Etizolam

Etizolam
Clinical data
Trade namesEtizest, Etilaam, Etizex, Depas, Sedekopan, Pasaden
Dependence
liability		Moderate
Routes of
administration		Oral, sublingual, rectal
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability93%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life3.4 hours[2][3] (main metabolite is 8.2 hours)[4]
Duration of action5-7 hours
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • 4-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-ethyl-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.188.773 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H15ClN4S
Molar mass342.85 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • ClC1=CC=CC=C1C2=NCC3=NN=C(C)N3C4=C2C=C(CC)S4
  • InChI=1S/C17H15ClN4S/c1-3-11-8-13-16(12-6-4-5-7-14(12)18)19-9-15-21-20-10(2)22(15)17(13)23-11/h4-8H,3,9H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:VMZUTJCNQWMAGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)
Etizolam powder. Pictured is roughly 150 mg; a standard dose is around 1 mg
Four blister packs of Etizex brand etizolam tablets
Etizex brand etizolam tablets

Etizolam (marketed under numerous brand names) is a thienodiazepine derivative[5] which is a benzodiazepine analog.[6] The etizolam molecule differs from a benzodiazepine in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring and triazole ring has been fused, making the drug a thienotriazolodiazepine.[7][8]

Although a thienodiazepine, etizolam is clinically regarded as a benzodiazepine because of its mode of action via the benzodiazepine receptor and directly targeting GABAA allosteric modulator receptors.[5]

It possesses anxiolytic, amnesic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.[9]

It was patented in 1972[10] and first approved for medical use in Japan in 1984.[11]

As of April 2021, the export of etizolam has been banned in India.[12]

Medical uses

  • Short-term treatment of insomnia.
  • Anxiety disorders such as OCD and general anxiety disorder, mostly as a short-term medication to be used purely on an at-need basis[13]

Side effects

Long term use may result in blepharospasms,[14] especially in women.[14] Doses of 4 mg or more may cause anterograde amnesia.[citation needed]

In rare cases, erythema annulare centrifugum skin lesions have resulted.[15]

Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal

Abrupt or rapid discontinuation from etizolam, as with benzodiazepines, may result in the appearance of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, including rebound insomnia.[16] Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare event in benzodiazepine withdrawal, has been documented in a case of abrupt withdrawal from etizolam.[17] This is particularly relevant given etizolam's short half life relative to benzodiazepines such as diazepam resulting in a more rapid drug level decrease in blood plasma levels.[18]

In a study that compared the effectiveness of etizolam, alprazolam, and bromazepam for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, all three drugs retained their effectiveness over 2 weeks, but etizolam became more effective from 2 weeks to 4 weeks.[19] Administering .5 mg etizolam twice daily did not induce cognitive deficits over 3 weeks when compared to placebo.[20]

When multiple doses of etizolam, or lorazepam, were administered to rat neurons, lorazepam caused downregulation of alpha-1 benzodiazepine binding sites (tolerance/dependence), while etizolam caused an increase in alpha-2 benzodiazepine binding sites (reverse tolerance to anti-anxiety effects).[21] Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of lorazepam was observed, but no significant tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of etizolam was observed.[21] Etizolam therefore has a reduced liability to induce tolerance, and dependence, compared with classic benzodiazepines.[21]

Etizolam may represent a possible anxiolytic of choice with reduced liability to produce tolerance and dependence after long-term treatment of anxiety and stress syndromes.[22]

Pharmacology

Etizolam pills

Etizolam, a thienodiazepine derivative, is absorbed fairly rapidly, with peak plasma levels achieved between 30 minutes and 2 hours. It has a mean elimination half life of about 3.4 hours.[4][2][3] Etizolam possesses potent hypnotic properties,[23] and is comparable with other short-acting benzodiazepines.[4] Etizolam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor by agonizing the receptor's benzodiazepine site.[24]

According to the Italian prescribing information sheet,[citation needed] etizolam belongs to a new class of diazepines, thienotriazolodiazepines. This new class is easily oxidized, rapidly metabolized, and has a lower risk of accumulation, even after prolonged treatment. Etizolam has an anxiolytic action about 6-8 times greater than that of diazepam. Etizolam produces, especially at higher dosages, a reduction in time taken to fall asleep, an increase in total sleep time, and a reduction in the number of awakenings. During tests, there were no substantial changes in deep sleep; however, it may reduce REM sleep. In EEG tests of healthy volunteers, etizolam showed some similar characteristics to tricyclic antidepressants.[25][26]

Etizolam's main metabolites in humans are alpha-hydroxyetizolam and 8-hydroxyetizolam. alpha-Hydroxyetizolam is pharmacologically active and has a half-life of approximately 8.2 hours.[27]

Interactions

Itraconazole and fluvoxamine slow down the rate of elimination of etizolam, leading to accumulation of etizolam, therefore increasing its pharmacological effects.[28][29] Carbamazepine speeds up the metabolism of etizolam, resulting in reduced pharmacological effects.[30]

Overdose

See also: Benzodiazepine overdose

Cases of intentional suicide by overdose using etizolam in combination with GABA agonists have been reported.[27][31] Although etizolam has a lower LD50 than certain benzodiazepines, the LD50 is still far beyond the prescribed or recommended dose. Flumazenil, a GABA antagonist agent used to reverse benzodiazepine overdoses, inhibits the effect of etizolam as well as classical benzodiazepines such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide.[32]

Etizolam overdose deaths are rising in Scotland,especially among women - for instance, the National Records of Scotland report on drug-related deaths have, "have increased significantly in Scotland in recent years, with a much greater percentage increase in deaths among women than among men". By 2018 1,187 overdoses were officially recorded, a 107% increase from 2008, this means that this has been the highest peak to date. Although, men still outnumber women in drug-related deaths.[33]

Society and culture

Brand names

Etilaam, Sedekopan, Etizest, Etizex, Pasaden or Depas

International drug control conventions

In 1990, it was recommended that Etizolam not be placed under international control.[34] However, this attitude has changed due to increased abuse. On December 13, 2019, the World Health Organization recommended Etizolam be placed in Schedule 4 of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[35] This recommendation was followed by the placement of Etizolam into Schedule IV in March 2020.[36]

Australia

Etizolam is not used medically in Australia but has been found in counterfeit Xanax pills.[37]

Denmark

Etizolam is controlled in Denmark under the Danish Misuse of Drugs Act.[38]

Germany

Etizolam was controlled in Germany in July 2013[39][40] but is not used medically.

