“”意为下方,专指山上城堡或宫殿正下方的村镇,这里特指布达拉宫下方的雪城。[1]

历史

1939年從布達拉宮看到的雪城。

雪城几乎与布达拉宫属于同一时期建造,其作为政府职能机构所在地的地位直到中共占领西藏后才结束。

雪城博物馆於2007年5月31日開始正式开放,在此之前,雪城与布达拉宫一同处于文物保护状态。

功能

在雪城建成初期其职能只是负责管辖雪城内部及拉萨近郊的18个谿卡(领主庄园),其后逐渐演变成噶厦政府部门所在地。

布局

1936年的雪城。高聳的恩蘭·達札路恭紀功碑在圖左。

按照使用功能的不同,雪城主要可划分为办公区和生活区。

办公区又可分为贵族领主建筑的驻在机构,和噶厦政府部门,生活区主要是为布达拉宫服务的平民及部分贵族所住。

现存最早的吐蕃碑刻恩蘭·達札路恭紀功碑位於雪城內。該碑紀念吐蕃王朝赤松德贊贊普派重臣恩蘭·達札路恭尚結息唐代宗廣德元年(763年)率軍攻陷唐朝首都長安[2]

雪巴列空

雪列空的法庭。圖中三人是雪巴(行政官),圖左二人是職員,牆上與柱子上是法庭紀錄。

雪巴列空为雪城的核心机构,“列空”在藏语中为管理之意,雪巴列空即负责雪城管理的地方,其职能还负责拉萨及近郊的谿,其职能具体有司法和税收,还负责辖区内的日常行政管理。[3]

该机构最初名称并非雪巴列空,而是叫雪聂列空,建于藏历十一绕迥木兔年(1675年),由第司·罗桑金巴所创建。最初职能也只是负责雪城内务的治安及保卫布达拉宫,后期权力逐渐扩充,而成为雪城的核心机构。[3]

雪巴列空的行政官员称为“雪尼”,由2民五品僧、俗官及一位列赞巴级世俗官负责。

雪巴的底层及二层为仓库负责存储附近所征收的粮食。

宝藏局造币厂

宝藏局创建于乾隆时期,由时驻藏大臣督建,創建後成为清代西藏地区货币发行最高机构,其名称依照清廷所颁行的“中央集权,分省铸币”原则,命名为宝藏局,所铸造章卡形制为:正面“乾隆宝藏”多为银质,原型无方眼。

东印经院

五世达赖喇嘛重建布达拉宫時建造东印经院,1690年完工,建筑面积760平方公尺,在兩百年中是拉薩主要的印刷廠。[4][5][6]

西印经院

十三世达赖喇嘛时期,在雪城新建了西印经院,大藏经《甘珠尔》和《丹珠尔》三大版本之一的“拉萨版”就出自西印经院。[5]1959年以前,《大藏经·甘珠尔》经版存放與此。[7]

堪苏宅

龙夏宅

羌仓

雪监狱


參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 解说布宫:景点:雪城. 布达拉宫官方网站. [2018-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-14). 
  2. ^ 王尧,恩兰·达札路恭纪功碑页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),社会科学战线1981年04期
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 雪巴列空. 中国西藏信息中心. [2018-07-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-26). 
  4. ^ Shol Printery. The Treasury of Lives: A Biographical Encyclopedia of Tibet, Inner Asia and the Himalayan Region. [2022-09-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-18). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 《八廓街》仰望历史 看布达拉宫的变迁. 中共西藏自治区党委政法委员会. [2022-09-19]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-19). 
  6. ^ 布达拉宫:400年历史的印经院传出雕版声. 西藏自治区人民政府. [2022-09-19]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-19). 
  7. ^ 300万卷档案诉说西藏历史风云_宗教. 中国西藏网. [2022-09-19]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-19). 

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