Italy

Etizolam is licensed for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia and neurosis as a prescription-only medication.[41]

[42]

India

In India, it is a Narcotics prescription-only (NRx) medication used for anxiety disorders, sometimes in combination with other drugs, i.e. the beta blocker propranolol.

United Kingdom

In the UK, etizolam has been classified as a Class C drug by the May 2017 amendment to The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 along with several other designer benzodiazepine drugs.[43]

United States

Etizolam is not authorized by the FDA for medical use in the U.S. As of March 2016, etizolam is a controlled substance in the following states: Alabama,[44] Arkansas,[45] Florida,[46] Georgia (as Schedule IV, whereas all other states listed here prohibit it as a Schedule I substance), Louisiana, Mississippi,[47] Texas,[48] South Carolina,[49] and Virginia.[50] It is controlled in Indiana as of July 1, 2017.[51] It is controlled in Ohio as of February 2018.

On December 23, 2022, the DEA announced it had begun consideration on the matter of placing Etizolam under temporary Schedule I status.[52]

Later on July 25, 2023, the DEA published a pre-print notice that Etizolam would become temporarily scheduled as a Schedule I controlled substance from 26 July 2023 to 26 July 2025.[53]

Misuse

See also: Benzodiazepine misuse

Etizolam is a drug of potential misuse. Cases of etizolam dependence have been documented in the medical literature.[54] Since 1991, cases of etizolam misuse and addiction have substantially increased,[55] due to varying levels of accessibility and cultural popularity.[56] Pills being sold as Xanax or other benzodiazepines that are illicitly manufactured may often contain etizolam rather than their listed ingredient [57][37]

See also

References

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American filmmaker (born 1971) Patty JenkinsJenkins at the 2018 San Diego Comic-ConBornPatricia Lea Jenkins (1971-07-24) July 24, 1971 (age 52)Victorville, California, U.S.EducationCooper Union (BFA)AFI Conservatory (MFA)OccupationsFilm directorscreenwriterfilm producerYears active1995–presentSpouse Sam Sheridan ​(m. 2007)​Children1 Patricia Lea Jenkins[1] (born July 24, 1971[2]) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer....

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Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada.Este aviso fue puesto el 11 de mayo de 2008. WBAN o BAN (Wireless Body Area Network), red de área corporal, es una red de comunicación inalámbrica entre dispositivos de baja potencia utilizados en el cuerpo, consiste en un conjunto móvil y compacto de comunicación entre, por ejemplo micrófonos, auriculares, sensores, etc. También la red puede estar formada por dispositivos (sensores) de baja pot...

 

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Administrative divisions of Italy Metropolitan cities of Italy before the 2016 Sardinian provincial reform The 14 metropolitan cities of Italy (Italian: città metropolitane d'Italia) are administrative divisions of Italy, operative since 2015, which are a special type of province. The metropolitan city, as defined by law, includes a large core city and the smaller surrounding towns that are closely related to it with regard to economic activities and essential public services, as well as to ...

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Topography of Pakistan

Topography of Pakistan The topography of Pakistan is divided into seven geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, the desert areas, the Pothohar Plateau, Balochistan Plateau, Salt Range, and the Sistan Basin. All the rivers of Pakistan, i.e. Sindh, Ravi River, Chenab River, Jhelum River, and Sutlej River, originate from the Himalayas mountain range. Some geographers designate Plateau as to the west of the imaginary southwest line; and the Indus Plain lies to the east of...

 

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Las referencias de este artículo no tienen un formato correcto. Puedes colaborar editándolas como se indica en esta página.También puedes avisar en su página de discusión a quien las añadió pegando lo siguiente: {{subst:Aviso formato de referencias|Trevor Evans (político)}} ~~~~Este aviso fue puesto el 26 de mayo de 2022. Trevor Evans Información personalNombre de nacimiento Trevor Mark EvansNacimiento 28 de agosto de 1981 (40 años) Tweed Heads, Nueva Gales del Sur, AustraliaNacion...

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Species of bird Bismarck crow Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Corvus Species: C. insularis Binomial name Corvus insularisHeinroth, 1903 Synonyms Corvus orru insularis The Bismarck crow (Corvus insularis) is a species of crow found in the Bismarck Archipelago. It was considered by many authorities to be a subspecies of the Tor...

 

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Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter Till Eulenspiegel (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt. Der junge Eulenspiegel präsentiert sein Hinterteil (Abbildung aus der Grüninger-Ausgabe von 1515) Buchseite von 1515 Till Eulenspiegel, auch Dil Ulenspiegel und Dyl Ulenspegel (niederdeutsche Schreibweise: Dyl Ulenspegel [dɪl ˈʔuːlnˌspɛɪgl̩], hochdeutsch beeinflusst: Til Ulenspiegel), ist der Protagonist eines mittelniederdeutschen Volksbuchs. Die Germanistik s...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!